1
|
Souter NE, de Freitas A, Zhang M, Shao X, del Jesus Gonzalez Alam TR, Engen H, Smallwood J, Krieger‐Redwood K, Jefferies E. Default mode network shows distinct emotional and contextual responses yet common effects of retrieval demands across tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26703. [PMID: 38716714 PMCID: PMC11077571 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) lies towards the heteromodal end of the principal gradient of intrinsic connectivity, maximally separated from the sensory-motor cortex. It supports memory-based cognition, including the capacity to retrieve conceptual and evaluative information from sensory inputs, and to generate meaningful states internally; however, the functional organisation of DMN that can support these distinct modes of retrieval remains unclear. We used fMRI to examine whether activation within subsystems of DMN differed as a function of retrieval demands, or the type of association to be retrieved, or both. In a picture association task, participants retrieved semantic associations that were either contextual or emotional in nature. Participants were asked to avoid generating episodic associations. In the generate phase, these associations were retrieved from a novel picture, while in the switch phase, participants retrieved a new association for the same image. Semantic context and emotion trials were associated with dissociable DMN subnetworks, indicating that a key dimension of DMN organisation relates to the type of association being accessed. The frontotemporal and medial temporal DMN showed a preference for emotional and semantic contextual associations, respectively. Relative to the generate phase, the switch phase recruited clusters closer to the heteromodal apex of the principal gradient-a cortical hierarchy separating unimodal and heteromodal regions. There were no differences in this effect between association types. Instead, memory switching was associated with a distinct subnetwork associated with controlled internal cognition. These findings delineate distinct patterns of DMN recruitment for different kinds of associations yet common responses across tasks that reflect retrieval demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Souter
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Antonia de Freitas
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meichao Zhang
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral ScienceInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ximing Shao
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Haakon Engen
- Institute for Military Psychiatry, Joint Medical ServicesNorwegian Armed ForcesNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Motoki A, Akamatsu N, Fumuro T, Miyoshi A, Tanaka H, Hagiwara K, Ohara S, Kamada T, Shigeto H, Murai H. Characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108402. [PMID: 34775249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Odor identification was assessed using the odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J, full score 12 points) in 65 patients with TLE and in 74 controls. RESULTS The mean OSIT-J score was significantly lower in patients with TLE (mean ± SD = 8.1 ± 2.8; median = 9) than in the control subjects (mean ± SD = 10.6 ± 1.1; median = 11) (P < 0.005). Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia/anosmia) was associated with bilateral seizure foci and older age of onset in TLE. Patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for hippocampal sclerosis did not show significant decline after long-term recovery. The Indian ink part of OSIT-J was useful for the detection of olfactory deficits in patients with TLE (sensitivity = 47%, specificity = 93%). Patients with TLE tended to have preserved olfactory ability for stimulating odors and for familiar odors of daily life. SIGNIFICANCE We observed characteristic odor identification deficits for individual odors used in OSIT-J. Our study findings provide deeper insight into the underlying mechanism of olfactory function in patients with TLE and may be beneficial in the clinical management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Motoki
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Akamatsu
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Fumuro
- International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyoshi
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Ohara
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Shigeto
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyushu University Division of Medical Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murai
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medical Sciences at Okawa, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fjaeldstad AW, Stiller-Stut F, Gleesborg C, Kringelbach ML, Hummel T, Fernandes HM. Validation of Olfactory Network Based on Brain Structural Connectivity and Its Association With Olfactory Test Scores. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:638053. [PMID: 33927597 PMCID: PMC8078209 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.638053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception is a complicated process involving multiple cortical and subcortical regions, of which the underlying brain dynamics are still not adequately mapped. Even in the definition of the olfactory primary cortex, there is a large degree of variation in parcellation templates used for investigating olfaction in neuroimaging studies. This complicates comparison between human olfactory neuroimaging studies. The present study aims to validate an olfactory parcellation template derived from both functional and anatomical data that applies structural connectivity (SC) to ensure robust connectivity to key secondary olfactory regions. Furthermore, exploratory analyses investigate if different olfactory parameters are associated with differences in the strength of connectivity of this structural olfactory fingerprint. By combining diffusion data with an anatomical atlas and advanced probabilistic tractography, we found that the olfactory parcellation had a robust SC network to key secondary olfactory regions. Furthermore, the study indicates that higher ratings of olfactory significance were associated with increased intra- and inter-hemispheric SC of the primary olfactory cortex. Taken together, these results suggest that the patterns of SC between the primary olfactory cortex and key secondary olfactory regions has potential to be used for investigating the nature of olfactory significance, hence strengthening the theory that individual differences in olfactory behaviour are encoded in the structural network fingerprint of the olfactory cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Holstebro Regional Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark.,Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Stiller-Stut
