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Liang T. Sexual Harassment at Work: Scoping Review of Reviews. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1635-1660. [PMID: 38645480 PMCID: PMC11032108 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s455753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This article presents a scoping review of reviews on the topic of Sexual Harassment (SH) in the workplace, a subject that has garnered significant global attention. The phenomenon of SH poses a critical challenge to equal opportunity and gender equity in the workplace. Aim The review aims to synthesize existing research, focusing on the antecedents, consequences, and interventions related to SH. Methods The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established based on the research question, which was adapted from the PICO strategy. A protocol was devised following the "DS-CPC" format, which encompasses considerations related to Documents, Studies, Construct, Participants, and Contexts. The search was carried utilizing several automated databases, specifically focusing on the fields of Psychology, Behavioral Sciences, and Health. Preliminary search yielded a total of 468 articles, and the review ultimately encompassed a total of 22 articles. Results This review critically examines the complexity of SH, including the role of bystanders, the perpetuation of myths and misconceptions, and the exploitation of power imbalances by harassers. It also explores the manifestation of SH in male-dominated workplaces and the varying levels of organizational awareness and response to such incidents. The review highlights the importance of fostering an organizational culture that not only acknowledges and protects victims but also implements effective measures to penalize perpetrators. Implications It aims to elucidate the intricacies of SH and advocate for a workplace environment characterized by respect and accountability. Through this comprehensive analysis, the article seeks to inform and guide future research, policy development, and organizational practices concerning SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
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Litzellachner LF, Barnett J, Yeomans L, Blackwood L. How harassment is depriving universities of talent: a national survey of STEM academics in the UK. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1212545. [PMID: 38348111 PMCID: PMC10860436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite efforts to increase girls' interest in subjects related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, there remains a large gender gap in STEM academic faculty. Methods We conducted a national survey comprising 732 early career and senior academics from 40 universities in the UK to investigate the role of pull (receiving career advancement opportunities) and push (experiencing harassment) factors in shaping people's intentions to stay in STEM academia, and the mediating role of perceived workplace climate, academic identification, and beliefs about the ability to succeed (job-related self-efficacy). Results Our findings show the differential effect of harassment experiences for women, relative to men. Women experienced more harassment than men, which contributes to their higher intentions to leave academia through enhancing perceptions of a negative workplace climate (i.e., a less collaborative, fair, and inclusive climate) and lower job-related identification (i.e., believing in their ability to succeed as researchers). While receiving opportunities also related to intentions of leaving academia, we did not observe a gender difference in this factor. Discussion The result of our analysis underlines the critical importance of preventing and addressing harassment in academic institutions for the retention of female academic talent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Barnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Yeomans
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Leda Blackwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Tsuno K, Hayabara S, Kimura S, Okada Y. [Enterprise countermeasures against workplace bullying and harassment and their association with prevalence of bullying and harassment, organizational climate, and employee perception of change]. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2022; 64:367-379. [PMID: 36130900 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.2021-036-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although companies are required to implement countermeasures against workplace harassment, their effectiveness has not been verified. Therefore, in this study, we compared employees' awareness of the primary preventive measures or organizational climate and the prevalence of harassment in each company. METHODS A total of 68 companies in Japan (with a total of approximately 20,000 employees) were targeted. Harassment countermeasures were measured using seven items. Power (11 items), sexual (7 items), maternity (2 items), paternity (2 items), care (1 item), and gender harassment (1 item) were measured. Organizational climate was measured using 10 items comprising subcategories, such as civility, psychological safety, and role clarity. The percentage of employee recognition of anti-harassment measures and organizational climate was divided into three groups (high, medium, and low), and the prevalence of each type of harassment and employees' recognition of changes in the workplace were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test or ANOVA. RESULTS In companies where more than 70% of the employees were aware that their company had implemented questionnaire surveys to ascertain the working environment, by displaying posters or providing training along with the establishment of a group-wide general and a compliance consultation service, the prevalence of power and sexual harassment was lower than in companies with lower awareness. However, no difference in the prevalence of power harassment by the employee recognition level could be confirmed with the dissemination of messages by top management, establishment of rules through employment regulations, and the establishment of a consultation service in the company. Regarding organizational climate, the incidence of power and sexual harassment was lower in companies where more than 80% of employees perceived high levels of civility, psychological safety, and role clarity. In addition, the higher the percentage of employees who were aware of the harassment prevention measures implemented by the company, the higher the percentage of employees who felt favorable changes in themselves, their surroundings, and their workplace. