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Andrew Leynes P, Kolli H, Sawhney S. Separating the role of perceptual and conceptual fluency on masked word priming using event-related potentials. Brain Cogn 2023; 172:106089. [PMID: 37783019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Masked word repetition increases "old" responses on an episodic recognition test (Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989). This effect is commonly attributed to perceptual fluency; that is, unconscious perception of the prime speeds reading of the target and this fluency leads to elevated familiarity. Two experiments directly tested the claim that perceptual fluency is responsible for word priming effects. Experiment 1 held prime-target meaning constant and altered the physical characteristics of match primes (e.g., "RIGHT" primes "RIGHT") by including both lowercase (e.g, "right") and mixed case primes (e.g., "rIgHt"). If word priming effects are due to perceptual fluency, then lowering the perceptual overlap between the prime and target should decrease or eliminate word priming effects. Instead, all three conditions showed robust priming effects in the behavioral and ERP (i.e., N400) measures. Experiment 2 equated the prime-target perceptual features and lowered the conceptual overlap by using orthographically similar nonwords as primes (e.g., "JIGHT" primes "RIGHT"). Removing prime-target conceptual overlap eliminated behavioral evidence of priming and N400 ERP differences correlated with priming. The evidence suggests that word priming effects on episodic recognition memory are more likely a product of conceptual fluency than perceptual fluency.
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Andrew Leynes P, Kalelkar AU, Shaik HT, Sawhney S. Event-Related Potential (ERP) evidence for fluency and disfluency effects on recognition memory. Brain Cogn 2023; 167:105961. [PMID: 36893675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Masked priming is used in recognition memory studies to alter fluency and create familiarity. Primes are flashed briefly before target words that are considered for a recognition judgment. Matching primes are hypothesized to produce greater familiarity by increasing the perceptual fluency of the target word. Experiment 1 tested this claim by contrasting match primes (i.e., "RIGHT" primes "RIGHT"), semantic primes (e.g., "LEFT" primes "RIGHT"), and orthographically similar (OS) primes (e.g., "SIGHT" primes "RIGHT") while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Relative to match primes, OS primes elicited fewer "old" responses and more negative ERPs during the interval associated with familiarity (300-500 ms). This result was replicated when control primes consisting of unrelated words (Experiment 2) or symbols (Experiment 3) were inserted into the sequence. The behavioral and ERP evidence suggest that word primes are perceived as a unit and the prime word activation will affect target fluency and recognition judgments. When the prime matches the target, fluency is increased and more familiarity experiences are created. When the primes are words that do not match the target, fluency is decreased (disfluency) and fewer familiarity experiences result. This evidence suggests that the effects of disfluency on recognition should be carefully considered.
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Muller A, Sirianni LA, Addante RJ. Neural correlates of the Dunning-Kruger effect. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:460-484. [PMID: 32761954 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Dunning-Kruger effect (DKE) is a metacognitive phenomenon of illusory superiority in which individuals who perform poorly on a task believe they performed better than others, yet individuals who performed very well believe they under-performed compared to others. This phenomenon has yet to be directly explored in episodic memory, nor explored for physiological correlates or reaction times. We designed a novel method to elicit the DKE via a test of item recognition while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Throughout the task, participants were asked to estimate the percentile in which they performed compared to others. Results revealed participants in the bottom 25th percentile over-estimated their percentile, while participants in the top 75th percentile under-estimated their percentile, exhibiting the classic DKE. Reaction time measures revealed a condition-by-group interaction whereby over-estimators responded faster than under-estimators when estimating being in the top percentile and responded slower when estimating being in the bottom percentile. Between-group EEG differences were evident between over-estimators and under-estimators during Dunning-Kruger responses, which revealed FN400-like effects of familiarity supporting differences for over-estimators, whereas "old-new" memory event-related potential effects revealed a late parietal component associated with recollection-based processing for under-estimators that was not evident for over-estimators. Findings suggest over- and under-estimators use differing cognitive processes when assessing their performance, such that under-estimators may rely on recollection during memory while over-estimators may draw upon excess familiarity when over-estimating their performance. Episodic memory thus appears to play a contributory role in metacognitive judgements of illusory superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Muller
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,California State University - San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Sirianni
- California State University - San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA.,Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Addante
- California State University - San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA.,Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
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Li B, Gao C, Wang W, Guo C. The effect of conceptual priming on subsequent familiarity: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107783. [PMID: 31626873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the neural mechanisms of how priming influences subsequent recognition memory have mainly focused on repetition priming, whereas the neural mechanisms of how conceptual priming affects subsequent recognition memory is still not clear. The present study investigated the electrophysiological correlates of how conceptual priming influences subsequent recognition memory. The behavioral results showed that conceptual priming only affected subsequent familiarity. The ERP results showed that conceptual priming was associated with reduced N400, and that the N400 conceptual priming effect predicted the behavioral effect of conceptual priming on subsequent familiarity. These results indicated that conceptual priming could influence subsequent familiarity by facilitating semantic processing in the encoding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Li
