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Elaad E, Kochav R, Elkouby T. Lying about money and game points by men and women and its relation to the Self-Reported Lying Scale. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1304237. [PMID: 38298365 PMCID: PMC10827945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study was designed to examine the effect of monetary and non-monetary endowment on lying by men and women in the Ultimatum Game. Another goal was to examine to what extent the Self-Reported Lying Scale (SRLS), described here for the first time, predicts lying in the Ultimatum Game. Methods Examinees (162, 82 women) were allocated to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two endowment conditions (money and game points) were crossed with two sex conditions (men and women). Participants underwent an Ultimatum Game in which they were permitted to conceal part of the endowment from an unidentified partner. Finally, participants completed the SRLS. Results The results indicated that more cash than points were concealed from the partner, and men concealed more of their endowment than women. We further defined fake fairness in sharing that combined hiding a more significant portion of the endowment from the partner while presenting fair sharing of the remaining award. We found more fake fairness when money was shared than when points were concealed. Fake fairness is more significant for men than for women. For money and points alike, concealment was predicted by the global score of the SRLS and its five subscales (self-assessed lying ability, lie detection ability, the use of reason in lying, lie acceptability, and lie frequency). Discussion It was suggested that a monetary endowment is more sensitive to lying than game points and involves more fake fairness. Nevertheless, the differences are quantitative, and the same response pattern exists in the two endowment conditions. Replacing money with points is a proper solution whenever a monetary endowment presents difficulties. It was further suggested that sex differences exist in lying using an asymmetric information UG, where proposers were permitted to mislead responders about their endowment. Finally, the SRLS may contribute to a better understanding of the question of who lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Elaad
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Lozano EB, Fraley RC. Anxious to detect deceit: an empirical investigation of social defense theory. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:598-612. [PMID: 37933999 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2272252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Social Defense Theory (SDT) states that anxious attachment reflects an adaptive sentinel strategy, whereby anxious people should be better able to detect lies than secure people. Existing research on this issue, however, has not been able to evaluate whether heightened lie detection among anxious individuals is due to an actual ability or a bias to assume that others are lying (one that pays off when others are, in fact, lying). We addressed this issue in a study in which 254 adults had to determine whether people in videos were lying or telling the truth about their experiences. Contrary to the predictions of SDT, highly anxious people did not have a heightened ability to separate lies from truths, but were biased to assume that others were lying regardless of the authenticity of their statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Lozano
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Northstate University, College of Health Sciences, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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Ebner NC, Pehlivanoglu D, Shoenfelt A. Financial Fraud and Deception in Aging. ADVANCES IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND RESEARCH 2023; 5:e230007. [PMID: 37990708 PMCID: PMC10662792 DOI: 10.20900/agmr20230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Financial exploitation among older adults is a significant concern with often devastating consequences for individuals and society. Deception plays a critical role in financial exploitation, and detecting deception is challenging, especially for older adults. Susceptibility to deception in older adults is heightened by age-related changes in cognition, such as declines in processing speed and working memory, as well as socioemotional factors, including positive affect and social isolation. Additionally, neurobiological changes with age, such as reduced cortical volume and altered functional connectivity, are associated with declining deception detection and increased risk for financial exploitation among older adults. Furthermore, characteristics of deceptive messages, such as personal relevance and framing, as well as visual cues such as faces, can influence deception detection. Understanding the multifaceted factors that contribute to deception risk in aging is crucial for developing interventions and strategies to protect older adults from financial exploitation. Tailored approaches, including age-specific warnings and harmonizing artificial intelligence as well as human-centered approaches, can help mitigate the risks and protect older adults from fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for National Security, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Didem Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for National Security, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alayna Shoenfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Elaad E, Gonen-Gal Y. Face-to-Face Lying: Gender and Motivation to Deceive. Front Psychol 2022; 13:820923. [PMID: 35391990 PMCID: PMC8982912 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies examined gender differences in lying when the truth-telling bias prevailed (study 1) and when inspiring lying and disbelief (study 2). The first study used 156 community participants (91 women) in pairs. First, participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Lie- and Truth Ability Assessment Scale (LTAAS), and the Rational-Experiential Inventory. Then, they participated in a deception game where they performed as senders and receivers of true and false communications. Their goal was to retain as many points as possible according to a payoff matrix that specified the reward they would gain for any possible outcome. Results indicated that men lied more and were more successful lie-tellers than women. In addition, men believed the sender less than women but were not more successful detectors of lies and truths. Higher perceived lie-telling ability, narcissistic features, and experiential thinking style explained men's performance. The second study used 100 volunteers (40 women) who underwent the same procedure. However, the payoff matrix encouraged lying and disbelieving. Results showed again that men lied more than women. As to performance, men were more successful lie detectors than women, but there was no truth detection difference. Women did not differ in their success in telling and detecting lies and truths. The inconsistent gender differences in production and detection lies and truths dictate caution in interpreting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Elaad