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The harassment rate tended to be lower in companies where more employees were aware of the implementation of anti-harassment measures. The fact that the rate of harassment was lower in companies where there was role clarity and many employees felt psychologically safe suggests that measures focusing on the organizational climate may also be effective in preventing harassment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services
- Cuore C Cube Co., Ltd
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Perceived workplace incivility and psychological well-being in higher education teachers: a multigroup analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijwhm-03-2021-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of perceived workplace incivility (WPI) on psychological well-being (PWB) in teachers of higher education and to test for the moderating role of gender and organizational tenure on the relationship between perceived WPI and PWB.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from teachers (N = 341) employed in government and private colleges through convenience sampling. A structural equation modeling technique was used for model testing.FindingsResults showed a moderate level of perceived WPI by teachers from their colleagues or supervisors. Perceived WPI had a negative impact on PWB. Sixteen percent of the variance in PWB was explained by perceived WPI. Further, the multigroup analysis showed gender to moderate the relationship between perceived WPI and PWB, and this relationship was stronger for males than females. Organizational tenure was not a significant moderator.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings expand the literature on perceived WPI and suggest that stringent policies are essential in academia to minimize the incidence of WPI. Additionally, interventions are to be introduced to mitigate the negative outcomes of WPI both at the individual and organizational levels.Originality/valueThe study explores the role of demographic variables (gender and organizational tenure) in the relationship between perceived WPI and PWB in teachers. The empirical evidence suggests higher perceived WPI in male teachers leading to lower PWB. The organizational tenure of an employee shows no influence on the assessment of the stressor.
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Klein R, Koch J, Snyder ED, Volerman A, Simon W, Jassal SK, Cosco D, Cioletti A, Ufere NN, Burnett-Bowie SAM, Palamara K, Schaeffer S, Julian KA, Thompson V. Association of Gender and Race/Ethnicity with Internal Medicine In-Training Examination Performance in Graduate Medical Education. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:2194-2199. [PMID: 35710653 PMCID: PMC9296734 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in objective assessments in graduate medical education such as the In-Training Examination (ITE) that disadvantage women and those self-identifying with race/ethnicities underrepresented in medicine (URiM) are of concern. OBJECTIVE Examine ITE trends longitudinally across post-graduate year (PGY) with gender and race/ethnicity. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of resident ITE metrics at 7 internal medicine residency programs, 2014-2019. ITE trends across PGY of women and URiM residents compared to non-URiM men assessed via ANOVA. Those with ITE scores associated with less than 90% probability of passing the American Board of Internal Medicine certification exam (ABIM-CE) were identified and odds of being identified as at-risk between groups were assessed with chi square. PARTICIPANTS A total of 689 IM residents, including 330 women and URiM residents (48%). MAIN MEASURES ITE score KEY RESULTS: There was a significant difference in ITE score across PGY for women and URiM residents compared to non-URiM men (F(2, 1321) 4.46, p=0.011). Adjusting for program, calendar year, and baseline ITE, women and URiM residents had smaller ITE score gains (adjusted mean change in score between PGY1 and PGY3 (se), non-URiM men 13.1 (0.25) vs women and URiM residents 11.4 (0.28), p<0.001). Women and URiM residents had greater odds of being at potential risk for not passing the ABIM-CE (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.78) with greatest odds in PGY3 (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.37). CONCLUSION Differences in ITE over training were associated with resident gender and race/ethnicity. Women and URiM residents had smaller ITE score gains across PGY translating into greater odds of potentially being seen as at-risk for not passing the ABIM-CE. Differences in ITE over training may reflect differences in experiences of women and URiM residents during training and may lead to further disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Jennifer Koch
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Erin D Snyder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna Volerman
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Simon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Simerjot K Jassal
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Dominique Cosco
- Department of Medicine, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Anne Cioletti
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Nneka N Ufere
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kerri Palamara
