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Xu X, Lin L, Wu S, Sun S. Exploring Successful Cognitive Aging: Insights Regarding Brain Structure, Function, and Demographics. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1651. [PMID: 38137099 PMCID: PMC10741933 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the realm of cognitive science, the phenomenon of "successful cognitive aging" stands as a hallmark of individuals who exhibit cognitive abilities surpassing those of their age-matched counterparts. However, it is paramount to underscore a significant gap in the current research, which is marked by a paucity of comprehensive inquiries that deploy substantial sample sizes to methodically investigate the cerebral biomarkers and contributory elements underpinning this cognitive success. It is within this context that our present study emerges, harnessing data derived from the UK Biobank. In this study, a highly selective cohort of 1060 individuals aged 65 and above was meticulously curated from a larger pool of 17,072 subjects. The selection process was guided by their striking cognitive resilience, ascertained via rigorous evaluation encompassing both generic and specific cognitive assessments, compared to their peers within the same age stratum. Notably, the cognitive abilities of the chosen participants closely aligned with the cognitive acumen commonly observed in middle-aged individuals. Our study leveraged a comprehensive array of neuroimaging-derived metrics, obtained from three Tesla MRI scans (T1-weighted images, dMRI, and resting-state fMRI). The metrics included image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that addressed grey matter morphology, the strength of brain network connectivity, and the microstructural attributes of white matter. Statistical analyses were performed employing ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U tests, and chi-square tests to evaluate the distinctive aspects of IDPs pertinent to the domain of successful cognitive aging. Furthermore, these analyses aimed to elucidate lifestyle practices that potentially underpin the maintenance of cognitive acumen throughout the aging process. Our findings unveiled a robust and compelling association between heightened cognitive aptitude and the integrity of white matter structures within the brain. Furthermore, individuals who exhibited successful cognitive aging demonstrated markedly enhanced activity in the cerebral regions responsible for auditory perception, voluntary motor control, memory retention, and emotional regulation. These advantageous cognitive attributes were mirrored in the health-related lifestyle choices of the surveyed cohort, characterized by elevated educational attainment, a lower incidence of smoking, and a penchant for moderate alcohol consumption. Moreover, they displayed superior grip strength and enhanced walking speeds. Collectively, these findings furnish valuable insights into the multifaceted determinants of successful cognitive aging, encompassing both neurobiological constituents and lifestyle practices. Such comprehensive comprehension significantly contributes to the broader discourse on aging, thereby establishing a solid foundation for the formulation of targeted interventions aimed at fostering cognitive well-being among aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.X.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.X.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuicai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.X.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shen Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.X.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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2
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Babik I, Cunha AB, Srinivasan S. Biological and environmental factors may affect children's executive function through motor and sensorimotor development: Preterm birth and cerebral palsy. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 73:101881. [PMID: 37643499 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Disruptive biological and environmental factors may undermine the development of children's motor and sensorimotor skills. Since the development of cognitive skills, including executive function, is grounded in early motor and sensorimotor experiences, early delays or impairments in motor and sensorimotor processing often trigger dynamic developmental cascades that lead to suboptimal executive function outcomes. The purpose of this perspective paper is to link early differences in motor/sensorimotor processing to the development of executive function in children born preterm or with cerebral palsy. Uncovering such links in clinical populations would improve our understanding of developmental pathways and key motor and sensorimotor skills that are antecedent and foundational for the development of executive function. This knowledge will allow the refinement of early interventions targeting motor and sensorimotor skills with the goal of proactively improving executive function outcomes in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Babik
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - Andrea B Cunha
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sudha Srinivasan
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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3
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McDougal E, Silverstein P, Treleaven O, Jerrom L, Gilligan-Lee KA, Gilmore C, Farran EK. Associations and indirect effects between LEGO® construction and mathematics performance. Child Dev 2023; 94:1381-1397. [PMID: 37186278 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a known association between LEGO® construction ability and mathematics achievement, yet the mechanisms which drive this association are largely unknown. This study investigated the spatial mechanisms underlying this association, and whether this differs for concrete versus digital construction. Between January 2020 and July 2021, children aged 7-9 years (N = 358, 189 female, ethnicity not recorded) completed spatial and mathematics tasks, and either a concrete or digital Lego construction task. Mediation analyses examining direct and indirect pathways (through spatial skills) between Lego construction ability and mathematics explained 8.4% to 26.6% of variance in mathematics scores. Exploratory moderated mediation analyses revealed that only the indirect path through mental rotation differed between Lego conditions. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of spatial-numerical associations and the potential of Lego training for mathematics improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Silverstein