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Abstract
Misinformation causes serious harm, from sowing doubt in modern medicine to inciting violence. Older adults are especially susceptible - they shared the most fake news during the 2016 US election. The most intuitive explanation for this pattern blames cognitive deficits. While older adults forget where they learned information, fluency remains intact and decades of accumulated knowledge helps them evaluate claims. Thus, cognitive declines cannot fully explain older adults' engagement with fake news. Late adulthood also involves social changes, including general trust, difficulty detecting lies, and less emphasis on accuracy when communicating. In addition, older adults are relative newcomers to social media, who may struggle to spot sponsored content or manipulated images. In a post-truth world, interventions should consider older adults' shifting social goals and gaps in their digital literacy.
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Lighthall NR. Neural mechanisms of decision-making in aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1519. [PMID: 31608583 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review synthesizes findings on decision neuroscience and aging by focusing on decision processes that have been extensively studied in neuroeconomics and critically assessing the driving mechanisms of age-related change. The paper first highlights age-related changes to key brain structures that have been implicated in decision-making, then, reviews specific decision components and discusses investigations of age-related changes to their neural mechanisms. The review also weighs evidence for organic brain aging versus age-related changes to social and psychological factors in mediating age effects. Reviewed findings are discussed in the context of theories and frameworks that have been used to explain trajectories of change in decision-making across adulthood. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Development and Aging Psychology > Reasoning and Decision-Making Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Calso C, Besnard J, Allain P. Study of the theory of mind in normal aging: focus on the deception detection and its links with other cognitive functions. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:430-452. [PMID: 31188065 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1628176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of deception is crucial to avoid negative circumstances (financial frauds, social tricks) in daily living. Considering that this cognitive function is especially supported by the prefrontal cortex of the human brain and that these cerebral regions change with advanced age, deception detection may also change with aging. Our purpose is to study this complex ability and its potential links with other cognitive functions, such as the executive control, in normal aging. Thirty-five young adults (YA) aged from 20 to 40, thirty-five old adults (OA) aged from 65 to 79 and thirty very old adults (VOA) aged from 80 to 95 were involved in this study. We propose a novel neuropsychological test (inspired by Theory of Mind Picture Story task) assessing the ability to understand deceptive and cooperative interactions, and tasks involving executive processes (monitoring, task setting, flexibility) to all participants. Between-group analyses show that older participants performed worse than YA on deceptive, cooperative and mixed situations (involving deception and reciprocity) of our task. Significant correlations exist between the deception-cooperation detection and the executive functions. Our results show that these frontal abilities decline after 65 years, even more after 80 years, and they are involved on the deceptive-cooperative situations. The verbal IQ is also linked with the deception-cooperation detection. This suggests that mixed cognitive trainings would allow older adults to detect more easily bad intentions of others, to adjust their behavior to context and to achieve their goals with less risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calso
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion, Angers cedex 01, France.,Unité Transversale de Recherche Psychogenèse et Psychopathologie. Cliniques, psychopathologie et psychanalyse (EA 4403), Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Jérémy Besnard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion, Angers cedex 01, France
| | - Philippe Allain
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion, Angers cedex 01, France.,Unité de neuropsychologie, Département de neurologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers cedex 01, France
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O'Connor AM, Lyon TD, Evans AD. Younger and Older Adults' Lie-Detection and Credibility Judgments of Children's Coached Reports. PSYCHOLOGY, CRIME & LAW : PC & L 2019; 25:925-944. [PMID: 31988596 PMCID: PMC6984756 DOI: 10.1080/1068316x.2019.1597092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has examined young and middle-aged adults' perceptions of child witnesses; however, no research to date has examined how potential older adult jurors may perceive a child witness. The present investigation examined younger (18-30 years, N = 100) and older adults' (66-89 years, N = 100) lie-detection and credibility judgments when viewing children's truthful and dishonest reports. Participants viewed eight child interview videos where children (9 to 11 years of age) either provided a truthful report or a coached fabricated report to conceal a transgression. Participants provided lie-detection judgments following all eight videos and credibility assessments following the first two videos. Participants completed a General Lifespan Credibility questionnaire to assess credibility evaluations across various witness ages. Lie-detection results indicated that older adults had significantly lower discrimination scores, a stronger truth bias, and greater confidence compared to younger adults. Older adults also rated children as more competent to testify in court, credible, honest, believable, and likeable than younger adults. Participants with greater differences in their credibility evaluations for truth and lie-tellers were significantly more accurate at detecting lies. Responses to the Lifespan Credibility questionnaire revealed significant differences in younger and older adults' credibility evaluations across the lifespan.