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Schaeffer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Day N, Meglich P, Porter TH. Measuring Bullying in Sexual Minorities: Testing Two Bullying Scales in an LGB Sample. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:1160-1184. [PMID: 33835894 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1909393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The working experience for those in the sexual minority is not well understood, particularly with respect to interpersonal mistreatment based on sexual orientation. This study breaks new ground by utilizing a sample of 416 LGB working adults to assess the relative usefulness of two bullying measures (the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (Person-Related) and the Homophobic Bullying Scale) to determine their convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity in predicting organizational commitment, turnover, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results show that discriminant and convergent validity exist between these scales and both measure similar levels of perceived bullying (from the victim's perspective). We concluded that although there are similarities and differences between these measures, more research is needed to determine the most appropriate instrument to assess perceived bullying in a sexual minority population. Several areas for subsequent research are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Day
- Bloch School of Management, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Meglich
- Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tracy H Porter
- Department of Management, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Alt D, Itzkovich Y, Naamati-Schneider L. Students' Emotional Well-Being, and Perceived Faculty Incivility and Just Behavior Before and During COVID-19. Front Psychol 2022; 13:849489. [PMID: 35548553 PMCID: PMC9082062 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This research set out to measure the impact of the lockdown condition and social distancing imposed on higher education by the Israeli government during the COVID-19 period and the shift to online learning, on students’ emotional well-being, the way they perceived their teachers’ just behavior, and faculty incivility, compared to pre-pandemic conditions. An additional aim was to explore the set of connections among these factors. The total sample included 396 undergraduate students from three academic colleges. Data were gathered via three questionnaires: Positive/negative affect, Faculty Incivility, and Teacher Justice. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The main finding showed that students’ negative emotions were informed by the lockdown condition. This perceived negative affect had an impact on how the participants experienced social interactions with their faculty. Those who exhibited higher levels of negative affect perceived themselves as targets of faculty incivility. The same trajectory was detected with the way students experienced their teachers’ just behavior. Students who held negative emotions, partly because of the COVID-19 restrictions, also viewed their teachers’ behavior toward them as unjust. This study stresses the role of one’s emotional condition in instigating negative interpretations of social interactions. Directions for subsequent research and practical implications for promoting students’ well-being and civil and just communications in the learning environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Alt
- Kinneret Academic College on the Sea of Galilee, Jordan Valley, Israel.,Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yariv Itzkovich
- Kinneret Academic College on the Sea of Galilee, Jordan Valley, Israel
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Palamara K, Chu JT, Chang Y, Yu L, Cosco D, Higgins S, Tulsky A, Mourad R, Singh S, Steinhauser K, Donelan K. Who Benefits Most? A Multisite Study of Coaching and Resident Well-being. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:539-547. [PMID: 34100238 PMCID: PMC8858365 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coaching has been shown to improve resident well-being; however, not all benefit equally. OBJECTIVE Assess predictors of changes in resident physician well-being and burnout in a multisite implementation of a Professional Development Coaching Program. DESIGN Pre- and post-implementation surveys administered to participant cohorts at implementation sites in their intern year. Effect size was calculated comparing pre- and post-intervention paired data. PARTICIPANTS In total, 272 residents in their intern year at five internal medicine residency programs (Boston Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Duke University, Emory University, Massachusetts General Hospital). Analyses included 129 residents with paired data. INTERVENTIONS Interns were paired with a faculty coach trained in positive psychology and coaching skills and asked to meet quarterly with coaches. MAIN MEASURES Primary outcomes included Maslach Burnout Inventory depersonalization (DP) and emotional exhaustion (EE) subscales, and the PERMA well-being scale. Key predictors included site, demographics, intolerance of uncertainty, hardiness-resilience, gratitude, and coping. Program moderators included were reflection, goal setting, and feedback. KEY RESULTS Well-being (PERMA) changed from baseline to follow-up in all participants; females showed a decline and males an increase (-1.41 vs. .83, p = 0.04). Self-reflection was associated with positive change in PERMA (mean positive change 1.93, p = 0.009). Burnout (EE) declined in non-Hispanic white residents vs. Black/Asian/Hispanic/other residents (-1.86, p = 0.021). Burnout improved with increased goal setting. CONCLUSION Coaching programs should consider tailored approaches to support residents whose well-being is impacted by gender and/or race, and who have higher intolerance of uncertainty and lower resilience at baseline. Coaching skills of goal setting and reflection may positively affect interns and teach coping skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Palamara