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Katie A Gilligan-Lee
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Emily K Farran
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Preston, UK
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4
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Buckle KL, Poliakoff E, Gowen E. The blind men and the elephant: The case for a transdiagnostic approach to initiation. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1113579. [PMID: 36825241 PMCID: PMC9941546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Difficulty initiating voluntary action is an under-recognized and often invisible impairment in various psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurological conditions. Understanding the commonalities of volition impairments across diagnoses is limited by a lack of consistent terminology, arbitrary distinctions between conditions, the habit of looking only to the prevailing definitions and theories to explain observed traits, and the covert nature of initiation. The siloed approach to research in this area evokes the parable of the blind men and the elephant, where understanding the whole picture is impeded by a limited view. There has been little effort to consider how differing terms overlap or to use objective methods to differentiate phenomena along meaningful lines. We propose a triad of interacting elements, all of which are needed for successful initiation of voluntary action: (i) executive function, (ii) volition, and (iii) movement. Failure to initiate a response may be due to impairments in any of these, which often co-occur. This paper calls for the following considerations to improve research in this area: (i) put aside preconceptions about conditions and their mechanisms to adopt a flexible transdiagnostic approach; (ii) consider executive function, movement, and volition as possible dimensional variations with related underlying mechanisms; (iii) carefully differentiate components of complex functions; (iv) look to first-hand reports for covert and previously unrecognized traits. These approaches have the potential to elucidate the cognitive and biological mechanisms underpinning voluntary action and create a foundation to develop more appropriate and informed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Body, Eye and Movement Lab, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gowen
- Body, Eye and Movement Lab, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Farah R, Glukhovsky N, Rosch K, Horowitz-Kraus T. Structural white matter characteristics for working memory and switching/inhibition in children with reading difficulties: The role of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:897-915. [PMID: 36605413 PMCID: PMC9810373 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading difficulties (RDs) are characterized by slow and inaccurate reading as well as additional challenges in cognitive control (i.e., executive functions, especially in working memory, inhibition, and visual attention). Despite evidence demonstrating differences in these readers' language and visual processing abilities, white matter differences associated with executive functions (EFs) difficulties in children with RDs are scarce. Structural correlates for reading and EFs in 8- to 12-year-old children with RDs versus typical readers (TRs) were examined using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. Results suggest that children with RDs showed significantly lower reading and EF abilities versus TRs. Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in left temporo-parietal tracts was found in children with RDs, who also showed positive correlations between reading and working memory and switching/inhibition scores and FA in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). FA in the left SLF predicted working memory performance mediated by reading ability in children with RDs but not TRs. Our findings support alterations in white matter tracts related to working memory, switching/inhibition, and overall EF challenges in children with RDs and the linkage between working memory difficulties and FA alterations in the left SLF in children with RDs via reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Glukhovsky
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keri Rosch
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,* Corresponding Author:
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6
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Freeman EE, Robinson EL. The Relationship between Father–Child Rough-and-Tumble Play and Children’s Working Memory. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9070962. [PMID: 35883947 PMCID: PMC9315721 DOI: 10.3390/children9070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rough-and-tumble play (RTP) between fathers and children has been linked to many social, emotional, and behavioural child outcomes, such as reduced aggression and increased self-regulation. This study extends our understanding of the importance of RTP to the development of the executive function, working memory. Father–child dyads (N = 30) were asked to play two RTP games that were videorecorded for later observational coding. Fathers were also asked to report the frequency with which they play RTP games with their child. Two measures of working memory were also collected. The working-memory index of the Wechsler Preschool and the Primary Scale of Intelligence—Fourth Edition were used to measure working-memory ability, and the working-memory subscale of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function was used as a measure of working-memory problems. RTP frequency was associated with improved working-memory ability and fewer working-memory problems. RTP quality was associated with higher working-memory ability. This study adds to the growing evidence of the importance of father–child RTP for child development.
