3
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Xiao H, Liu Z, Wang N, Long Q, Cao S, Huang G, Liu W, Peng Y, Riaz S, Walker AM, Gaut BS, Zhou Y. Adaptive and maladaptive introgression in grapevine domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222041120. [PMID: 37276420 PMCID: PMC10268302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222041120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated grapevines spread to Europe around 3,000 years ago. Previous studies have revealed genomic signals of introgression from wild to cultivated grapes in Europe, but the time, mode, genomic pattern, and biological effects of these introgression events have not been investigated. Here, we studied resequencing data from 345 samples spanning the distributional range of wild (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) and cultivated (V. vinifera ssp. vinifera) grapes. Based on machine learning-based population genetic analyses, we detected evidence for a single domestication of grapevine, followed by continuous gene flow between European wild grapes (EU) and cultivated grapes over the past ~2,000 y, especially from EU to wine grapes. We also inferred that soft-selective sweeps were the dominant signals of artificial selection. Gene pathways associated with the synthesis of aromatic compounds were enriched in regions that were both selected and introgressed, suggesting EU wild grapes were an important resource for improving the flavor of cultivated grapes. Despite the potential benefits of introgression in grape improvement, the introgressed fragments introduced a higher deleterious burden, with most deleterious SNPs and structural variants hidden in a heterozygous state. Cultivated wine grapes have benefited from adaptive introgression with wild grapes, but introgression has also increased the genetic load. In general, our study of beneficial and harmful effects of introgression is critical for genomic breeding of grapevine to take advantage of wild resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi830091, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Qiming Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Shuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Guizhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Summaira Riaz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Andrew M. Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Brandon S. Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou571101, China
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4
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Dong Y, Duan S, Xia Q, Liang Z, Dong X, Margaryan K, Musayev M, Goryslavets S, Zdunić G, Bert PF, Lacombe T, Maul E, Nick P, Bitskinashvili K, Bisztray GD, Drori E, De Lorenzis G, Cunha J, Popescu CF, Arroyo-Garcia R, Arnold C, Ergül A, Zhu Y, Ma C, Wang S, Liu S, Tang L, Wang C, Li D, Pan Y, Li J, Yang L, Li X, Xiang G, Yang Z, Chen B, Dai Z, Wang Y, Arakelyan A, Kuliyev V, Spotar G, Girollet N, Delrot S, Ollat N, This P, Marchal C, Sarah G, Laucou V, Bacilieri R, Röckel F, Guan P, Jung A, Riemann M, Ujmajuridze L, Zakalashvili T, Maghradze D, Höhn M, Jahnke G, Kiss E, Deák T, Rahimi O, Hübner S, Grassi F, Mercati F, Sunseri F, Eiras-Dias J, Dumitru AM, Carrasco D, Rodriguez-Izquierdo A, Muñoz G, Uysal T, Özer C, Kazan K, Xu M, Wang Y, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhao M, Wang L, Jiu S, Zhang Y, Sun L, Yang H, Weiss E, Wang S, Zhu Y, Li S, Sheng J, Chen W. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution. Science 2023; 379:892-901. [PMID: 36862793 DOI: 10.1126/science.add8655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shengchang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qiuju Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kristine Margaryan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, NAS RA, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia.,Yerevan State University, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mirza Musayev
- Genetic Resources Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZ1106 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Goran Zdunić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Pierre-François Bert
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, UMR EGFV, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Lacombe
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - György Dénes Bisztray
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elyashiv Drori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, 40700 Ariel, Israel.,Eastern Regional R&D Center, 40700 Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jorge Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P./INIAV-Dois Portos, 2565-191 Torres Vedras, Portugal.,Green-it Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carmen Florentina Popescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Biotechnology in Horticulture, Stefanesti, 117715 Arges, Romania
| | - Rosa Arroyo-Garcia
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, UPM-INIA/CSIC, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ali Ergül
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06135 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Liu Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yunbing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Baozheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, NAS RA, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia.,Armenian Bioinformatics Institute, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia.,Biomedicine and Pharmacy, RAU, 0051 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Varis Kuliyev
- Institute of Bioresources, Nakhchivan Branch of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZ7000 Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
| | - Gennady Spotar
- National Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking Magarach, Yalta 298600, Crimea
| | - Nabil Girollet