- Center for Physician Well-Being, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jacqueline T Chu
- Center for Physician Well-Being, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- Center for Physician Well-Being, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liyang Yu
- Center for Physician Well-Being, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominique Cosco
- Department of Medicine, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacy Higgins
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Asher Tulsky
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronda Mourad
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Simran Singh
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen Steinhauser
- Departments of Population Health Sciences and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen Donelan
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kearney MD, Barg FK, Alexis D, Higginbotham E, Aysola J. Employee Health and Wellness Outcomes Associated With Perceived Discrimination in Academic Medicine: A Qualitative Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2145243. [PMID: 35089355 PMCID: PMC8800072 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Organizational culture and workplace interactions may enhance or adversely impact the wellness of all members of learning and work environments, yet a nuanced understanding of how such experiences within health care organizations impact the health and wellness of their membership is lacking. OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize the reported health and wellness outcomes associated with perceived discrimination among academic medicine faculty, staff, and students. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This qualitative study analyzed anonymously submitted written narratives from 2016 that described experiences related to inclusion in the workplace or lack thereof. Narratives that described health outcomes associated with work- or school-based discrimination were purposively sampled. Participants were faculty, staff, and students at health-related schools or hospitals affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to January 2020. EXPOSURES Self-reported experiences, both witnessed and personal, of discrimination in the workplace. RESULTS A total of 315 narratives were collected, and 115 narratives from 115 participants were analyzed. Most respondents identified as female (70 respondents [60.9%]), non-Hispanic White (68 respondents [59.1%]), and heterosexual (89 respondents [77.4%]) and had worked at the institution for at least 1 year (99 respondents [86.0%]). The outcomes associated with adverse workplace experiences were broad and ranged in nature from emotional to mental and physical. Most reported outcomes were emotional (101 respondents [87.8%]), and more than 1 in 10 narratives (14 respondents [12.2%]) described a mental or physical health outcome. Many of the participants felt devaluated, overexerted, and hopeless, resulting in clinically relevant manifestations, such as increased stress and anxiety levels and even elevated blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This qualitative study identified a continuum of negative outcomes on employee health and well-being associated with perceived discrimination and chronic exclusion in the workplace. These findings suggest the need for organizations to promote inclusion as a component of workplace wellness interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Kearney
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Equity Advancement, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Frances K. Barg
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Dominique Alexis
- Office of Inclusion and Diversity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Eve Higginbotham
- Office of Inclusion and Diversity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jaya Aysola
- Office of Inclusion and Diversity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Advancement, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Yokotani K, Takano M. Differences in victim experiences by gender/sexual minority statuses in Japanese virtual communities. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:1598-1616. [PMID: 33608924 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study clarified the advantages of virtual communities on non-victim experiences among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA) individuals in Japan. A total of 3504 Pigg Party users, including 1390 LGBTQIA individuals, reported their experiences of victimization, perceived emotional support, and concealment of their gender/sexual identity in both physical and virtual communities. Japanese individuals with multiple minority statuses had more victim experiences than those with a single or without minority status. Furthermore, differences in victim experiences by gender/sexual minority status were lower in the virtual community than in physical communities. Similar tendencies were also confirmed on perceived emotional support and concealment. Virtual communities provided a more bias-free social resource to Japanese LGBTQIA individuals than physical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yokotani