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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Mei Y, Dai Y, Lei Y. The Influence of Hierarchical Masks on Masked Repetition Priming: Evidence From Event-Related Potential Investigation. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 30894808 PMCID: PMC6415752 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discussion about relationship between prime and target has contributed to the mechanism of priming effect and object recognition. Nevertheless, the role of relationship between mask and target in those cognitive processes remains unquestioned. In the present study, we aim to investigate how mask-target hierarchical relationship may affect word priming and familiarity, by using the masked repetition paradigm and manipulating three hierarchical relationship between mask and target. It is hypothesized that a closer hierarchical relationship between mask and target is associated with a higher mask target similarity, and thereby it leads to a worse recognition performance. Our behavioral results do not support this hypothesis by showing no effect of mask target hierarchical relationship on response time (RT) and accuracy. Event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated that highly similar mask-target triggered (i.e., the subordinate-subordinate-subordinate trials) larger N1 amplitudes, suggesting that it requires more cognitive resource to discriminate the stimuli. In addition, trials with highly similar mask-target hierarchical relationship induced smaller P2 (150–250 ms) and larger mid-frontal FN400 amplitudes than do trials with low mask-target similarity (i.e., the subordinate-basic-subordinate and the subordinate-superordinate-subordinate trials). Our results suggested that the similarity between mask and target may impede conceptual fluency to reduce word priming and familiarity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mei
- Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emotion and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqian Dai
- Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emotion and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emotion and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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Wang W, Li B, Gao C, Guo C. The temporal dynamics of perceptual and conceptual fluency on recognition memory. Brain Cogn 2018; 127:1-12. [PMID: 30176534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory can be driven by both perceptual and conceptual fluency, but when and to what extent they contribute to recognition memory remains an open question. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural correlates of perceptual and conceptual fluency, when they gave rise to recognition. We manipulated the perceptual and conceptual fluency of retrieval cues in the recognition test independently to obtain the effects of different types of fluency. Behavioral results showed that perceptual fluency selectively affected K hits, while conceptual fluency affected R hits and K false alarms. In addition, conceptual fluency facilitated the response times of R hits. The ERP results showed that perceptual fluency effect appeared at 100-200 ms and conceptual fluency effect appeared at 300-500 ms. The parietal LPC peaked earlier for conceptually primed trials compared to unprimed trials. These results suggest that perceptual and conceptual fluency had different effects on recognition judgments, and these two types of fluency can be delineated by distinct ERP correlates. The current finding indicates that unconscious memory processes can support recognition and have provided insights into the underlying mechanism involved in recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Bingbing Li
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29201 SC, USA
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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Elgendi M, Kumar P, Barbic S, Howard N, Abbott D, Cichocki A. Subliminal Priming-State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8060054. [PMID: 29849006 PMCID: PMC6027235 DOI: 10.3390/bs8060054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of subliminal priming (behavior outside of awareness) in humans is an interesting phenomenon and its understanding is crucial as it can impact behavior, choices, and actions. Given this, research about the impact of priming continues to be an area of investigative interest, and this paper provides a technical overview of research design strengths and issues in subliminal priming research. Efficient experiments and protocols, as well as associated electroencephalographic and eye movement data analyses, are discussed in detail. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different priming experiments that have measured affective (emotional) and cognitive responses. Finally, very recent approaches and findings are described to summarize and emphasize state-of-the-art methods and potential future directions in research marketing and other commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elgendi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- BC Children's & Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada.
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Parmod Kumar
- College of Engineering, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe 247, Ethiopia.
| | - Skye Barbic
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Newton Howard
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
| | - Derek Abbott
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Andrzej Cichocki
- Skoltech Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkowo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia.
- College of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
- Department of Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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Bader R, Mecklinger A. Separating Event-related Potential Effects for Conceptual Fluency and Episodic Familiarity. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1402-1414. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ERP old/new effects have been associated with different subprocesses of episodic recognition memory. The notion that recollection is reflected in the left parietal old/new effect seems to be uncontested. However, an association between episodic familiarity and the mid-frontal old/new effect is not uncontroversial. It has been argued that the mid-frontal old/new effect is functionally equivalent to the N400 and hence merely reflects differences in conceptual fluency between old and new items. Therefore, it is related to episodic familiarity only in situations in which conceptual fluency covaries with familiarity. Alternatively, the old/new effect in this time window reflects an interaction of episodic familiarity and conceptual processing with each making a unique functional contribution. To test this latter account, we manipulated conceptual fluency and episodic familiarity orthogonally in an incidental recognition test: Visually presented old and new words were preceded by either conceptually related or unrelated auditory prime words. If the mid-frontal old/new effect is functionally distinguishable from conceptual priming effects, an ERP contrast reflecting pure priming (correct rejections in the related vs. unrelated condition) and a contrast reflecting priming plus familiarity (hits in the related vs. correct rejections in the unrelated condition) should differ in scalp distribution. As predicted, the pure priming contrast had a right-parietal distribution, as typically observed for the N400 effect, whereas the priming plus familiarity contrast was significantly more frontally accentuated. These findings implicate that old/new effects in this time window are driven by unique functional contributions of episodic familiarity and conceptual processing.
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