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de Oliveira UA, do Amaral Junior AT, Leite JT, Kamphorst SH, de Lima VJ, Bispo RB, Ribeiro RM, Viana FN, Lamego DL, Carvalho CM, Simão BR, de Oliveira Santos T, Gonçalves GR, Campostrini E. Unveiling Drought-Resilient Latin American Popcorn Lines through Agronomic and Physiological Evaluation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 38929726 PMCID: PMC11204607 DOI: 10.3390/life14060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Water stress can lead to physiological and morphological damage, affecting the growth and development of popcorn. The objective of this study was to identify the yield potential of 43 popcorn lines derived from a Latin American germplasm collection, based on agronomic and physiological traits, under full irrigation (WW) and water deficit conditions (WS), aiming to select superior germplasm. The evaluated agronomic traits included the ear length and diameter, number of grains per row (NGR) and rows per ear (NRE), grain yield (GY), popping expansion (EC), volume of expanded popcorn per hectare (VP), grain length (GL), width, and thickness. The physiological traits included the chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content in the leaves. The genetic variability and distinct behavior among the lines for all the agronomic traits under WW and WS conditions were observed. When comparing the water conditions, line L292 had the highest mean for the GY, and line L688 had the highest mean for the EC, highlighting them as the most drought-tolerant lines. A water deficit reduced the leaf greenness but increased the anthocyanin content as an adaptive response. The GY trait showed positive correlations with the VP, NGR, and GL under both water conditions, making the latter useful for indirect selection and thus of great interest for plant breeding targeting the simultaneous improvement of these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Science and Technologies (CCTA), State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (U.A.d.O.); (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (R.B.B.); (R.M.R.); (F.N.V.); (D.L.L.); (C.M.C.); (B.R.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (G.R.G.); (E.C.)
| | | | - Samuel Henrique Kamphorst
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Science and Technologies (CCTA), State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (U.A.d.O.); (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (R.B.B.); (R.M.R.); (F.N.V.); (D.L.L.); (C.M.C.); (B.R.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (G.R.G.); (E.C.)
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Carvalho CM, Khan S, Teixeira do Amaral Junior A, de Lima VJ, de Souza Silva JG, Catarino Fuly LM, Leite JT, dos Santos Junior DR, Viana FN, de Souza R, Vieira HD, Kamphorst SH. Early selection for drought tolerance in popcorn based on gene effects estimated in seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1203972. [PMID: 37465392 PMCID: PMC10350647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1203972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Low rainfall rates are becoming increasingly frequent because of climate change, causing droughts and threatening world food security. For popcorn, drought is the most limiting abiotic factor for plant's growth and development. Thus, the water deficit directly impacts for crop productivity. Based on knowledge of the genetic basis of traits involved in stages of popcorn germination and seedling development under water stress, genotypes with potential for adaptation to adverse growing conditions can be selected early. Therefore, data on genetic effects and combining ability of 10 popcorn parents were compiled to propose breeding strategies for the development of cultivars with greater adaptation to water stress in the early stages. Forty-five diallel hybrids were evaluated under two different water regimes, that is, water stress and full irrigation. This corresponded to a water retention capacity of 25% and 70% of the germination paper. The plants were watered daily as needed for seven days. A range of factors were evaluated, that is, germination traits including the germination speed index and germination on the seventh day; shoot traits including length and dry weight; and root system including length, dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, maximum root number, root network area, specific and root network length, and root volume. Breeding for drought adaption in the early stages of popcorn development can be successful when hybrids are used, because of the genetic effects of dominance (ϕs). These control the traits evaluated at the seedling stage. The combinations L61 x P2 and L71 x P3 were recommended, in view of the more successful performance estimated for traits related to the shoot and root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Macedo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Shahid Khan
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Crop Science Department, Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Valter Jário de Lima
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel de Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Lara Moreira Catarino Fuly
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Jhean Torres Leite
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Divino Rosa dos Santos Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nicácio Viana
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Rosenilda de Souza
- Laboratório de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Henrique Duarte Vieira
- Laboratório de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Samuel Henrique Kamphorst