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Dardas A, Williams A, Wang L. Evaluating changes in workplace culture: Effectiveness of a caregiver-friendly workplace program in a public post-secondary educational institution. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250978. [PMID: 33989298 PMCID: PMC8121345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace experience, defined as the evaluation of the work environment and performance, and a characteristic of workplace culture, can influence an employee's work-life balance. Most carer-employees, who combine paid full-time work and informal caregiving responsibilities, struggle to maintain a healthy work-life balance. Caregiver-Friendly Workplace Programs are designed to improve the work experience, and ultimately, the work-life balance of carer-employees. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in workplace culture through the examination of the efficacy of a caregiver-friendly workplace program on workplace experience. First, we identify whether awareness of a caregiver-friendly workplace program directly increases the amount of work support received and, in turn, improves workplace experience. Second, we will examine if significant differences in the amount of work support received translates into an improved workplace experience for carer-employees over time. METHODS Two university-wide online surveys were conducted separately; time 1 (T1) during the summer of 2015, and time 2 (T2), in the summer of 2017. In each survey, nearly 7000 employees received the invitation to participate with a response rate ranging 10% (T1) to 12% (T2). Respondents were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, caregiving responsibilities (if applicable), awareness of caregiver-friendly workplace program, types of work support received, and work experience. Reliability analyses was conducted for three scales: awareness of caregiver-friendly workplace program; work support, and; workplace experience. Proportional T-tests were used to examine the difference amongst the intervention scales over time. Structural equation modeling (SEM), via path analysis, was used to investigate the causal indirect (awareness of caregiver-friendly workplace program to work support to workplace experience) relationship that define the workplace culture. RESULTS No significant changes in workplace culture were found over time. However, awareness of caregiver-friendly workplace programs is shown to positively impact the amount of support received, which sequentially improves workplace experience, and ultimately workplace culture. This therefore suggests that the implementation of caregiver-friendly workplace programs is potentially effective. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that amount of support received, and workplace experience would be better reassessed via a longer time period (i.e., 5 yr. window), and improved support for managers and supervisors is needed to supplement relationships with their employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios Dardas
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Williams
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Offord Center for Child Health Study, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Assessing civility at an academic health science center: Implications for employee satisfaction and well-being. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247715. [PMID: 33635902 PMCID: PMC7909676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Incivilities are pervasive among workers in healthcare institutions. Previously identified effects include deterioration of employee physical and mental health, absenteeism, burnout, and turnover, as well as reduced patient safety and quality of care. This study documented factors related to organizational civility at an academic health sciences center (AHSC) as the basis for future intervention work. We used a cross-sectional research design to conduct an online survey at four of five campuses of an AHSC. Using the Organizational Civility Scale (OCS), we assessed differences across gender, race (White and non-White) and job type (faculty or staff) in the eleven subscales (frequency of incivility, perceptions of organizational climate, existence of civility resources, importance of civility resources, feelings about current employment, employee satisfaction, sources of stress, coping strategies, overall levels of stress/coping ability, and overall civility rating). Significant gender differences were found in six of the eleven subscales: perception of organizational climate (p < .001), existence of civility resources (p = .001), importance of civility resources (p < .001), frequency of incivilities (p < .001), employee satisfaction (p = .002), and overall civility rating (p = .007). Significant differences between respondents by self-identified race were found only in one subscale: existence of civility resources (p = .048). Significant differences were found between faculty and staff in four subscales: perception of organizational climate (p = .001), importance of civility resources (p = .02), employee satisfaction (p = .01), and overall levels of stress (p = .03). Results suggest that gender and employment type differences exist in the perception of organizational climate at the academic health center, while significant racial differences only occurred in reference to reported existence of civility resources. Attention to these differences should be incorporated into the development of programs to address the problem.
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Dossett LA, Vitous CA, Lindquist K, Jagsi R, Telem DA. Women Surgeons' Experiences of Interprofessional Workplace Conflict. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2019843. [PMID: 33030551 PMCID: PMC7545297 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gender differences in interprofessional conflict may exist and precipitate differential achievement, wellness, and attrition in medicine. OBJECTIVE Although substantial attention and research has been directed toward improving gender equity in surgery and addressing overall physician wellness, research on the role of interprofessional conflict has been limited. The objective of this study was to understand scenarios driving interprofessional conflict involving women surgeons, the implications of the conflict on personal, professional, and patient outcomes, and how women surgeons navigate conflict adjudication. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A qualitative approach was used to explore the nature, implications, and ways of navigating interprofessional workplace conflict experienced by women surgeons. The setting was a national sample of US women surgeons. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit women surgeons in training or practice from annual surgical society meetings. Participants were eligible if they were currently in a surgical training program or surgical practice. Nearly all participants had experienced at least 1 workplace conflict with a nonphysician staff member resulting in a formal write-up. EXPOSURES A workplace conflict was defined as any conflict resulting in the nonphysician staff member taking action such as confronting the woman surgeon, reporting the event to supervisors, or filing a formal report. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Interviews were conducted between February 19, 2019, and June 21, 2019. Recordings were transcribed and deidentified. Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine data in relation to the research questions. RESULTS Thirty US women surgeons (8 [27%] age 25-34 years, 16 [53%] age 35-44 years, 5 [17%] age 45-54 years, and 1 [3%] age 55-64 years) of varying surgical specialties were interviewed. Conflicts were often reported as due to a breakdown in communication or from performance-related disputes. Participants perceived personal and professional implications including self-doubt, depression, frustration, anxiety, loss of sleep, reputational harms, and delays to advancement. Participants also described potential patient safety implications primarily due to decreased communication resulting from some surgeons being hesitant to engage in subsequent interactions. Participants described a variety of navigation strategies including relationship management, rapport building, and social capital. The success of these processes tended to vary by individual circumstances, including the details of the conflict, practice setting, level of support of leadership, and individual personality of the surgeon. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This qualitative study highlights women surgeons' experiences with interprofessional workplace conflict. Interprofessional culture building, broader dissemination of implicit bias training, and transparent and equitable adjudication systems are potential strategies for avoiding or mitigating the implications of these conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly A. Dossett
- Center for Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - C. Ann Vitous
- Center for Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Reshma Jagsi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Pellegrini V, De Cristofaro V, Giacomantonio M, Salvati M. Why are gay leaders perceived as ineffective? The role of the type of organization, sexual prejudice and gender stereotypes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Singh RS, O'Brien WH. The impact of work stress on sexual minority employees: Could psychological flexibility be a helpful solution? Stress Health 2020; 36:59-74. [PMID: 31755638 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the workplace, people who identify as sexual minorities experience elevated levels of incivility, discrimination, and a general lack of protection from unfair workplace practices. These difficulties can then lead to adverse physical, psychological, and social outcomes. Internalized homonegativity may contribute to these negative outcomes as well. Psychological flexibility has been associated with improved psychological and physical health. The current study is a cross-sectional assessment of adults who identify as sexual minorities (n = 312) examining the relation among work stress, well-being, psychological flexibility, and internalized homonegativity. It was hypothesized that greater work stress would be related to lower well-being, lower psychological flexibility, and higher internalized homonegativity. Further, it was hypothesized that internalized homonegativity and psychological flexibility would mediate the relation between work stress and well-being. Results indicated that psychological flexibility was a significant mediator between work stress and well-being, but internalized homonegativity was not. This suggests that psychological flexibility could be a useful tool for sexual minorities to respond effectively in difficult workplace situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Sonia Singh
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio.,South Central Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - William H O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
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Di Fabio A, Duradoni M. Fighting Incivility in the Workplace for Women and for All Workers: The Challenge of Primary Prevention. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1805. [PMID: 31440185 PMCID: PMC6694774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the role of several constructs, such as workplace relational civility (WRC), positive relational management (PRM), and emotional intelligence (EI), as possible primary preventive resources to effectively deal with interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace (i.e., incivility). Since women endure workplace incivility more frequently than men, their well-being is particularly at risk. Thus, the possibilities for further research and primary prevention interventions in line with the achievement of the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 5) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Di Fabio
