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Zulfiqar F, Moosa A, Ali HM, Bermejo NF, Munné-Bosch S. Biostimulants: A sufficiently effective tool for sustainable agriculture in the era of climate change? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108699. [PMID: 38749375 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is currently considered as one of the main concerns of the agriculture sector, as it limits crop production and quality. Furthermore, the current context of global crisis with international political instability and war conflicts over the world is pushing the agriculture sector even more to urgently boost productivity and yield and doing so in a sustainable way in the current frame of climate change. Biostimulants can be an effective tool in alleviating the negative effects of environmental stresses to which plants are exposed, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals and extreme temperatures etc. Biostimulants act through multiple mechanisms, modifying gene expression, metabolism and phytohormone production, promoting the accumulation of compatible solutes and antioxidants and mitigating oxidative stress. However, it is important to keep in mind that the use and effect of biostimulants has limitations and must be accompanied by other techniques to ensure crop yield and quality in the current frame of climate change, such as proper crop management and the use of other sustainable resources. Here, we will not only highlight the potential use of biostimulants to face future agricultural challenges, but also take a critical look at their limitations, underlining the importance of a broad vision of sustainable agriculture in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Anam Moosa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Núria F Bermejo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Arslan D, Tuccitto N, Auditore A, Licciardello A, Marletta G, Riolo M, La Spada F, Conti Taguali S, Calpe J, Meca G, Pane A, Cacciola SO, Karakeçili A. Chitosan-based films grafted with citrus waste-derived antifungal agents: An innovative and sustainable approach to enhance post-harvest preservation of citrus fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130514. [PMID: 38423440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and properties of chitosan films (CHI) grafted with a natural antifungal agent with the aim of developing active films of natural origin to prevent post-harvest losses of citrus fruit. The antifungal agent was prepared by fermentation using lemon peel (AntiFun-LM), a citrus waste, and grafted on chitosan using different coupling agents (CHI/AntiFun-LM). Bioactive films were prepared by solvent casting. FTIR-ATR and ToF-SIMS analyses provided compelling evidence of the successful grafting process. TGA-DSC demonstrated that the films are stable after grafting. SEM studies showed the continuous and compact surface of the films. WCA measurements proved that CHI/AntiFun-LM films are more hydrophilic than CHI films. Moreover, the CHI/AntiFun-LM films showed stronger UV shielding effect when compared to CHI. The biological evaluation demonstrated that CHI/AntiFun-LM films gained considerable antifungal properties against most fungi responsible for post-harvest decay. Cytotoxicity tests showed that CHI/AntiFun-LM films did not cause any toxic effect against L929 fibroblasts. This study highlights the great potential of chemical grafting of antifungal agents produced from citrus waste to chitosan and preparation of natural-based films to act as a powerful alternative in post-harvest protection of citrus fruit in a perspective of circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Arslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey; Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Auditore
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Antonino Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Federico La Spada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Jorge Calpe
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ayşe Karakeçili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Valleggi L, Carella G, Perria R, Mugnai L, Stefanini FM. A Bayesian model for control strategy selection against Plasmopara viticola infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117498. [PMID: 37546263 PMCID: PMC10399454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens pose a persistent threat to grape production, causing significant economic losses if disease management strategies are not carefully planned and implemented. Simulation models are one approach to address this challenge because they provide short-term and field-scale disease prediction by incorporating the biological mechanisms of the disease process and the different phenological stages of the vines. In this study, we developed a Bayesian model to predict the probability of Plasmopara viticola infection in grapevines, considering various disease management approaches. To aid decision-making, we introduced a multi-attribute utility function that incorporated a sustainability index for each strategy. The data used in this study were derived from trials conducted during the production years 2018-2020, involving the application of five disease management strategies: conventional Integrated Pest Management (IPM), conventional organic, IPM with substantial fungicide reduction combined with host-defense inducing biostimulants, organic management with biostimulants, and the use of biostimulants only. Two scenarios were considered, one with medium pathogen pressure (Average) and another with high pathogen pressure (Severe). The results indicated that when sustainability indexes were not considered, the conventional IPM strategy provided the most effective disease management in the Average scenario. However, when sustainability indexes were included, the utility values of conventional strategies approached those of reduced fungicide strategies due to their lower environmental impact. In the Severe scenario, the application of biostimulants alone emerged as the most effective strategy. These results suggest that in situations of high disease pressure, the use of conventional strategies effectively combats the disease but at the expense of a greater environmental impact. In contrast to mechanistic-deterministic approaches recently published in the literature, the proposed Bayesian model takes into account the main sources of heterogeneity through the two group-level effects, providing accurate predictions, although precise estimates of random effects may require larger samples than usual. Moreover, the proposed Bayesian model assists the agronomist in selecting the most effective crop protection strategy while accounting for induced environmental side effects through customizable utility functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Valleggi
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Application (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Environmental and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Perria
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Laura Mugnai
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Environmental and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Riolo M, Luz C, Santilli E, Meca G, Cacciola SO. Antifungal activity of selected lactic acid bacteria from olive drupes. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Iwaniuk P, Kaczyński P, Pietkun M, Łozowicka B. Evaluation of titanium and silicon role in mitigation of fungicides toxicity in wheat expressed at the level of biochemical and antioxidant profile. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136284. [PMID: 36057351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biostimulators are compounds that are gaining attention due to their potential to support plant growth, however, less in known about their impact on plant biochemistry. Therefore, the main goal of this comprehensive study was to evaluate the effect of two inorganic biostimulators (titanium, Ti and silicon, Si) and five fungicides (propiconazole, cyproconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, triadimenol) on biochemical and antioxidant status as well as mycotoxin profile in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Moreover, the half-life of fungicides under the influence of biostimulators was evaluated. Titanium caused most efficient mitigation of fungicide-induced toxicity reflected by greater increase of protein (104.80 mg g-1), carbohydrates (43.70 mg g-1), phenolic compounds (1023.18 μg g-1), and peroxidase activity (0.151 U mg-1) compared to treatment with silicon. The application of spiroketalamine and triazole fungicides with silicon decreased the activity of acid phosphatases (35.70 μM h-1 g-1) while inducing amino acid (861.40 μg kg-1) and catalase activity (1.056 U mg-1). Moreover, silicon was most effective in the reduction of mycotoxin contamination in wheat grain (61.17 μg g-1). This study indicated a shortened dissipation of propiconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole and triadimenol under the influence of titanium or silicon (DT50 = 1.85-4.82), which can therefore affect the grace period of wheat. The results of this comprehensive investigation demonstrated that titanium and silicon have a beneficial influence on wheat biochemistry and mitigate fungicide toxicity, which makes them widely suitable for optimizing plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Iwaniuk
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Pietkun
- Hydratec, Radziwonika 12 Street, 15-166, Białystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195, Białystok, Poland
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El boumlasy S, La Spada F, Pane A, Licciardello A, Debdoubi A, Tuccitto N, Cacciola SO. A super absorbent polymer containing copper to control Plenodomus tracheiphilus the causative agent of mal secco disease of lemon. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987056. [PMID: 36160225 PMCID: PMC9493267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a Super absorbent polymer (SAP) containing copper (SAP-Cu) in controlling mal secco disease (MSD) of lemon caused by the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus. Super absorbent polymer containing copper was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. In vitro tests were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of SAP-Cu against the pathogen on both potato-dextrose-agar medium and naturally infected lemon cuttings. Super absorbent polymer was able to absorb up to about 200 and 30 times its weight of ionized water and copper (II) sulfate solution (Cu2+ ions at the concentration 236 mM), respectively. The distribution of copper released on twigs after 24 h of contact with SAP-Cu was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyzer (ToF-SIMS). Super absorbent polymer containing copper significantly inhibited the viability of P. tracheiphilus in lemon twigs. Overall, the results of this study showed that the SAP could be a suitable carrier of antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia El boumlasy
