1
|
Chen SY, Chiang IC, Chen YY, Hsu YH, Yen GC. Recent advances in the potential of Phyllanthus emblica L. and its related foods for combating metabolic diseases through methylglyoxal trapping. Food Res Int 2024; 194:114907. [PMID: 39232532 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) serves as the primary precursor for the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins and DNA, leading to advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Regular intake of dietary MG is strongly correlated with low-grade inflammation, potentially accelerating the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancers, liver diseases, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, aging, and bone loss. Although pharmaceutical agents (pimagedine and candesartan) have been developed to inhibit MG formation, they often come with serious side effects (nausea, diarrhea, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance, symptomatic hypotension, abnormal renal and liver function tests, development of antinuclear antibody, pernicious-like anemia, and hyperkalemia), highlighting the need for an efficient and safe approach to scavenging MG. Phyllanthus emblica Linn fruit, a nutritious edible fruit, and medicinal plant contains over 300 bioactive compounds. Among twenty-three herbals, 100 μg/mL of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit (APF) exhibits the highest potency in trapping MG, achieving an 87.3 % reduction under d-fructose induced BSA-AGEs formation. However, there are few reports detailing APF and its related foods' specific impact on disease prevention through MG trapping. This review summarizes the mechanisms through which MG is linked to the development of metabolic diseases and provides several strategies for reducing MG levels using APF and its bioactive compounds. The potential antiglycation properties of APF may offer new applications in the food industry and pharmacological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin J, Li M, Pei Z, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Zhong J, Han L, Zhang D, Huang H. Study on the white frost formation mechanism during storage of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit based on component analysis and spatial metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:115960. [PMID: 38237545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit (PEF) is a well-known medicinal and food homologous item in tropical Southeast Asian. During the drying and storing processes, some PEF will grow white frost on its surface, which is typically taken as a sign of greater quality. However, the material basis and formation mechanism of white frost on PEF surfaces are currently unclear, and there is no sufficient evidence to support the correlation between white frost on PEF surfaces and their quality. In this paper, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the differences in active ingredient content of PEF medicinal materials with and without frost. The microstructure and elemental composition of white frost were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analysis the main functional groups in white frost. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with UNIFI database, EDS and FT-IR results, and reference materials were used to identify the chemical composition of white frost. The exocarp of PEF before and after drying and storage was analyzed by spatial metabolomics using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging system to reveal the formation mechanism of white frost on the surface of PEF. The results found that the PEF with frost have higher levels of active ingredients than those without frost. EDS and FT-IR results show that white frost is mainly composed of C, O, K elements, and contains a large number of phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl etc. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS results found that the main components of white frost were organic acids, fatty acids, and tannins, including quality markers such as gallic acid and ellagic acid etc. Spatial metabolomics research found that the white frost formation mechanism mainly involved in the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. This study reveals the material basis, formation mechanism, and relationship between the surface white frost of PEF and the quality of medicinal materials, providing valuable information for the quality evaluation of PEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Pharmacy department, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Zhaoqing Pei
- Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou 611930, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jingping Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou 611930, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Haozhou Huang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy and Meishan Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kapoor B, Sharma M, Sharma R, Zadokar A, Thakur A, Sharma P, Kumar S, Rozar KP, Kumar KS, Hegde N, Pandey D. De novo transcriptome profiling and development of novel secondary metabolites based genic SSRs in medicinal plant Phyllanthus emblica L. (Aonla). Sci Rep 2023; 13:17319. [PMID: 37828031 PMCID: PMC10570353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica (Aonla, Indian Gooseberry) is known to have various medicinal properties, but studies to understand its genetic structure are limited. Among the various secondary metabolites, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and tannins possess great potential for its pharmacological applications. Keeping this consideration, we assembled the transcriptome using the Illumina RNASeq500 platform, generating 39,933,248 high-quality paired-end reads assembled into 1,26,606 transcripts. A total of 87,771 unigenes were recovered after isoforms and unambiguous sequences deletion. Functional annotation of 43,377 coding sequences against the NCBI non-redundant (Nr) database search using BlastX yielded 38,692 sequences containing blast hits and found 4685 coding sequences to be unique. The transcript showed maximum similarity to Hevea brasilensis (16%), followed by to Jatropha curcas (12%). Considering key genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and various classes of terpenoid compounds, thirty EST-SSR primer sequences were designed based on transcriptomic data. Of which, 12 were found to be highly polymorphic with an average of 86.38%. The average value for marker index (MI), effective multiplicity ratio (EMR), resolution power (Rp) and polymorphic information content (PIC) was 7.20, 8.34, 8.64 and 0.80, respectively. Thus, from this study, we developed newly EST-SSRs linked to important genes involved in the secondary metabolites biosynthesis that will be serving as an invaluable genetic resource for crop improvement including the selection of elite genotypes in P. emblica and its closely related Phyllanthaceae species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvnesh Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140 413, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India.