- Department of Education, Languages, Interculture, Letters and Psychology (Psychology Section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Duradoni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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He Y, Costa PL, Walker JM, Miner KN, Wooderson RL. Political identity dissimilarity, workplace incivility, and declines in well-being: A prospective investigation. Stress Health 2019; 35:256-266. [PMID: 30657240 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The workplace is an environment where individuals have little choice about with whom they interact. As such, employees may find themselves engaged in conversations with coworkers whose political opinions and perspectives are divergent from their own. In the present study, we examined how coworkers' (dis)similarity in political identity is related to the quality of their interpersonal interactions and subsequent well-being. We predicted that political identity dissimilarity is associated with experiences of workplace incivility and, in turn, declines in psychological and occupational well-being. We tested our hypotheses in a four-wave survey study conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential election using structural equation modeling. Consistent with our expectations, results indicated that political identity dissimilarity was associated with increased reports of incivility experiences instigated by coworkers, which, in turn, was associated with increased burnout and turnover intentions and diminished job satisfaction. The relationship between incivility and well-being was mediated by psychological distress. Overall, the findings demonstrate that political identity dissimilarity is detrimentally related to job attitudes and well-being via triggering workplace incivility, which provides meaningful implications for organizations on how to mitigate the negative influences of identity dissimilarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin He
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, R. Linden Wooderson, Qualcomm, San Diego, California
| | - Paula L Costa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, R. Linden Wooderson, Qualcomm, San Diego, California
| | - Jessica M Walker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, R. Linden Wooderson, Qualcomm, San Diego, California
| | - Kathi N Miner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, R. Linden Wooderson, Qualcomm, San Diego, California
| | - R Linden Wooderson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, R. Linden Wooderson, Qualcomm, San Diego, California
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Praeger R, Roxburgh A, Passey M, Mooney-Somers J. The prevalence and factors associated with smoking among lesbian and bisexual women: Analysis of the Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 70:54-60. [PMID: 31082663 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many countries, sexual minority women smoke at higher rates than their heterosexual counterparts. Analyses tend to combine lesbian and bisexual women, preventing an understanding of relevant factors associated with smoking for each group. This analysis used a representative sample of the Australian population to compare tobacco use between heterosexual, lesbian and bisexual women, and examine factors associated with smoking among these groups. METHODS In a secondary analysis of data from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (N = 23,855), descriptive statistics were produced for heterosexual (n = 11,776), lesbian (n = 135) and bisexual (n = 167) women. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was undertaken to assess which factors were associated with current smoking among the different groups. RESULTS Compared to heterosexual women, lesbian and bisexual women were more likely to be current smokers (OR 2.9(1.8,4.5) and OR 3.6(2.4, 5.4) respectively). Employment, income and psychological distress were significant factors associated with smoking for lesbian women. Recent illicit drug use was the only significant factor associated with smoking for bisexual women. CONCLUSIONS We need to better understand the psychological, social and cultural factors that influence initiation, and sustain smoking among lesbian and bisexual women. Our findings demonstrate that sexual minority women in Australia warrant specific policy attention in a national framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Praeger
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Health Ethics, Level 1 Medical Foundation Building, 91-97 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Amanda Roxburgh
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Megan Passey
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Julie Mooney-Somers
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Health Ethics, Level 1 Medical Foundation Building, 91-97 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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Miner KN, January SC, Dray KK, Carter-Sowell AR. Is it always this cold? Chilly interpersonal climates as a barrier to the well-being of early-career women faculty in STEM. EQUALITY DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/edi-07-2018-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this project was to examine the extent to which early-career women faculty in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) experience working in a chilly interpersonal climate (as indicated by experiences of ostracism and incivility) and how those experiences relate to work and non-work well-being outcomes.Design/methodology/approachData came from a sample of 96 early-career STEM faculty (Study 1) and a sample of 68 early-career women STEM faculty (Study 2). Both samples completed online surveys assessing their experiences of working in a chilly interpersonal climate and well-being.FindingsIn Study 1, early-career women STEM faculty reported greater experiences of ostracism and incivility and more negative occupational well-being outcomes associated with these experiences compared to early-career men STEM faculty. In Study 2, early-career women STEM faculty reported more ostracism and incivility from their male colleagues than from their female colleagues. Experiences of ostracism (and, to a lesser extent, incivility) from male colleagues also related to negative occupational and psychological well-being outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper documents that exposure to a chilly interpersonal climate in the form of ostracism and incivility is a potential explanation for the lack and withdrawal of junior women faculty in STEM academic fields.