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, UMR EGFV, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, UMR EGFV, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, UMR EGFV, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patrice This
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Marchal
- Vassal-Montpellier Grapevine Biological Resources Center, INRAE, 34340 Marseillan-Plage, France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laucou
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Bacilieri
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Pingyin Guan
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Historische Rebsorten-Sammlung, Rebschule (K39), 67599 Gundheim, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Levan Ujmajuridze
- LEPL Scientific Research Center of Agriculture, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - David Maghradze
- LEPL Scientific Research Center of Agriculture, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maria Höhn
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gizella Jahnke
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Kiss
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Deák
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oshrit Rahimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, 40700 Ariel, Israel
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Galilee Research Institute (Migal), Tel-Hai Academic College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Grassi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.,NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio 89122 Calabria, Italy
| | - José Eiras-Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P./INIAV-Dois Portos, 2565-191 Torres Vedras, Portugal.,Green-it Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Anamaria Mirabela Dumitru
- National Research and Development Institute for Biotechnology in Horticulture, Stefanesti, 117715 Arges, Romania
| | - David Carrasco
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, UPM-INIA/CSIC, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Tamer Uysal
- Viticulture Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 59200 Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Özer
- Viticulture Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 59200 Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Meilong Xu
- Institute of Horticulture, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Yunyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Oenology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institutes, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institutes, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | | | - Ehud Weiss
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming 650201, China
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5
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Vervalle JA, Costantini L, Lorenzi S, Pindo M, Mora R, Bolognesi G, Marini M, Lashbrooke JG, Tobutt KR, Vivier MA, Roodt-Wilding R, Grando MS, Bellin D. A high-density integrated map for grapevine based on three mapping populations genotyped by the Vitis18K SNP chip. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4371-4390. [PMID: 36271055 PMCID: PMC9734222 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-density integrated map for grapevine, allowing refinement and improved understanding of the grapevine genome, while demonstrating the applicability of the Vitis18K SNP chip for linkage mapping. The improvement of grapevine through biotechnology requires identification of the molecular bases of target traits by studying marker-trait associations. The Vitis18K SNP chip provides a useful genotyping tool for genome-wide marker analysis. Most linkage maps are based on single mapping populations, but an integrated map can increase marker density and show order conservation. Here we present an integrated map based on three mapping populations. The parents consist of the well-known wine cultivars 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Corvina' and 'Rhine Riesling', the lesser-known wine variety 'Deckrot', and a table grape selection, G1-7720. Three high-density population maps with an average inter-locus gap ranging from 0.74 to 0.99 cM were developed. These maps show high correlations (0.9965-0.9971) with the reference assembly, containing only 93 markers with large order discrepancies compared to expected physical positions, of which a third is consistent across multiple populations. Moreover, the genetic data aid the further refinement of the grapevine genome assembly, by anchoring 104 yet unanchored scaffolds. From these population maps, an integrated map was constructed which includes 6697 molecular markers and reduces the inter-locus gap distance to 0.60 cM, resulting in the densest integrated map for grapevine thus far. A small number of discrepancies, mainly of short distance, involve 88 markers that remain conflictual across maps. The integrated map shows similar collinearity to the reference assembly (0.9974) as the single maps. This high-density map increases our understanding of the grapevine genome and provides a useful tool for its further characterization and the dissection of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Vervalle
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Laura Costantini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mora
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Bolognesi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Marini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Justin G Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ken R Tobutt
- ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Melané A Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Rouvay Roodt-Wilding
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Maria Stella Grando
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Diana Bellin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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