| | - Ashwini Zadokar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India
| | - Anamika Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796 004, India.
| | - K Pung Rozar
- Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796 004, India
| | - Kewat Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796 004, India
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP, 211 002, India
| | - Nagaraj Hegde
- Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796 004, India
| | - Devendra Pandey
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, UP, 226 101, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Zhang C, Mipam TD, Zhou Q, Chen S. Effects of Climatic Change on Phylogeography and Ecological Niche of the Endemic Herb Elymus breviaristatus on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3326. [PMID: 37765492 PMCID: PMC10535585 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Past climatic and topographic variations have created strong biogeographic barriers for alpine species and are key drivers of the distribution of genetic variation and population dynamics of species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Therefore, to better conserve and use germplasm resources, it is crucial to understand the distribution and differentiation of genetic variation within species. Elymus breviaristatus, an ecologically important rare grass species with strong resistance, is restricted to a limited area of the QTP. In this study, we investigated the phylogeography of E. breviaristatus using five chloroplast genes and spacer regions in natural populations distributed along the eastern QTP. We identified a total of 25 haplotypes among 216 individuals from 18 E. breviaristatus populations, which were further classified into four haplogroups based on geographical distribution and haplotype network analysis. Notably, we did not observe any signs of population expansion. High genetic diversity was exhibited at both species and population levels, with precipitation being the main limiting factor for population genetic diversity levels. Higher genetic diversity was exhibited by populations located near the Mekong-Salween Divide genetic barrier, suggesting that they may have served as a glacial refuge. The significant pattern of genetic differentiation by environmental isolation highlights the influence of heterogeneous environments on the genetic structure of E. breviaristatus populations. Additionally, the results of ecological niche models indicated that the geographic distribution of E. breviaristatus populations has decreased rapidly since the Last Glacial Maximum but is not threatened by future global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | - Tserang Donko Mipam
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiyong Chen
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahajan S, Bisht MS, Chakraborty A, Sharma VK. Genome of Phyllanthus emblica: the medicinal plant Amla with super antioxidant properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210078. [PMID: 37727852 PMCID: PMC10505619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry, commonly known as amla, is an important medicinal horticultural plant used in traditional and modern medicines. It bears stone fruits with immense antioxidant properties due to being one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C and numerous flavonoids. This study presents the first genome sequencing of this species performed using 10x Genomics and Oxford Nanopore Technology. The draft genome assembly was 519 Mbp in size and consisted of 4,384 contigs, N50 of 597 Kbp, 98.4% BUSCO score, and 37,858 coding sequences. This study also reports the genome-wide phylogeny of this species with 26 other plant species that resolved the phylogenetic position of P. emblica. The presence of three ascorbate biosynthesis pathways including L-galactose, galacturonate, and myo-inositol pathways was confirmed in this genome. A comprehensive comparative evolutionary genomic analysis including gene family expansion/contraction and identification of multiple signatures of adaptive evolution provided evolutionary insights into ascorbate and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and stone fruit formation through lignin biosynthesis. The availability of this genome will be beneficial for its horticultural, medicinal, dietary, and cosmetic applications and will also help in comparative genomics analysis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vineet K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li G, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Han L, Mo T, Fan S, Huang H, Lin J. Phyllanthi Fructus: A modal medicinal and food homologous item in quality evaluation. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:360-368. [PMID: 37538854 PMCID: PMC10394321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthi Fructus is a highly unique medicine and food homologous item, which exhibits distinctive flavor, notable nutritional value, and abundant pharmacological activity. It has enormous potential in the creation of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, due to the unique laws of quality formation and transfer of Phyllanthi Fructus, its appearance, shape, chemical compositions, nutrients, and sensory flavors are frequently greatly influenced by botanical resources, the processing and storage conditions. As a result, the current quality evaluation model is difficult to meet the needs of Phyllanthi Fructus as a medicine and food homologous item in the development of diversified products. This paper constructs the hierarchical utilization mode of Phyllanthi Fructus based on its unique quality formation and transmission laws, explores the quality evaluation model for food-oriented use and medicinal-oriented use, respectively, and systematically describes the quality evaluation idea under diversified application scenarios. This paper aims to serve as a reference for the construction of a quality evaluation model suitable for the medicine and food homologous item of Phyllanthi Fructus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yurou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Taigang Mo