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Taylor H, Harle CA, Johnson SM, Menachemi N. WORKPLACE INCIVILITY EXPERIENCED BY HEALTH ADMINISTRATION FACULTY. THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION 2019; 36:191-216. [PMID: 32483399 PMCID: PMC7262725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Workplace incivility is low-intensity, nonspecific, discourteous behavior towards others and may negatively affect employee and organizational outcomes. This exploratory study sought to examine the prevalence of and factors related to experiencing several different types of workplace incivility using a national sample of Health Administration full-time faculty members in the United States. We found that 27-36% of respondents have experienced at least one type of uncivil behavior from students, coworkers, or supervisors. Further, 4-9% of faculty respondents experience such incidents frequently. Faculty respondents who experienced workplace incivility were significantly more likely to report lower job satisfaction and indicated an intention to leave their position within the next three years. Academic leaders should work to foster an environment where incivility towards others is actively discouraged, as it may contribute to dissatisfaction and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Taylor
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Blvd. 5 Floor, Indianapolis IN 46202-2872
| | - Christopher A Harle
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Ave, Room 5134, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sarah M Johnson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Blvd. RG 5139, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nir Menachemi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Blvd. 5 Floor, Indianapolis IN 46202-2872
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Lavaysse LM, Probst TM, Arena DF. Is More Always Merrier? Intersectionality as an Antecedent of Job Insecurity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112559. [PMID: 30445677 PMCID: PMC6267039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As modern workplace environments are becoming increasingly diverse, the experiences of disenfranchised employees have become a topic of great interest to scholars and business professionals alike. While the experiences of individuals with singular stigmatized identities have been well-established, a dearth of research has assessed how intersectionality, i.e., holding multiple stigmatized identities, combine and intertwine to shape workplace experiences. We contribute to a growing literature on intersectionality by assessing the extent to which employees identifying with multiple stigmatized identities may constitute a risk factor for the experience of job insecurity, a prevalent and potent economic stressor. Additionally, we propose that job insecurity will partially mediate the relationship between intersectionality and a variety of adverse workplace outcomes associated with increased job insecurity perceptions. In order to test these hypotheses, we collected survey data from 449 employed individuals within the United States over two timepoints. Results of the tests of our direct and indirect hypotheses revealed that individuals with more stigmatized identities reported greater perceptions of job insecurity, and intersectionality indirectly affected workplace outcomes via this heightened job insecurity. Our results highlight a new antecedent of job insecurity for consideration and is meant to motivate others to approach diversity-related research questions with multiple identities in mind, in an effort to encapsulate the full spectrum of one’s experience based on their identity makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Lavaysse
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, USA.
| | - Tahira M Probst
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, USA.
| | - David F Arena
- Department of Management, University of Memphis, 3675 Central Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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22
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Miner KN, Costa PL. Ambient workplace heterosexism: Implications for sexual minority and heterosexual employees. Stress Health 2018; 34:563-572. [PMID: 29856117 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism, emotional reactions (i.e., fear and anger), and outcomes for sexual minority and heterosexual employees. Five hundred thirty-six restaurant employees (68% female, 77% White) completed an online survey assessing the variables of interest. Results showed that greater experiences of ambient workplace heterosexism were associated with heightened fear and anger and, in turn, with heightened psychological distress (for fear) and greater physical health complaints, turnover intentions, and lowered job satisfaction (for anger). Fear also mediated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and psychological distress. In addition, sexual orientation moderated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and fear such that sexual minority employees reported more fear than heterosexuals with greater ambient heterosexism. These effects occurred after controlling for personal experiences of interpersonal discrimination. Our findings suggest that ambient workplace heterosexism can be harmful to all employees, not only sexual minorities or targeted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi N Miner
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Paula L Costa
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Williamson RL, Beiler-May A, Locklear LR, Clark MA. Bringing home what I′m hiding at work: The impact of sexual orientation disclosure at work for same-sex couples. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beyond Blaming the Victim: Toward a More Progressive Understanding of Workplace Mistreatment. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Theories of human aggression can inform research, policy, and practice in organizations. One such theory, victim precipitation, originated in the field of criminology. According to this perspective, some victims invite abuse through their personalities, styles of speech or dress, actions, and even their inactions. That is, they are partly at fault for the wrongdoing of others. This notion is gaining purchase in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology as an explanation for workplace mistreatment. The first half of our article provides an overview and critique of the victim precipitation hypothesis. After tracing its history, we review the flaws of victim precipitation as catalogued by scientists and practitioners over several decades. We also consider real-world implications of victim precipitation thinking, such as the exoneration of violent criminals. Confident that I-O can do better, the second half of this article highlights alternative frameworks for researching and redressing hostile work behavior. In addition, we discuss a broad analytic paradigm—perpetrator predation—as a way to understand workplace abuse without blaming the abused. We take the position that these alternative perspectives offer stronger, more practical, and more progressive explanations for workplace mistreatment. Victim precipitation, we conclude, is an archaic ideology. Criminologists have long since abandoned it, and so should we.
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Schneider KT, Wesselmann ED, DeSouza ER. Confronting Subtle Workplace Mistreatment: The Importance of Leaders as Allies. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1051. [PMID: 28690576 PMCID: PMC5481350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric D Wesselmann
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State UniversityNormal, IL, United States
| | - Eros R DeSouza
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State UniversityNormal, IL, United States
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