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Adedire DE, Owoeye TE, Farinu OM, Ogundipe WF, Adedire OM. Management of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Maize (Zea mays L.) with Selected Antimycotic Plant Extracts and Inhibitory Bacillus Strains. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:204. [PMID: 37149815 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L. var. Everta) is an economically significant crop cultivated worldwide. Unfortunately, microbial diseases, especially, mycopathogens such as Fusarium species, militate against the production of maize. Protective microbial species and bioactive plant extracts have been studied in the control of plant pathogens. However, there is a dearth of information on their comparative efficacy and effect on wilt disease of maize caused by Fusarium solani, as investigated in this study. Using the ITS and 16s rDNA primers for fungal pathogen and bacterial strains, respectively, the mycopathogen was confirmed as Fusarium solani FCI20, while biocontrol Bacillus strains were identified as Bacillus velezensis EBs02 and Bacillus thuringiensis EBs04. Fusarium solani FCI20 successfully infected maize seedlings through rhizosphere inoculation, and caused severe leaf chlorosis, necrosis and wilt in maize seedlings. Bacillus thuringiensis EBs04 expressed the highest in vitro mycelial inhibition (85.20%), followed by Gmelina arborea (78.58%), while Milicia excelsa appeared to express the lowest mycelial inhibition potential (49.95%). Bacillus velezensis EBs02 expressed the highest in vivo disease severity reduction in maize seedlings (with percentage disease control of 84.16), while B. thuringiensis-treated plants had the lowest incidence of wilt disease (4.32%). However, contrary to their in vitro mycelial inhibition potential, B. velezensis EBs02, Gmelina arborea, Milicia excelsa and Cola nitida expressed radically different levels of in vivo wilt disease control in maize seedlings. Consequent upon the biocontrol patterns observed in this study, in vivo assay should be considered in the preliminary selection of promising biocontrol agents against phytopathogens, such as Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Ebunoluwa Adedire
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Esther Owoeye
- Southwest Center, National Biotechnology Development Agency, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Flours from popped grains: Physicochemical, thermal, rheological, and techno-functional properties. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mano NA, Madore B, Mickelbart MV. Different Leaf Anatomical Responses to Water Deficit in Maize and Soybean. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020290. [PMID: 36836647 PMCID: PMC9966819 DOI: 10.3390/life13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomata on leaf surfaces control gas exchange and water loss, closing during dry periods to conserve water. The distribution and size of stomatal complexes is determined by epidermal cell differentiation and expansion during leaf growth. Regulation of these processes in response to water deficit may result in stomatal anatomical plasticity as part of the plant acclimation to drought. We quantified the leaf anatomical plasticity under water-deficit conditions in maize and soybean over two experiments. Both species produced smaller leaves in response to the water deficit, partly due to the reductions in the stomata and pavement cell size, although this response was greater in soybean, which also produced thicker leaves under severe stress, whereas the maize leaf thickness did not change. The stomata and pavement cells were smaller with the reduced water availability in both species, resulting in higher stomatal densities. Stomatal development (measured as stomatal index, SI) was suppressed in both species at the lowest water availability, but to a greater extent in maize than in soybean. The result of these responses is that in maize leaves, the stomatal area fraction (fgc) was consistently reduced in the plants grown under severe but not moderate water deficit, whereas the fgc did not decrease in the water-stressed soybean leaves. The water deficit resulted in the reduced expression of one of two (maize) or three (soybean) SPEECHLESS orthologs, and the expression patterns were correlated with SI. The vein density (VD) increased in both species in response to the water deficit, although the effect was greater in soybean. This study establishes a mechanism of stomatal development plasticity that can be applied to other species and genotypes to develop or investigate stomatal development plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Anthony Mano
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bethany Madore
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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All Are in a Drought, but Some Stand Out: Multivariate Analysis in the Selection of Agronomic Efficient Popcorn Genotypes. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172275. [PMID: 36079656 PMCID: PMC9460328 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for productive germplasm adapted to adverse conditions is an important action to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. The aim was to identify the yield potential of 50 popcorn inbred lines grown in field conditions, in two crop seasons (CS), and under contrasting water conditions (WC). Morphoagronomic, physiological, and root system traits were evaluated. Joint and individual analyses of variance were performed, in addition to the multivariate GT bip-lot analysis. Expressive reductions between WC were observed in 100-grain weight (100 GW), popping expansion (PE), grain yield (GY), expanded popcorn volume per ha (EPV), row number per ear (RNE), plant height (PH), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and nitrogen balance index (NBI). It was found that the SPAD, 100 GW, GY, PE, and grain number per ear (GNE) traits had the most significant impact on the selection of genotypes. Regardless of WC and CS, the ideal lines were L294 and L688 for PE; L691 and L480 for GY; and L291 and L292 for both traits. SPAD, 100 GW, and GNE can contribute to the indirect selection. Our work contributes to understanding the damage caused by drought and the integration of traits for the indirect selection of drought-tolerant popcorn genotypes.
