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Wang Y, Guo T, Liu Q, Hu Z, Tian C, Hu M, Mai W. The Relationship between Allometric Growth and the Stoichiometric Characteristics of Euhalophyte Suaeda salsa L. Grown in Saline-Alkali Lands: Biological Desalination Potential Prediction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1954. [PMID: 39065481 PMCID: PMC11280733 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The morphological adjustments of euhalophytes are well-known to be influenced by the soil-soluble salt variation; however, whether and how these changes in morphological traits alter the biomass allocation pattern remains unclear, especially under different NaCl levels. Therefore, an allometric analysis was applied to investigate the biomass allocation pattern and morphological plasticity, and the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric characteristics of the euhalophyte Suaeda Salsa (S. salsa) at the four soil-soluble salt levels of no salt (NS), light salt (LS), moderate salt (MS), and heavy salt (HS). The results showed that soil-soluble salts significantly change the biomass allocation to the stems and leaves (p < 0.05). With the growth of S. salsa, the NS treatment produced a downward leaf mass ratio (LMR) and upward stem mass ratio (SMR); this finding was completely different from that for the salt treatments. When S. salsa was harvested on the 100th day, the HS treatment had the highest LMR (61%) and the lowest SMR (31%), while the NS treatment was the opposite, with an LMR of 44% and an SMR of 50%. Meanwhile, the soil-soluble salt reshaped the morphological characteristics of S. salsa (e.g., root length, plant height, basal stem diameter, and leaf succulence). Combined with the stoichiometric characteristics, N uptake restriction under salt stress is a vital reason for inhibited stem growth. Although the NS treatment had the highest biomass (48.65 g root box-1), the LS treatment had the highest salt absorption (3.73 g root box-1). In conclusion, S. salsa can change its biomass allocation pattern through morphological adjustments to adapt to different saline-alkali habitats. Moreover, it has an optimal biological desalting effect in lightly saline soil dominated by NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (C.T.); (M.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongkai Guo
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (C.T.); (M.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhonglin Hu
- Department of Production and Operation, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Petrochina, Karamay 834000, China;
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (C.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Mingfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (C.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Wenxuan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (C.T.); (M.H.)
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Ma J, Xin X, Cao Y, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Fu Z, Sun J. Root growth characteristics and antioxidant system of Suaeda salsa in response to the short-term nitrogen and phosphorus addition in the Yellow River Delta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1410036. [PMID: 38911979 PMCID: PMC11191639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1410036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs to the Yellow River Delta and the supply level of N and P affects plant growth as well as ecosystem structure and function directly. However, the root growth, stoichiometry, and antioxidant system of plants in response to N and P additions, especially for herbaceous halophyte in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), remain unknown. A field experiment with N addition (0, 5, 15, and 45 g N m-2 yr-1, respectively) as the main plot, and P addition (0 and 1 g N m-2 yr-1, respectively) as the subplot, was carried out with a split-plot design to investigate the effects on the root morphology, stoichiometry, and antioxidant system of Suaeda salsa. The results showed that N addition significantly increased the above-ground and root biomass as well as shoot-root ratio of S. salsa, which had a significant interaction with P addition. The highest biomass was found in the treatment with 45 g N m-2 yr-1 combined with P addition. N addition significantly increased TN content and decreased C:N ratio of root, while P addition significantly increased TP content and decreased C:P ratio. The main root length (MRL), total root length (TRL), specific root length (SRL), and root tissue density (RTD) of S. salsa root were significantly affected by N addition and P addition, as well as their interaction. The treatments with or without P addition at the 45 g N m-2 yr-1 of N addition significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities and soluble protein content of roots, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. And there was a significant interaction between the N and P addition on SOD activity. Therefore, N and P additions could improve the growth of S. salsa by altering the root morphology, increasing the root nutrient content, and stimulating antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingkuan Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou, China
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Oliva G, Vigliotta G, Terzaghi M, Guarino F, Cicatelli A, Montagnoli A, Castiglione S. Counteracting action of Bacillus stratosphericus and Staphylococcus succinus strains against deleterious salt effects on Zea mays L. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1171980. [PMID: 37303788 PMCID: PMC10248413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The salinization of soil is the process of progressive accumulation of salts such as sulfates, sodium, or chlorides into the soil. The increased level of salt has significant effects on glycophyte plants, such as rice, maize, and wheat, which are staple foods for the world's population. Consequently, it is important to develop biotechnologies that improve crops and clean up the soil. Among other remediation methods, there is an environmentally friendly approach to ameliorate the cultivation of glycophyte plants in saline soil, namely, the use of microorganisms tolerant to salt with growth-promoting features. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve plant growth by colonizing their roots and playing a vital role in helping plants to establish and grow in nutrient-deficient conditions. Our research aimed to test in vivo halotolerant PGPR, isolated and characterized in vitro in a previous study conducted in our laboratory, inoculating them on maize seedlings to improve their growth in the presence of sodium chloride. The bacterial inoculation was performed using the seed-coating method, and the produced effects were evaluated by morphometric analysis, quantization of ion contents (sodium, potassium), produced biomass, both for epigeal (shoot) and hypogeal (root) organs, and by measuring salt-induced oxidative damage. The results showed an increase in biomass and sodium tolerance and even a reduction of oxidative stress in seedlings pretreated with a PGPR bacterial consortium (Staphylococcus succinus + Bacillus stratosphericus) over the control. Moreover, we observed that salt reduces growth and alters root system traits of maize seedlings, while bacterial treatment improves plant growth and partially restores the root architecture system in saline stress conditions. Therefore, the PGPR seed-coating or seedling treatment could be an effective strategy to enhance sustainable agriculture in saline soils due to the protection of the plants from their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmaria Oliva
