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da Costa GV, Alves MF, Duarte MO, Caetano APS, Koehler S, Mayer JLS. Apomixis beyond trees in the Brazilian savanna: new insights from the orchid Zygopetalum mackayi. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae037. [PMID: 38993261 PMCID: PMC11237986 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
n the Neotropics, the focus of apomictic studies predominantly centres on trees within the Brazilian savanna, characterized, mostly as sporophytic and facultative, associated with polyploidy and polyembryony. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms governing apomixis and sexual reproduction in tropical herbaceous plants, we clarify the relationship between apomixis, chromosome counts, and polyembryony in the epiphytic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi, which forms a polyploid complex within rocky outcrops in both the Brazilian savanna and the Atlantic forest. To define embryo origins and describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants, considering all three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of this species. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected to describe the development and morphology of ovules and seeds considering sexual and apomictic processes. As self-pollination treatments resulted in high fruit abortion in diploids, we also examined pollen tube development in aborted flowers and fruits to search for putative anomalies. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur regularly in all cytotypes. Apomixis is facultative and sporophytic, and associated with polyploid cytotypes, while diploid individuals exclusively engage in sexual reproduction. Polyembryony is caused mainly by the production of adventitious embryos from nucellar cells of triploids and tetraploids, but also by the development of multiple archesporia in all cytotypes. Like other apomictic angiosperms within the Brazilian savanna, our findings demonstrate that apomixis in Z. mackayi relies on pollinators for seed production. We also consider the ecological implications of these apomictic patterns in Z. mackayi within the context of habitat loss and its dependence on pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleicyanne Vieira da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Oliveira Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceará s/n, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Souza Caetano
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Samantha Koehler
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Kong H, Song J, Ma S, Yang J, Shao Z, Li Q, Li Z, Xie Z, Yang P, Cao Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the glycosyl hydrolase family 1 genes in Medicago sativa revealed their potential roles in response to multiple abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:20. [PMID: 38166654 PMCID: PMC10759430 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) β-glucosidases (BGLUs), are encoded by a large number of genes, which participate in the development and stress response of plants, particularly under biotic and abiotic stresses through the activation of phytohormones. However, there are few studies systematically analyzing stress or hormone-responsive BGLU genes in alfalfa. In this study, a total of 179 BGLU genes of the glycoside hydrolase family 1 were identified in the genome of alfalfa, and then were classified into five distinct clusters. Sequence alignments revealed several conserved and unique motifs among these MsBGLU proteins. Many cis-acting elements related to abiotic stresses and phytohormones were identified in the promoter of some MsBGLUs. Moreover, RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses showed that these MsBGLU genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in response to different abiotic stress and hormonal treatments. In summary, this study suggests that MsBGLU genes play crucial roles in response to various abiotic stresses and hormonal responses, and provides candidate genes for stress tolerance breeding in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Kong
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shihai Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zitong Shao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, 710082, China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuman Cao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Wang Z, Zhao M, Zhang X, Deng X, Li J, Wang M. Genome-wide identification and characterization of active ingredients related β-Glucosidases in Dendrobium catenatum. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:612. [PMID: 35999493 PMCID: PMC9400273 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrobium catenatum/D. officinale (here after D. catenatum), a well-known economically important traditional medicinal herb, produces a variety of bioactive metabolites including polysaccharides, alkaloids, and flavonoids with excellent pharmacological and clinical values. Although many genes associated with the biosynthesis of medicinal components have been cloned and characterized, the biosynthetic pathway, especially the downstream and regulatory pathway of major medicinal components in the herb, is far from clear. β-glucosidases (BGLUs) comprise a diverse group of enzymes that widely exist in plants and play essential functions in cell wall modification, defense response, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, herbivore resistance, and scent release by hydrolyzing β-D-glycosidic bond from a carbohydrate moiety. The recent release of the chromosome-level reference genome of D. catenatum enables the characterization of gene families. Although the genome-wide analysis of the BGLU gene family has been successfully conducted in various plants, no systematic analysis is available for the D. catenatum. We previously isolated DcBGLU2 in the BGLU family as a key regulator for polysaccharide biosynthesis in D. catenatum. Yet, the exact number of DcBGLUs in the D. catenatum genome and their possible roles in bioactive compound production deserve more attention. RESULTS To investigate the role of BGLUs in active metabolites production, 22 BGLUs (DcBGLU1-22) of the glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) were identified from D. catenatum genome. Protein prediction showed that most of the DcBGLUs were acidic and phylogenetic analysis classified the family into four distinct clusters. The sequence alignments revealed several conserved motifs among the DcBGLU proteins and analyses of the putative signal peptides and N-glycosylation site revealed that the majority of DcBGLU members dually targeted to the vacuole and/or chloroplast. Organ-specific expression profiles and specific responses to MeJA and MF23 were also determined. Furthermore, four DcBGLUs were selected to test their involvement in metabolism regulation. Overexpression of DcBGLU2, 6, 8, and 13 significantly increased contents of flavonoid, reducing-polysaccharide, alkaloid and soluble-polysaccharide, respectively. CONCLUSION The genome-wide systematic analysis identified candidate DcBGLU genes with possible roles in medicinal metabolites production and laid a theoretical foundation for further functional characterization and molecular breeding of D. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
| | - Meili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,South China Limestone Plants Research Center, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Meina Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Shenzhen, 518114, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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Cytokinins: Wide-Spread Signaling Hormones from Plants to Humans with High Medical Potential. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071495. [PMID: 35406107 PMCID: PMC9003334 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature is a rich source of biologically active novel compounds. Sixty years ago, the plant hormones cytokinins were first discovered. These play a major role in cell division and cell differentiation. They affect organogenesis in plant tissue cultures and contribute to many other physiological and developmental processes in plants. Consequently, the effect of cytokinins on mammalian cells has caught the attention of researchers. Many reports on the contribution and potential of cytokinins in the therapy of different human diseases and pathophysiological conditions have been published and are reviewed here. We compare cytokinin effects and pathways in plants and mammalian systems and highlight the most important biological activities. We present the strong profile of the biological actions of cytokinins and their possible therapeutic applications.
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