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Gibb R, Coelho L, Van Rootselaar NA, Halliwell C, MacKinnon M, Plomp I, Gonzalez CLR. Promoting Executive Function Skills in Preschoolers Using a Play-Based Program. Front Psychol 2022; 12:720225. [PMID: 35035366 PMCID: PMC8754087 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, play has been shown to be a powerful means to enhance learning and brain development. It is also known that through play children enhance their executive function (EF) skills. Furthermore, well-developed EF in preschoolers has been shown to be an important predictor for later academic and life success. Armed with this information a program, Building Brains and Futures (BBF), for developing EF through play was designed for 3–5-year-old. The program consisted of 10 simple, fun, and interactive games selected to enhance various facets of EF. The 10 games included were: dimensional change card sort, lips and ears, block building, musical freeze, opposites, pretend play, red light/green light, shared project, Simon says, and wait for it. The program was implemented with a group of children shown to have challenges with respect to kindergarten readiness. The approach was first, to build adult capability by sharing knowledge of brain development, EF, and the importance of play with educators, caregivers, and parents. Second, to build skills in delivering the program in the school setting. Children engaged with the program of games for a minimum of 6 weeks. Their performance on a battery of direct measures of EF, language, and motor skills, were recorded before and after the program. The results showed improvement in all three domains. In addition, adopters of the BBF program reported it was easily and successfully integrated into their existing preschool curricula. The importance of intentional adult directed play in building developmental learning, including EF, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbin Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Lara Coelho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Celeste Halliwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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8
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Schworer EK, Fidler DJ, Kaur M, Needham AW, Prince MA, Daunhauer LA. Goal-directed action planning in infants with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:713-724. [PMID: 32666591 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is a neurogenetic disorder associated with risk for executive dysfunction, or difficulties with the cognitive processes required for planning volitional, goal-directed behaviour. This study examines the developmental origins of difficulties with goal-directed action planning in infants with DS to inform our understanding of the cognitive phenotype associated with DS and its implications for intervention. METHOD First, the study compared the performance of infants with DS (n = 44, mean chronological age = 7.5 months, SD = 2.3) and typically developing infants (n = 31, mean chronological age = 7.5 months, SD = 2.9) on plan production and planning efficiency during an early planning task. Next, potential sources of variability in planning behaviour (motor performance and sensory processing) within the DS sample were examined. All infants completed an early planning laboratory task and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III Cognitive Scale. The motor and sensory skills of infants with DS were assessed by the motor scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III and the Infant Sensory Profile-2. DS-related biomedical history information was provided by caregivers for the infants with DS. RESULTS Between-group differences in planning were observed on the dimensions of strategy production and completion, such that infants with DS were less efficient in their strategy execution than typically developing infants. In the DS group, motor skills and sensory processing were associated with planning efficiency on all components of the early planning task. CONCLUSIONS Less efficient action planning in infants with DS may disrupt the shaping of goal-directed behaviour, and the identification of early risk factors associated with planning efficiency has important implications for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Schworer
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D J Fidler
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M Kaur
- Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A W Needham
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M A Prince
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - L A Daunhauer
- Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Yao ZF, Yang MH, Hsieh S. Brain Structural-Behavioral Correlates Underlying Grooved Pegboard Test Performance Across Lifespan. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:373-384. [PMID: 32631206 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1787320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to provide the first brain structural-behavioral correlates underlying age differences in Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) performance after adjusting for gender, education, quality of life, mental health, and anthropometric variables. We report the data of 210 right-handed participants (20- to 80-year old), who underwent behavioral assessments including GPT, Trail Making Test, and stop-signal task. Magnetic resonance images were acquired to investigate the structural-behavioral correlates of age differences in GPT performance. Age differences in GPT performance were positively associated with visuomotor tracking performance and negatively associated with widespread brain structural measures, including white matter tracts (e.g., commissure, radiation, and association fibers) and gray matter regions in frontal and cingulate regions, parietal, and temporal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Fu Yao
- Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, & Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Heng Yang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, & Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, & Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Dual-task performance of speech and motor skill: verb generation facilitates grasping behaviour. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:453-463. [PMID: 31953698 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pronouncing nouns or verbs while grasping distinctly alters movement. Changes in hand speed and final position occur according to the meaning of the words spoken. These results are typically found when executing a single movement paired with a single word. For example, pronouncing the word 'fast' increased the speed of the hand when reaching to grasp. Our objective was to compare how verb and noun fluency tasks interact with grasping behaviour in a grasp-to-construct task. Because previous imaging research shows that verb and noun production activates distinct neural areas, we reasoned that grasping outcomes would differ according to the category of word produced by participants. Specifically, we hypothesized that verb pronunciation would distinctly affect grasping behaviour compared to producing nouns. We recruited 38 young adults who performed a grasp-to-construct task and two different verbal fluency tasks. Participants completed each task (grasp, verb fluency, and noun fluency) separately as control conditions, and the grasping and each speaking task simultaneously for dual-task conditions. We found that during the dual-task condition, when generating nouns and grasping, participants made significantly more grasping errors (inaccurate grasps) compared to the control and verb dual-task conditions. Moreover, our results revealed a relationship between the number of verbs generated and grasping performance. Participants who generated more verbs were faster and more accurate during the motor component of the dual-task condition. This relationship was not observed when nouns were produced, indicating a unique relationship between verb production and functional grasping. The result is a facilitation effect, diminishing the negative outcome on motor control associated with increased cognitive load (as observed during noun pronunciation).