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vigliotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Wang S, Ge S, Mai W, Tian C. Nitrogen Promotes the Salt-Gathering Capacity of Suaeda salsa and Alleviates Nutrient Competition in the Intercropping of Suaeda salsa/ Zea mays L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415495. [PMID: 36555131 PMCID: PMC9779500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen accelerates salt accumulation in the root zone of an euhalophyte, which might be beneficial for inhibiting the salt damage and interspecific competition for nutrients of non-halophytes in intercropping. However, the variations in the effect of euhalophyte/non-halophyte intercropping with nitrogen supply are poorly understood. Here, we selected the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa (suaeda) and non-halophyte Zea mays L. (maize) as the research objects, setting up three cropping patterns in order to explore the influence of nitrogen application on the intercropping effect in the suaeda/maize intercropping. The results showed that the biomass of maize in the intercropping was significantly lower than that in the monoculture, while for suaeda, it was higher in the intercropping than that in the monoculture. The biomass of maize under NO3--N treatment performed significantly higher than that under no nitrogen treatment. Moreover, under suitable NO3--N treatment, more salt ions (Na+, K+) gathered around the roots of suaeda, which weakened the salt damage on maize growth. In the intercropping, the effect of NO3--N on the maize growth was enhanced when compared with the non-significant effect of NH4+-N, but a positive effect of NH4+-N on suaeda growth was found. Therefore, the disadvantage of maize growth in the intercropping suaeda/maize might be caused by interspecific competition to a certain extent, providing an effective means for the improvement of saline-alkali land by phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian 271000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoqing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxuan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (C.T.)
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Gao J, Guan B, Ge M, Eller F, Yu J, Wang X, Zuo J. Can allelopathy of Phragmites australis extracts aggravate the effects of salt stress on the seed germination of Suaeda salsa? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:990541. [PMID: 36186032 PMCID: PMC9523378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is highly adaptable with high competitive ability and is widely distributed in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta. However, allelopathic effects of P. australis on the growth of neighboring plants, such as Suaeda salsa, are poorly understood. In this study, germination responses of S. salsa seeds collected from two different habitats (intertidal zone and inland brackish wetland) to the extracts from different part of P. australis were compared. Potential allelopathic effects on germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, and seedling biomass were analyzed. The germination of S. salsa was effectively inhibited by P. australis extract. Extract organ, extract concentration, and salt concentration showed different effects, the inhibitory rates were highest with belowground extract of P. australis between the four different parts. Germination percentage and germination rate were significantly decreased by the interactive effect of salt stress and extract concentration in S. salsa from a brackish wetland but not in S. salsa from the intertidal zone. The impact of different extracts of P. australis on radicle length and seedling biomass of S. salsa showed significant but inconsistent variation. The response index results showed that the higher concentration of extract solution (50 g·L-1) of P. australis had stronger inhibitory effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of S. salsa while the belowground extract had the strongest negative effect. Our results indicated that allelopathy is an important ecological adaptation mechanism for P. australis to maintain a high interspecific competitive advantage in the species' natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Gao
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Guan
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Minjia Ge
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Franziska Eller
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junbao Yu
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jincheng Zuo
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Duan W, Lu B, Liu L, Meng Y, Ma X, Li J, Zhang K, Sun H, Zhang Y, Dong H, Bai Z, Li C. Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Root Physiology, Transcriptome and Metabolome of Cotton Seedlings under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169456. [PMID: 36012720 PMCID: PMC9409268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Root systems are the key organs through which plants absorb water and nutrients and perceive the soil environment and thus are easily damaged by salt stress. Melatonin can alleviate stress-induced damage to roots. The present study investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin on the root physiology, transcriptome and metabolome of cotton seedlings under salt stress. Salt stress was observed to damage the cell structure and disorder the physiological system of cotton seedling roots. After subjecting melatonin-soaked seeds to salt stress, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD in cotton seedling roots increased by 10–25%, 50–60% and 50–60%, respectively. The accumulation of H2O2 and MDA were significantly decreased by 30–60% and 30–50%, respectively. The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and K+ increased by 15–30%, 15–30% and 20–50%, respectively, while the Na+ content was significantly reduced. Melatonin also increased auxin (by 20–40%), brassinosteroids (by 5–40%) and gibberellin (by 5–35%) and promoted melatonin content and root activity. Exogenous melatonin maintained the integrity of root cells and increased the number of organelles. Transcriptomic and metabolomic results showed that exogenous melatonin could mitigate the salt-stress-induced inhibition of plant root development by regulating the reactive oxygen species scavenging system; ABC transporter synthesis; plant hormone signal transduction, endogenous melatonin gene expression; and the expression of the transcription factors MYB, TGA and WRKY33. These results provide a new direction and empirical basis for improving crop salt tolerance with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Bin Lu
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Liantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanjun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xinying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hezhong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Cotton Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhiying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Cundong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (C.L.)