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Kamphorst SH, do Amaral Junior AT, de Lima VJ, Carena MJ, Azeredo VC, Mafra GS, Santos PHAD, Leite JT, Schmitt KFM, dos Santos Junior DR, Bispo RB, Santos TDO, de Oliveira UA, Pereira JL, Lamêgo DL, Carvalho CM, Gomes LP, Silva JGDS, Campostrini E. Driving Sustainable Popcorn Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Brazil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732285. [PMID: 34621285 PMCID: PMC8491626 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought currently affects several regions worldwide and tends to be more frequent due to climate change. It might compromise food security and the economic structure related to agribusiness. Popcorn has a crucial role in the Brazilian economy, but the cultivars that adapt to water stress, the most prejudicial abiotic stress for crop productivity, are unknown to date. This deficit of popcorn varieties adapted to heat and drought stresses will become more limiting with climate change. Given this scenario, knowing the genetic basis of agronomic traits under stress conditions is essential in promoting crop productivity and plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. Under two contrasting water conditions (WC) and different crop seasons (CS), we aimed to generate information about the combining ability of 10 popcorn progenitors and 15 hybrids through a partial diallel-mating design. The water stress was initiated at the male pre-anthesis stage. Significant genotype*crop seasons (G*CS), genotype*water condition (G*WC), and genotype*crop seasons*water condition (G*CS*WC) interactions were present. Regardless of CS and WC, non-additive effects controlled grain yield (GY), grain number per row (GN), ear length and diameter (ED), and 100-grain weight, while additive effects were present for popping expansion (PE). For each CS, regardless of WC, the cause-effect of GN (2018) and ED (2020) on GY seems to be an opportunity for indirect selection. Utilizing genetically broad-based hybrids is also a good opportunity for obtaining superior genotypes for GY and PE as it is possible to select inbred lines for both of these traits. We recommend the L76 × L61 hybrid for the Brazilian agribusiness context due to its greater productivity and dominance deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Henrique Kamphorst
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Valter Jário de Lima
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | | - Valdinei Cruz Azeredo
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Sousa Mafra
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz Santos
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Jhean Torres Leite
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Kátia Fabiane Medeiros Schmitt
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Divino Rosa dos Santos Junior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Rosimeire Barboza Bispo
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Talles de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Uéliton Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Jacymara Lopes Pereira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Danielle Leal Lamêgo
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Carolina Macedo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Letícia Peixoto Gomes
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel de Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Kamphorst SH, Gonçalves GMB, do Amaral Júnior AT, de Lima VJ, Schmitt KFM, Leite JT, Azeredo VC, Gomes LP, Silva JGDS, Carvalho CM, Mafra GS, Daher RF, Campostrini E. Supporting Physiological Trait for Indirect Selection for Grain Yield in Drought-Stressed Popcorn. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1510. [PMID: 34451555 PMCID: PMC8399448 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of traits associated with drought tolerance in popcorn is a contribution to support selection of superior plants under soil water deficit. The objective of this study was to choose morphological traits and the leaf greenness index, measured on different dates, to estimate grain yield (GY) and popping expansion (PE), evaluated in a set of 20 popcorn lines with different genealogies, estimated by multiple regression models. The variables were divided into three groups: morpho-agronomic traits-100-grain weight (GW), prolificacy (PR), tassel length (TL), number of tassel branches, anthesis-silking interval, leaf angle (FA) and leaf rolling (FB); variables related to the intensity of leaf greenness during the grain-filling period, at the leaf level, measured by a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and at the canopy level, calculated as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The inbred lines were cultivated under two water conditions: well-watered (WW), maintained at field capacity, and water stress (WS), for which irrigation was stopped before male flowering. The traits GY (55%) and PE (28%) were most affected by water restriction. Among the morpho-agronomic traits, GW and PR were markedly reduced (>10%). Under dry conditions, the FA in relation to the plant stalk tended to be wider, the FB curvature greater and leaf senescence accelerated (>15% at 22 days after male flowering). The use of multiple regression for the selection of predictive traits proved to be a useful tool for the identification of groups of adequate traits to efficiently predict the economically most important features of popcorn (GY and PE). The SPAD index measured 17 days after male flowering proved useful to select indirectly for GY, while, among the morphological traits, TL stood out for the same purpose. Of all traits, PR was most strongly related with PE under WS, indicating its use in breeding programs. The exploitation of these traits by indirect selection is expected to induce increments in GY and PE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural Science and Technology Center, North Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (S.H.K.); (G.M.B.G.); (K.F.M.S.); (J.T.L.); (V.C.A.); (L.P.G.); (J.G.d.S.S.); (C.M.C.); (G.S.M.); (R.F.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Valter Jário de Lima
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural Science and Technology Center, North Fluminense State University, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (S.H.K.); (G.M.B.G.); (K.F.M.S.); (J.T.L.); (V.C.A.); (L.P.G.); (J.G.d.S.S.); (C.M.C.); (G.S.M.); (R.F.D.); (E.C.)