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Adshead CD, Norman A, Holloway M. The inter-relationship between acquired brain injury, substance use and homelessness; the impact of adverse childhood experiences: an interpretative phenomenological analysis study. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 43:2411-2423. [PMID: 31825694 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acquired Brain Injuries, caused by a range of illnesses and injuries, can lead to long-term difficulties for individuals; mental health problems, cognitive and executive impairment and psychosocial problems including relationship breakdown, substance abuse and potentially homelessness. The study aimed to seek and gain a more definitive understanding of the inter-relationship of Acquired Brain Injury, substance abuse and homelessness by identifying key themes associated with the inter-relationship between these variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study recruited eight participants through homeless organisations and treatment centres. Participants were screened for suitability (Brain Injury Screening Index; Drug Abuse Screening Tool; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and then participated in recorded semi-structured interviews, transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS The study identified five master themes: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma; Mental Health; Cognitive Decline and Executive Function; Services; Relationships. CONCLUSION Healthcare professionals need to engage with children, their families, and adults, who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences and should employ routine screening tools for brain injury to ensure their presence is factored into developing appropriate models of intervention.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONNeed person-centred approaches to intervention for those with acquired brain injury who are homeless and have substance abuse issues.Need to screen for the presence of acquired brain injury when engaging with individuals who are homeless or have substance abuse.Need screening of acquired brain injury and adverse childhood experiences to improve access to services post-brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyson Norman
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Gonzalez CLR, van Rootselaar NA, Gibb RL. Sensorimotor lateralization scaffolds cognitive specialization. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 238:405-433. [PMID: 30097202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review hemispheric differences for sensorimotor function and cognitive abilities. Specifically, we examine the left-hemisphere specialization for visuomotor control and its interplay with language, executive function, and musical training. Similarly, we discuss right-hemisphere lateralization for haptic processing and its relationship to spatial and numerical processing. We propose that cerebral lateralization for sensorimotor functions served as a foundation for the development of higher cognitive abilities and their hemispheric functional specialization. We further suggest that sensorimotor and cognitive functions are inextricably linked. Based on the studies discussed in this chapter our view is that sensorimotor control serves as a loom upon which the fibers of language, executive function, spatial, and numerical processing are woven together to create the fabric of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L R Gonzalez
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Nicole A van Rootselaar
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robbin L Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Flindall JW, Gonzalez CLR. Wait wait, don't tell me: Handedness questionnaires do not predict hand preference for grasping. Laterality 2018; 24:176-196. [PMID: 29975108 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1494184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Handedness questionnaires are a common screening tool in psychology and neuroscience, used whenever a participant's performance on a given task may conceivably be affected by their laterality. Two widely-used examples of such questionnaires are the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire. Both instruments ask respondents to report their hand preference for performing a variety of common tasks (e.g., throwing a ball, or opening a drawer). Here we combined questions from the two instruments (E-WHQ; 22 questions total) and asked participants to report their preferred hand for each via a five-point scale. The purpose of this study was to determine whether responses on the E-WHQ are accurate, reliable, and/or predictive of hand-preference for a simple grasp-to-construct task. Regarding accuracy, handedness scores were 5% lower when participants used a scrambled response key versus a consistent one. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was weak, with any given inventory item eliciting a different response from 34% of respondents upon retesting. Neither was the E-WHQ predictively useful-although both left- and right-handers preferred their dominant hands, E-WHQ score did not correlate with overall percentage of dominant-hand grasps in either group. We conclude that the E-WHQ is unsuited for predicting hand preference for grasping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Flindall
- a Department of Psychology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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14