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Gleesborg
- Flavour Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Flavour Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Center of Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrique M Fernandes
- Flavour Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Center of Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hwang BY, Mampre D, Penn R, Anderson WS, Kang J, Kamath V. Olfactory Testing in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: a Systematic Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:65. [PMID: 33169232 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory testing is a potentially safe, cost-effective, bedside evaluation tool for diagnosis, monitoring, and risk assessment for surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, but testing methods and relevant olfactory domains are not standardized. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate olfactory tests in TLE and summarize the results of the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Olfactory tests varied significantly in odorant administration tools and devices, target odorants, evaluation timing, and grading scales. The Smell Threshold Test and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test were the most validated single-domain tests for odor detection and odor identification, respectively. For multi-domain tests, Odor Memory/Discrimination Test and the Sniffin' Sticks test were the most validated. Results of olfactory tests in TLE are presented by domain. Rigorous validation, standardization, and comparative analysis of existing olfactory tests by domain is urgently needed to establish the utility and efficacy of olfactory testing in TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Hwang
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - David Mampre
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Rachel Penn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William S Anderson
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 8-181, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khurshid K, Crow AJD, Rupert PE, Minniti NL, Carswell MA, Mechanic-Hamilton DJ, Kamath V, Doty RL, Moberg PJ, Roalf DR. A Quantitative Meta-analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction in Epilepsy. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:328-337. [PMID: 31144106 PMCID: PMC6766414 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction in epilepsy is well-documented in several olfactory domains. However, the clinical specificity of these deficits remains unknown. The aim of this systematic meta-analysis was to determine which domains of olfactory ability were most impaired in individuals with epilepsy, and to assess moderating factors affecting olfactory ability. Extant peer-reviewed literature on olfaction in epilepsy were identified via a computerized literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. These studies included a total of 912 patients with epilepsy and 794 healthy comparison subjects. Included studies measured olfaction using tests of odor identification, discrimination, memory, and detection threshold in patients with different types of epilepsy, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), mixed frontal epilepsy (M-F), and mixed epilepsy (MIX). Olfactory deficits were robust in patients with epilepsy when compared to healthy individuals, with effect sizes in the moderate to large range for several olfactory domains, including odor identification (d = -1.59), memory (d = -1.10), discrimination (d = -1.04), and detection threshold (d = -0.58). Olfactory deficits were most prominent in patients with TLE and M-F epilepsy. Amongst patients with epilepsy, sex, age, smoking status, education, handedness, and age of illness onset were significantly related to olfactory performance. Overall, these meta-analytic findings indicate that the olfactory system is compromised in epilepsy and suggest that detailed neurobiological investigations of the olfactory system may provide further insight into this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khurshid
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J D Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Petra E Rupert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Minniti
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dawn J Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, Wei XC. Olfactory Development, Part 1: Function, From Fetal Perception to Adult Wine-Tasting. J Child Neurol 2017; 32:566-578. [PMID: 28424010 DOI: 10.1177/0883073817690867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of odorous molecules in amniotic fluid occur after 30 weeks' gestation; fetuses exhibit differential responses to maternal diet. Olfactory reflexes enable reliable neonatal testing. Olfactory bulbs can be demonstrated reliably by MRI after 30 weeks' gestation, and their hypoplasia or aplasia also documented by late prenatal and postnatal MRI. Olfactory axons project from nasal epithelium to telencephalon before olfactory bulbs form. Fetal olfactory maturation remains incomplete at term for neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, and persistence of the transitory fetal ventricular recess. Immaturity does not signify nonfunction. Olfaction is the only sensory system without thalamic projection because of its own intrinsic thalamic equivalent. Diverse malformations of the olfactory bulb can be diagnosed by clinical examination, imaging, and neuropathology. Some epileptic auras might be primarily generated in the olfactory bulb. Cranial nerve 1 should be tested in all neonates and especially in patients with brain malformations, endocrinopathies, chromosomopathies, and genetic/metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,2 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,5 Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,2 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,5 Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xing-Chang Wei
- 4 Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,5 Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|