- Laboratory of Materials-Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Federico La Spada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Abderrahmane Debdoubi
- Laboratory of Materials-Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Catania, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Santa Olga Cacciola,
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Hammami R, Oueslati M, Smiri M, Nefzi S, Ruissi M, Comitini F, Romanazzi G, Cacciola SO, Sadfi Zouaoui N. Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080818. [PMID: 36012806 PMCID: PMC9410262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, 180 yeasts and bacteria isolated from the peel of citrus fruits were screened for their in vitro antagonistic activity against Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum, causative agents of green and blue mold of citrus fruits, respectively. Two yeast and three bacterial isolates were selected for their inhibitory activity on mycelium growth. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequences, the yeast isolates were identified as Candida oleophila and Debaryomyces hansenii while the bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus and B. subtilis. All five selected isolates significantly reduced the incidence of decay incited by P. digitatum and P. italicum on ‘Valencia’ orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruits. Moreover, they were effective in preventing natural infections of green and blue mold of fruits stored at 4 °C. Treatments with antagonistic yeasts and bacteria did not negatively affect the quality and shelf life of fruits. The antagonistic efficacy of the five isolates depended on multiple modes of action, including the ability to form biofilms and produce antifungal lipopeptides, lytic enzymes and volatile compounds. The selected isolates are promising as biocontrol agents of postharvest green and blue molds of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hammami
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Maroua Oueslati
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Marwa Smiri
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Souhaila Nefzi
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Mustapha Ruissi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l’Agriculture, INRA Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana 2049, Tunisia;
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, V.S. Sofia, 100-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Najla Sadfi Zouaoui
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Wan C, Gan Z, Chen C, Chen J. Antofine Triggers the Resistance Against Penicillium italicum in Ponkan Fruit by Driving AsA-GSH Cycle and ROS-Scavenging System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874430. [PMID: 35495682 PMCID: PMC9039625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postharvest fungal infection can accelerate the quality deterioration of Ponkan fruit and reduce its commodity value. Penicillium italicum is the causal pathogen of blue mold in harvested citrus fruits, not only causing huge fungal decay but also leading to quality deterioration. In our preliminary study, antofine (ATF) was found to have a great potential for significant in vitro suppression of P. italicum growth. However, the regulatory mechanism underpinning ATF-triggered resistance against P. italicum in citrus fruit remains unclear. Here, the protective effects of ATF treatment on blue mold development in harvested Ponkan fruit involving the enhancement of ROS-scavenging system were investigated. Results showed that ATF treatment delayed blue mold development and peel firmness loss. Moreover, the increase of electrolyte leakage, O2 •- production, and malonyldialdehyde accumulation was significantly inhibited by ATF treatment. The ATF-treated Ponkan fruit maintained an elevated antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by inducted the increase in glutathione (GSH) content, delayed the declines of ascorbic acid (AsA) content and GSH/oxidized GSH ratio, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and six key AsA-GSH cycle-related enzymes, along with their encoding gene expressions, thereby maintaining ROS homeostasis and reducing postharvest blue mold in harvested Ponkan fruit. Collectively, the current study revealed a control mechanism based on ATF-triggered resistance and maintenance of a higher redox state by driving AsA-GSH cycle and ROS-scavenging system in P. italicum-infected Ponkan fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Preservation and Non-destruction Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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El boumlasy S, La Spada F, Tuccitto N, Marletta G, Mínguez CL, Meca G, Rovetto EI, Pane A, Debdoubi A, Cacciola SO. Inhibitory Activity of Shrimp Waste Extracts on Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112452. [PMID: 34834815 PMCID: PMC8619012 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: This study was aimed at determining the in vitro inhibitory effect of new natural substances obtained by minimal processing from shrimp wastes on fungi and oomycetes in the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Plenodomus and Phytophthora; the effectiveness of the substance with the highest in vitro activity in preventing citrus and apple fruit rot incited by P. digitatum and P. expansum, respectively, was also evaluated. (2) Methods: The four tested substances, water-extract, EtOAc-extract, MetOH-extract and