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Ji R, Min J, Wang Y, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Modulating Root Architecture and Tolerance to High-Nitrate Stress in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864285. [PMID: 35463444 PMCID: PMC9023760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth regulators are known to exert strong influences on plant performance under abiotic stress, including exposure to high nitrate, as occurs commonly in intensive vegetable production. However, direct comparative evaluations of growth regulators under otherwise identical conditions in major crop species are scarce. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was used as a model crop, and the roles of four common exogenously applied plant growth regulators (MT, melatonin; SA, salicylic acid; HA, humic acid; SNP, sodium nitroprusside) in regulating crop growth were studied under high-nitrate stress. We provide a particular focus on root system architecture and root physiological responses. Our data show that all four growth regulators improve tomato tolerance under high nitrate, but that this occurs to differing extents and via differing mechanisms. Optimal concentrations of MT, SA, HA, and SNP were 50 μmol L-1, 25 μmol L-1, 25 mg L-1, and 50 μmol L-1, respectively. MT and SNP produced the strongest effects. MT enhanced root growth while SNP enhanced above-ground growth. Growth of coarse and thin lateral roots was significantly improved. Furthermore, an enhancement of root vitality and metabolism, improved integrity of root cell membranes, and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities were found, but regulatory mechanisms were different for each growth regulator. Our results show that in particular the application of MT and SNP can improve growth of tomato in intensive vegetable production under high-nitrate stress and that root growth stimulation is of special importance in procuring these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongting Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju Min
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Herbert J. Kronzucker
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Nitrogen–Salt Interaction Adjusts Root Development and Ion Accumulation of the Halophyte Suaeda salsa. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070955. [PMID: 35406933 PMCID: PMC9003340 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) application might exert a great impact on root (biomass, length) distribution, which possibly contributes to ion and nutrient uptakes. Here, we address the effects of N application on these characteristics to detect how N improves its salt tolerance. Suaeda salsa was subjected to four salt levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) and three N treatments (NO3−-N: 0, 0.25, and 0.50 g·kg−1) in soil column experiments. The N applications performed a “dose effect” that significantly enhanced the growth of Suaeda at low salt levels, while negative effects were displayed at high salt levels. Moderate N markedly benefited from Na+ and Cl− uptake, which was approximately 111 mg and 146 mg per plant at a salt level of 1.0%. Exposure to a certain N application significantly enhanced topsoil root length at salt levels of 0.5% and 1.0%, and it was higher by 0.766 m and 1.256 m under N50 treatment than that under N0 treatment, whereas the higher salt levels accelerate subsoil root growth regardless of N treatment. Therefore, its interactive effects on root development and ion uptake were present, which would provide further theoretical basis for improving saline soil amelioration by N application. Regression analysis always showed that topsoil root length generated more positive and significant influences on ion uptake and vegetative growth than total root length. The results suggested that N application is beneficial to salt tolerance by altering root allocation so as to raise its elongation and gather more ions for halophyte in the topsoil.
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Yolcu S, Alavilli H, Ganesh P, Panigrahy M, Song K. Salt and Drought Stress Responses in Cultivated Beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) and Wild Beet ( Beta maritima L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1843. [PMID: 34579375 PMCID: PMC8472689 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated beets, including leaf beets, garden beets, fodder beets, and sugar beets, which belong to the species Beta vulgaris L., are economically important edible crops that have been originated from a halophytic wild ancestor, Beta maritima L. (sea beet or wild beet). Salt and drought are major abiotic stresses, which limit crop growth and production and have been most studied in beets compared to other environmental stresses. Characteristically, beets are salt- and drought-tolerant crops; however, prolonged and persistent exposure to salt and drought stress results in a significant drop in beet productivity and yield. Hence, to harness the best benefits of beet cultivation, knowledge of stress-coping strategies, and stress-tolerant beet varieties, are prerequisites. In the current review, we have summarized morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of sugar beet, fodder beet, red beet, chard (B. vulgaris L.), and their ancestor, wild beet (B. maritima L.) under salt and drought stresses. We have also described the beet genes and noncoding RNAs previously reported for their roles in salt and drought response/tolerance. The plant biologists and breeders can potentiate the utilization of these resources as prospective targets for developing crops with abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Yolcu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Hemasundar Alavilli
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Pushpalatha Ganesh
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Khurda 761211, Odisha, India;
| | - Madhusmita Panigrahy
- Biofuel & Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education & Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India;
| | - Kihwan Song
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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