- Sanajon Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Sanhu Fan
- Sanajon Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Haozhou Huang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Ouyang W, Jiang Y, Lin Q, Peng X, Hu H, Ye Z, Liu G, Cao Y, Yu Y. Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis-Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract through Regulating Colonic Cell Gene Expression and Gut Microbiomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6999-7008. [PMID: 37102314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammation effect of aqueous Phyllanthus emblica L. extract (APE) and its possible underlying mechanism in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice chronic colonic inflammation were studied. APE treatment significantly improved the colitic symptoms, including ameliorating the shortening of the colon, increasing the DSS-induced body weight loss, reducing the disease activity index, and reversing the condition of colon tissue damage of mucus lost and goblet cell reduction. Overproduction of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines were suppressed by the treatment of APE. Gut microbiome analysis showed that APE remodeled the structure of gut bacteria in phylum and genus levels, upregulating the abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, family Muribaculaceae, and genus Bacteroides and downregulating the abundance of phylum Firmicutes. The reshaped gut microbiome caused metabolic functions and pathway change with enhanced queuosine biosynthesis and reduced polyamine synthesis pathway. Colon tissue transcriptome analysis further elucidated APE-inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways and the expressions of the genes that promote the progress of colorectal cancer. It turned out that APE reshaped the gut microbiome and inhibited MAPK, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and TNF signaling pathways as well as the colorectal-cancer-related genes to exert its colitis protective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuyang, Hunan 410300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianru Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuming Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Determination of the Content of Phenolic Compounds and the Changes of Polyphenol Oxidase and Each Index during Browning of Phyllanthus emblica at Different Storage Temperatures. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3472725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to further study the early browning of P. emblica marker and mechanism, it is necessary for us to measure the changes in the content of some substances to find quality markers during the browning process of P. emblica. So, we simulated the storage conditions under different temperatures, including 5°C, 25°C, and 35°C. And, the contents of some of its phenolic compounds were determined by RP-HPLC. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was determined by PPO reagent kits, and pH was determined with a pH measuring instrument, etc. The experimental results showed that 1-galloyl-glucose was the smoothest at 5°C among the three storage temperature conditions. It fluctuates and decreases in a curve at 35°C and 25°C. The content changes of gallic acid (GA) fluctuated more obviously at 35°C, and it showed a maximum value on the 7th day. The content changes of 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (TGG) all showed a peak on the 5th day and then showed a gradual decrease. The content changes of ellagic acid (EA) fluctuated more at 35°C. The peak of the content of rutin at both 35°C and 25°C appeared on the 3rd day, and that showed a gradually decreasing trend. The PPO activity varied more significantly at 25°C and 35°C. The browning index increased with time at both 35°C and 25°C. The complete browning of P. emblica was already observed on the 13th day. Tips for experimental results 5°C are effective in preventing browning of P. emblica. The contents of TGG, 1-galloyl-glucose, and rutin in P. emblica are greatly affected by temperature and time, and its contents had a linear relationship with time and temperature and can be used as one of the indicators of early browning, which provides a reference for the storage and transportation of fresh fruit in Chinese herbals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Y, Yu X, Wei P, Liu C, Chen Z, Li X, Liu X. Comparative chloroplast genome and transcriptome analysis on the ancient genus Isoetes from China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:924559. [PMID: 35968088 PMCID: PMC9372280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.924559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isoetes is a famous living fossil that plays a significant role in the evolutionary studies of the plant kingdom. To explore the adaptive evolution of the ancient genus Isoetes from China, we focused on Isoetes yunguiensis (Q.F. Wang and W.C. Taylor), I. shangrilaensis (X. Li, Y.Q. Huang, X.K. Dai & X. Liu), I. taiwanensis (DeVol), I. sinensis (T.C. Palmer), I. hypsophila_GHC (Handel-Mazzetti), and I. hypsophila_HZS in this study. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated six individuals' chloroplast genomes and transcriptomes, and performed a series of analyses to investigate their chloroplast genome structures, RNA editing events, and adaptive evolution. The six chloroplast genomes of Isoetes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure with conserved genome sequence and structure. Comparative analyses of Isoetes species demonstrated that the gene organization, genome size, and GC contents of the chloroplast genome are highly conserved across the genus. Besides, our positive selection analyses suggested that one positively selected gene was statistically supported in Isoetes chloroplast genomes using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) based on branch-site models. Moreover, we detected positive selection signals using transcriptome data, suggesting that nuclear-encoded genes involved in the adaption of Isoetes species to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In addition, we identified 291-579 RNA editing sites in the chloroplast genomes of six Isoetes based on transcriptome data, well above the average of angiosperms. RNA editing in protein-coding transcripts results from amino acid changes to increase their hydrophobicity and conservation in Isoetes, which may help proteins form functional three-dimensional structure. Overall, the results of this study provide comprehensive transcriptome and chloroplast genome resources and contribute to a better understanding of adaptive evolutionary and molecular biology in Isoetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuyifu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Biology Experimental Teaching Center, School of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu Y, Chen J, Chen B, Liu Q, Zhang H, Yang L, Chao Z, Tian E. High genetic diversity and low population differentiation of a medical plant Ficus hirta Vahl., uncovered by microsatellite loci: implications for conservation and breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:334. [PMID: 35820829 PMCID: PMC9277808 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wuzhimaotao (Radix Fici Hirtae) originates from the dry root of Ficus hirta (Moraceae), which is widely known as a medical and edible plant distributed in South China. As the increasing demand for Wuzhimaotao, the wild F. hirta has been extremely reduced during the past years. It is urgent to protect and rationally develop the wild resources of F. hirta for its sustainable utilization. However, a lack of genetic background of F. hirta makes it difficult to plan conservation and breeding strategies for this medical plant. In the present study, a total of 414 accessions of F. hirta from 7 provinces in southern China were evaluated for the population genetics using 9 polymorphic SSR markers. RESULTS A mean of 17.1 alleles per locus was observed. The expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.142 to 0.861 (mean = 0.706) in nine SSR loci. High genetic diversity (He = 0.706, ranged from 0.613 to 0.755) and low genetic differentiation among populations (G'ST = 0.147) were revealed at population level. In addition, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the principal molecular variance existed within populations (96.2%) was significantly higher than that among populations (3.8%). Meanwhile, the three kinds of clustering methods analysis (STRUCTURE, PCoA and UPGMA) suggested that the sampled populations were clustered into two main genetic groups (K = 2). Mantel test showed a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance among populations (R2 = 0.281, P < 0.001). Pollen flow, seed flow and/or geographical barriers might be the main factors that formed the current genetic patterns of F. hirta populations. CONCLUSIONS This is a comprehensive study of genetic diversity and population structure of F. hirta in southern China. We revealed the high genetic diversity and low population differentiation in this medicinal plant and clarified the causes of its current genetic patterns. Our study will provide novel insights into the exploitation and conservation strategies for F. hirta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Department of Landscape Plants and Ornamental Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Chao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Enwei Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang H, Tan P, Li M, Tan Q, Gao J, Bao X, Fan S, Mo T, Mao W, Lin F, Han L, Zhang D, Lin J. Quality analysis combined with mass spectrometry imaging reveal the difference between wild and cultivated Phyllanthus emblica Linn.: From chemical composition to molecular mechanism. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
12
|
Zhang XJ, Liu XF, Liu DT, Cao YR, Li ZH, Ma YP, Ma H. Genetic diversity and structure of Rhododendron meddianum, a plant species with extremely small populations. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:472-479. [PMID: 35024516 PMCID: PMC8720705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron meddianum is a critically endangered species with important ornamental value and is also a plant species with extremely small populations. In this study, we used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) technology to assess the genetic diversity, genetic structure and demographic history of the three extant populations of R. meddianum. Analysis of SNPs indicated that R. meddianum populations have a high genetic diversity (π = 0.0772 ± 0.0024, H E = 0.0742 ± 0.002). Both F ST values (0.1582-0.2388) and AMOVA showed a moderate genetic differentiation among the R. meddianum populations. Meanwhile, STRUCTURE, PCoA and NJ trees indicated that the R. meddianum samples were clustered into three distinct genetic groups. Using the stairway plot, we found that R. meddianum underwent a population bottleneck about 70,000 years ago. Furthermore, demographic models of R. meddianum and its relative, Rhododendron cyanocarpum, revealed that these species diverged about 3.05 (2.21-5.03) million years ago. This divergence may have been caused by environmental changes that occurred after the late Pliocene, e.g., the Asian winter monsoon intensified, leading to a drier climate. Based on these findings, we recommend that R. meddianum be conserved through in situ, ex situ approaches and that its seeds be collected for germplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiao Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiong-Fang Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Tuan Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Rong Cao
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Peng Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|