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9
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Leite JT, do Amaral Junior AT, Kamphorst SH, de Lima VJ, dos Santos Junior DR, Schmitt KFM, de Souza YP, Santos TDO, Bispo RB, Mafra GS, Campostrini E, Rodrigues WP. Water Use Efficiency in Popcorn ( Zea mays L. var. everta): Which Physiological Traits Would Be Useful for Breeding? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1450. [PMID: 34371657 PMCID: PMC8309410 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To ensure genetic gains in popcorn breeding programs carried out under drought conditions knowledge about the response of morphophysiological traits of plants to water stress for the selection of key traits is required. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate popcorn inbred lines with agronomically efficient (P2 and P3) and inefficient (L61 and L63) water use and two hybrids (P2xL61 and P3xL63) derived from these contrasting parents, cultivated under two water regimes (WW watered-WW; and water-stressed-WS) in a greenhouse, replicated five times, where each experimental unit consisted of one plant in a PVC tube. Irrigation was applied until stage V6 and suspended thereafter. Individual and combined analyses of variance were performed and the genotypic correlations and relative heteroses estimated. The water use efficient inbred lines were superior in root length (RL), root dry weight (RDW), and net CO2 assimilation rate (A), which were the characteristics that differentiated the studied genotypes most clearly. High heterosis estimates were observed for RL, SDW, leaf width (LW), leaf midrib length (LL), and agronomic water use efficiency (AWUE). The existence of a synergistic association between root angle and length for the characteristics A, stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll concentration (SPAD index) proved most important for the identification and phenotyping of superior genotypes. Based on the study of these characteristics, the higher AWUE of the previously selected inbred lines could be explained. The results reinforced the importance of root physiological and morphological traits to explain AWUE and the possibility of advances by exploiting heterosis, given the morphophysiological superiority of hybrids in relation to parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhean Torres Leite
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Antonio Teixeira do Amaral Junior
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Samuel Henrique Kamphorst
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Valter Jário de Lima
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Divino Rosa dos Santos Junior
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Kátia Fabiane Mereiros Schmitt
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Yure Pequeno de Souza
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Talles de Oliveira Santos
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Rosimeire Barboza Bispo
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Gabrielle Sousa Mafra
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (J.T.L.); (V.J.d.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (K.F.M.S.); (Y.P.d.S.); (T.d.O.S.); (R.B.B.); (G.S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Av. Brejo do Pinto, S/N, Estreito 65975-000, MA, Brazil;
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Santos TDO, do Amaral Junior AT, Bispo RB, de Lima VJ, Kamphorst SH, Leite JT, dos Santos Júnior DR, Santos PHAD, de Oliveira UA, Schmitt KFM, Campostrini E, Moulin MM, Viana AP, Gravina GDA, Corrêa CCG, Gonçalves GMB. Phenotyping Latin American Open-Pollinated Varieties of Popcorn for Environments with Low Water Availability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10061211. [PMID: 34203591 PMCID: PMC8232228 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a common abiotic stress in tropical and subtropical regions that limits the growth and development of agricultural crops, mainly impacting grain yield. Acting through plant breeding is the most viable alternative for obtaining genotypes more tolerant of environments with stress. This work aims to select popcorn genotypes for environments with drought and to identify discriminating traits for the evaluation of drought tolerance in popcorn germplasm. Fifteen Latin American populations of popcorn were evaluated in water stress (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. The evaluated traits were based in morpho-agronomic, physiological and radicular descriptors. Data were submitted to individual and joint ANOVA and GT Biplot analysis. Variability was detected between populations for all traits in both conditions. The drought caused a reduction of 30.61% and 3.5% in grain yield and popping expansion, respectively. Based in GT biplot analysis, 880POP was the most stable in WS and WW, being indicated as a promising population for cultivation in environments with water limitation. This study is going to allow the establishment of a collection of great importance to maize germplasm and to provide information to facilitate the process of selection in breeding programs focused on drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talles de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Rosimeire Barboza Bispo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Valter Jário de Lima
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Samuel Henrique Kamphorst
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Jhean Torres Leite
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Divino Rosa dos Santos Júnior
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Uéliton Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Kátia Fabiane Medeiros Schmitt
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Monique Moreira Moulin
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo—Campus de Alegre (IFES), Alegre 29500-000, ES, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Pio Viana
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Geraldo de Amaral Gravina
- Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Caio Cezar Guedes Corrêa
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
| | - Gabriel Moreno Bernardo Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (R.B.B.); (V.J.d.L.); (S.H.K.); (J.T.L.); (D.R.d.S.J.); (P.H.A.D.S.); (U.A.d.O.); (K.F.M.S.); (E.C.); (A.P.V.); (C.C.G.C.); (G.M.B.G.)
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