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Development of a Contextualized Version of the Multiple Errands Test for People with Substance Dependence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018; 24:347-359. [PMID: 29041993 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617717001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance dependence is associated with deficits in several areas of executive functioning, such as planning and multitasking. Traditional tests of executive functioning have been criticized for their low ecological validity. Shallice and Burgess (1991) developed the Multiple Errands Test (MET), where participants are required to perform multiple tasks in a real-world setting. In this study, we aimed to adapt the MET for use in populations with substance dependence. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to: (1) examine the applicability of a contextualized version of the Multiple Errands Test, namely, the Multiple Errands Test - Contextualized Version (MET-CV); (2) study the testing context reliability and convergent validity of MET-CV scores; (3) compare the performance of people with substance dependence to a control group. METHODS Data were collected from 60 participants with substance dependence and 30 healthy controls. Both groups performed a neuropsychological assessment, which consisted of the MET-CV and traditional neuropsychological tests (Letter Number Sequencing, Zoo Map Test, Revised Strategy Application Test, Information Sampling Test, Stockings of Cambridge). RESULTS The MET-CV has adequate testing context reliability and moderate convergent validity relative to traditional planning measures. People with substance dependence (PWSD) showed significant deficits in executive function tests compared to healthy controls, most notably on the MET-CV rather than on traditional neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS The MET-CV can be feasibly applied in the context of therapeutic communities treatment in PWSD. The MET-CV showed adequate reliability and validity, and detected planning deficits in PWSD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 347-359).
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Netelenbos N, Gibb RL, Li F, Gonzalez CLR. Articulation Speaks to Executive Function: An Investigation in 4- to 6-Year-Olds. Front Psychol 2018; 9:172. [PMID: 29535655 PMCID: PMC5834422 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) and language learning play a prominent role in early childhood development. Empirical research continues to point to a concurrent relation between these two faculties. What has been given little attention, however, is the association between EF and speech articulation abilities in children. This study investigated this relation in children aged 4-6 years. Significant correlations indicated that children with better EF [via parental report of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) inventory] exhibited stronger speech sound production abilities in the articulation of the "s" and "sh" sounds. Furthermore, regression analyses revealed that the Global Executive Composite (GEC) of EF as measured by the BRIEF, served as a predictor for speech sound proficiency and that speech sound proficiency served as a predictor for the GEC. Together, these results demonstrate the imbricated nature of EF and speech sound production while bearing theoretical and practical implications. From a theoretical standpoint, the close link between EF and speech articulation may indicate a common ontogenetic pathway. From a practical perspective, the results suggest that children with speech difficulties could be at higher risk for EF deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Netelenbos
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robbin L. Gibb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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16
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Remigereau C, Roy A, Costini O, Barbarot S, Bru M, Le Gall D. Praxis skills and executive function in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2017; 7:224-234. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2017.1295856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Remigereau
- a Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), UBL , Brittany-Loire University , Angers , France.,b Reference Center for Learning Disabilities , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Arnaud Roy
- a Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), UBL , Brittany-Loire University , Angers , France.,c Neurofibromatosis Clinic and Reference Center for Learning Disabilities , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Orianne Costini
- a Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), UBL , Brittany-Loire University , Angers , France.,d Pediatric Unit for Learning Disabilities , University Hospital of Nice , Nice , France
| | - Sébastien Barbarot
- e Neurofibromatosis Clinic , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Marie Bru
- b Reference Center for Learning Disabilities , University Hospital of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Didier Le Gall
- a Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), UBL , Brittany-Loire University , Angers , France
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17
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Wunsch K, Pfister R, Henning A, Aschersleben G, Weigelt M. No Interrelation of Motor Planning and Executive Functions across Young Ages. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1031. [PMID: 27462285 PMCID: PMC4940395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the developmental trajectories of motor planning and executive functioning in children. To this end, we tested 217 participants with three motor tasks, measuring anticipatory planning abilities (i.e., the bar-transport-task, the sword-rotation-task and the grasp-height-task), and three cognitive tasks, measuring executive functions (i.e., the Tower-of-Hanoi-task, the Mosaic-task, and the D2-attention-endurance-task). Children were aged between 3 and 10 years and were separated into age groups by 1-year bins, resulting in a total of eight groups of children and an additional group of adults. Results suggested (1) a positive developmental trajectory for each of the sub-tests, with better task performance as children get older; (2) that the performance in the separate tasks was not correlated across participants in the different age groups; and (3) that there was no relationship between performance in the motor tasks and in the cognitive tasks used in the present study when controlling for age. These results suggest that both, motor planning and executive functions are rather heterogeneous domains of cognitive functioning with fewer interdependencies than often suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wunsch
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Henning
- Developmental Psychology, SRH Fachhochschule for Healthcare Gera, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Weigelt