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Curci A, Lanciano T, Battista F, Guaragno S, Ribatti RM. Accuracy, Confidence, and Experiential Criteria for Lie Detection Through a Videotaped Interview. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:748. [PMID: 30740066 PMCID: PMC6357939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's ability to discriminate lies from truth is far from accurate, and is poorly related to an individual's confidence in his/her detection. Both law enforcement and non-professional interviewers base their evaluations of truthfulness on experiential criteria, including emotional and expressive features, cognitive complexity, and paraverbal aspects of interviewees' reports. The current experimental study adopted two perspectives of investigation: the first is aimed at assessing the ability of naïve judges to detect lies/truth by watching a videotaped interview; the second takes into account the interviewee's detectability as a liar or as telling the truth by a sample of judges. Additionally, this study is intended to evaluate the criteria adopted to support lie/truth detection and relate them with accuracy and confidence of detection. Results showed that judges' detection ability was moderately accurate and associated with a moderate individual sense of confidence, with a slightly better accuracy for truth detection than for lie detection. Detection accuracy appeared to be negatively associated with detection confidence when the interviewee was a liar, and positively associated when the interviewee was a truth-teller. Furthermore, judges were found to support lie detection through criteria concerning emotional features, and to sustain truth detection by taking into account the cognitive complexity and the paucity of expressive manifestations related with the interviewee's report. The present findings have implications for the judicial decision on witnesses' credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Curci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lanciano
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Battista
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Guaragno
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Maria Ribatti
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Kim IK, Kwon ES, Ceci SJ. Developmental Reversals in Report Conformity: Psycho-Legal Implications. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Psychology; La Sierra University; Riverside USA
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Gadea M, Aliño M, Espert R, Salvador A. Deceit and facial expression in children: the enabling role of the "poker face" child and the dependent personality of the detector. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1089. [PMID: 26284012 PMCID: PMC4516807 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the relation between the facial expression of a group of children when they told a lie and the accuracy in detecting the lie by a sample of adults. To evaluate the intensity and type of emotional content of the children's faces, we applied an automated method capable of analyzing the facial information from the video recordings (FaceReader 5.0 software). The program classified videos as showing a neutral facial expression or an emotional one. There was a significant higher mean of hits for the emotional than for the neutral videos, and a significant negative correlation between the intensity of the neutral expression and the number of hits from the detectors. The lies expressed with emotional facial expression were more easily recognized by adults than the lies expressed with a "poker face"; thus, the less expressive the child the harder it was to guess. The accuracy of the lie detectors was then correlated with their subclinical traits of personality disorders, to find that participants scoring higher in the dependent personality were significantly better lie detectors. A non-significant tendency for women to discriminate better was also found, whereas men tended to be more suspicious than women when judging the children's veracity. This study is the first to automatically decode the facial information of the lying child and relate these results with personality characteristics of the lie detectors in the context of deceptive behavior research. Implications for forensic psychology were suggested: to explore whether the induction of an emotion in a child during an interview could be useful to evaluate the testimony during legal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marien Gadea
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of València, València Spain
| | - Marta Aliño
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of València, València Spain
| | - Raúl Espert
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of València, València Spain
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of València, València Spain
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