nitric-extract, were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS-TOF; in vitro preliminary tests were carried out to determine the minimal inhibitory/fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC, respectively) of the raw dry powder, EtOAc-extract, MetOH-extract and nitric-extract for each pathogen. (3) Results: in the agar-diffusion-assay, nitric-extract showed an inhibitory effect on all pathogens, at all concentrations tested (100, 75, 50 and 25%); the maximum activity was on Plenodomus tracheiphilus, C. gloeosporioides and Ph. nicotianae; the diameters of inhibition halos were directly proportional to the extract concentration; values of MIC and MFC of this extract for all pathogens ranged from 2 to 3.5%; the highest concentrations (50 to 100%) tested in vivo were effective in preventing citrus and apple fruit molds. (4) Conclusions: This study contributes to the search for natural and ecofriendly substances for the control of pre- and post-harvest plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia El boumlasy
- Laboratory of Materials-Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan B.P. 2117, Morocco; (S.E.b.); (A.D.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.S.); (E.I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Federico La Spada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.S.); (E.I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.T.); (G.M.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.T.); (G.M.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlos Luz Mínguez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Ermes Ivan Rovetto
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.S.); (E.I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.S.); (E.I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Abderrahmane Debdoubi
- Laboratory of Materials-Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan B.P. 2117, Morocco; (S.E.b.); (A.D.)
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.S.); (E.I.R.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-7147371
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Co-Infections by Fusarium circinatum and Phytophthora spp. on Pinus radiata: Complex Phenotypic and Molecular Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101976. [PMID: 34685785 PMCID: PMC8537148 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the complex phenotypic and genetic response of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings to co-infections by F. circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker disease, and the oomycetes Phytophthora xcambivora and P. parvispora. Monterey pine seedlings were wound-inoculated with each single pathogen and with the combinations F. circinatum/P. xcambivora and F. circinatum/P. parvispora. Initially, seedlings inoculated only with F. circinatum showed less severe symptoms than seedlings co-inoculated or inoculated only with P. xcambivora or P. parvispora. However, 30 days post-inoculation (dpi), all inoculated seedlings, including those inoculated only with F. circinatum, showed severe symptoms with no significant differences among treatments. The transcriptomic profiles of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, i.e., chitinase (PR3), thaumatin-like protein (PR5), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC)-encoding gene were analyzed at various time intervals after inoculation. In seedlings inoculated with single pathogens, F. circinatum stimulated the up-regulation of all genes, while between the two oomycetes, only P. xcambivora induced significant up-regulations. In seedlings co-inoculated with F. circinatum and P.xcambivora or P. parvispora none of the genes showed a significant over-expression 4 dpi. In contrast, at 11 dpi, significant up-regulation was observed for PR5 in the combination F. circinatum/P.xcambivora and PDC in the combination F. circinatum/P. parvispora, thus suggesting a possible synergism of multiple infections in triggering this plant defense mechanism.
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Inhibition of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Different Vegetable Matrices by Extracts of Trichoderma Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060445. [PMID: 34204980 PMCID: PMC8230258 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest fungal diseases of plant products are a serious concern leading to economic losses and health risks. Moreover, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides to prevent these diseases is limited due to toxic residues. This study aimed at determining the effective dose of extracts of Trichoderma asperellum IMI393899 (TE1) and Trichoderma atroviride TS (TE2) in inhibiting the contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi on different plant matrices. Extracts were tested on tomatoes contaminated by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum, wheat contaminated by Penicillium verrucosum and maize contaminated by Aspergillus flavus. The efficacy of extracts was evaluated at two time intervals after treatment, 4 and 11 days for tomato, and 10 and 20 days for both wheat and maize. Both extracts showed a significant inhibitory activity on mycotoxigenic pathogens and significantly reduced Log CFU/g compared to the control. Moreover, the extracts reduced mycotoxin production in a dose dependent manner and with a long-lasting effect. The ochratoxin A was reduced by both extracts but only the extract TE2 was effective in reducing aflatoxins, whereas TE1 treatment increased their synthesis.
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