- Department Sport and Health, University of Paderborn Paderborn, Germany
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18
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Revealing hot executive function in children with motor coordination problems: What’s the go? Brain Cogn 2016; 106:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stone KD, Gonzalez CLR. The contributions of vision and haptics to reaching and grasping. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1403. [PMID: 26441777 PMCID: PMC4584943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a comprehensive outlook on the sensory (visual and haptic) contributions to reaching and grasping. The focus is on studies in developing children, normal, and neuropsychological populations, and in sensory-deprived individuals. Studies have suggested a right-hand/left-hemisphere specialization for visually guided grasping and a left-hand/right-hemisphere specialization for haptically guided object recognition. This poses the interesting possibility that when vision is not available and grasping relies heavily on the haptic system, there is an advantage to use the left hand. We review the evidence for this possibility and dissect the unique contributions of the visual and haptic systems to grasping. We ultimately discuss how the integration of these two sensory modalities shape hand preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla D Stone
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB, Canada
| | - Claudia L R Gonzalez
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB, Canada
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20
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Magalhães JC, Gongora M, Vicente R, Bittencourt J, Tanaka G, Velasques B, Teixeira S, Morato G, Basile LF, Arias-Carrión O, Pompeu FA, Cagy M, Ribeiro P. The influence of levetiracetam in cognitive performance in healthy individuals: neuropsychological, behavioral and electrophysiological approach. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 13:83-93. [PMID: 25912541 PMCID: PMC4423160 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study sought to analyze the influence of Levetiracetam (LEV) in cognitive performance by identifying the changes produced by LEV in reaction time, in neuropsychological assessment of attention and memory and in absolute theta power in frontal activity. METHODS Twelve healthy subjects (5 men and 7 women; mean age, 30.08 years, standard deviation, 4.71) were recruited for this study. The neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test (A and B), Digit Span (direct and indirect numerical orders/working memory); Stroop test (inhibitory control of attention); Tower of London (planning and decision-making) and a quantitative electroencephalography were applied in 2 different days after and before the participants ingested the capsule of placebo or 500 mg LEV. RESULTS A two-way-ANOVA was implemented to observe the interaction between conditions (placebo or LEV 500 mg) and moments (pre- and post-ingestion of LEV or placebo). The data were analyzed by the SPSS statistical package (p<0.05). For the neuropsychological parameter, the Trail Making Test (A) was the only test that showed significant difference for condition in the task execution time (p=0.026). Regarding the reaction time in the behavioral parameter, an interaction between both factors (p=0.034) was identified through a two-way-ANOVA (condition versus moment). Electrophysiological measures showed a significant interaction for electrodes: F7, F3, and FZ. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that LEV promotes an important cognitive enhancement in the executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Magalhães
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Mariana Gongora
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Renan Vicente
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Guaraci Tanaka
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina,
Brazil
| | - Gledys Morato
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina,
Brazil
| | - Luis F. Basile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Faculdade da Saúde, UMESP, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Movement Disorders and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzãlez, Mexico D.F.,
Mexico
- Neurology Department, Hospital General Ajusco Medio, Mexico D.F.,
Mexico
| | - Fernando A.M.S Pompeu
- Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Institute of Applied Neuroscience (INA), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
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21
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Gonzalez CLR, Li F, Mills KJ, Rosen N, Gibb RL. Speech in action: degree of hand preference for grasping predicts speech articulation competence in children. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1267. [PMID: 25414686 PMCID: PMC4222128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights: Degree of lateralization for grasping predicts the maturity of the language production system in young, typically-developing children. In this report we provide compelling evidence for the relationship between right hand grasp-to-mouth (i.e., feeding) movements and language development. Specifically, we show that children (4–5 years old) who are more right-hand lateralized in picking up small food items for consumption show enhanced differentiation of the “s” and “sh” sounds. This result suggests that left hemisphere control of hand-to-mouth gestures may have provided an evolutionary platform for the development of language. The current investigation presents the exciting possibility that early right hand-to-mouth training could accelerate the development of articulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L R Gonzalez
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- Psychology, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Kelly J Mills
- The Brain in Action Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Rosen
- Linguistics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robbin L Gibb
- Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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