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Bąk H, Altarriba J. Similar, not universal: the cognitive dimensions of conceptual prototypes of basic emotions in English and in Polish. Cogn Emot 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39370685 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2406347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The current study explores the differences in conceptualisation of the prototypical basic emotion lexicalisations (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) in English and in Polish. Measures of concreteness, imageability and context availability were collected and analysed across the six semantic categories of basic emotions, across different parts of speech and between the self-determined genders of the study participants. The initial results indicate that within these cognitive dimensions the conceptualisations of basic emotions in English and in Polish are only similar on the more general but not the higher levels of conceptualisation. The folk-psychological division between positive and negative emotions and the grammatical parts of speech reveal similar patterns in basic emotion concepts in both Polish and in English. However, on the higher levels of conceptualisations that include specific basic emotion semantic categories and self-identified gender, marked language-specific differences become apparent. Different negative emotions drive the statistical differences in Polish and in English, and the gender effects on the measures of concreteness, imageability and context availability are opposite from one language to the other. In other words, basic emotions may be broadly mutually intelligible, but not exactly the same when communicated across languages and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halszka Bąk
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jeanette Altarriba
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
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2
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Chan YL, Tse CS. Decoding the essence of two-character Chinese words: Unveiling valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, and imageability through word norming. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7574-7601. [PMID: 38750390 PMCID: PMC11362227 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Investigation of affective and semantic dimensions of words is essential for studying word processing. In this study, we expanded Tse et al.'s (Behav Res Methods 49:1503-1519, 2017; Behav Res Methods 55:4382-4402, 2023) Chinese Lexicon Project by norming five word dimensions (valence, arousal, familiarity, concreteness, and imageability) for over 25,000 two-character Chinese words presented in traditional script. Through regression models that controlled for other variables, we examined the relationships among these dimensions. We included ambiguity, quantified by the standard deviation of the ratings of a given lexical variable across different raters, as separate variables (e.g., valence ambiguity) to explore their connections with other variables. The intensity-ambiguity relationships (i.e., between normed variables and their ambiguities, like valence with valence ambiguity) were also examined. In these analyses with a large pool of words and controlling for other lexical variables, we replicated the asymmetric U-shaped valence-arousal relationship, which was moderated by valence and arousal ambiguities. We also observed a curvilinear relationship between valence and familiarity and between valence and concreteness. Replicating Brainerd et al.'s (J Exp Psychol Gen 150:1476-1499, 2021; J Mem Lang 121:104286, 2021) quadratic intensity-ambiguity relationships, we found that the ambiguity of valence, arousal, concreteness, and imageability decreases as the value of these variables is extremely low or extremely high, although this was not generalized to familiarity. While concreteness and imageability were strongly correlated, they displayed different relationships with arousal, valence, familiarity, and valence ambiguity, suggesting their distinct conceptual nature. These findings further our understanding of the affective and semantic dimensions of two-character Chinese words. The normed values of all these variables can be accessed via https://osf.io/hwkv7 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Lai Chan
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Shing Tse
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Mahjoubnavaz F, Mokhtari S, Khosrowabadi R. Norms for 718 Persian Words in Emotional Dimensions, Animacy, and Familiarity. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2024; 53:69. [PMID: 39196384 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-024-10104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Research frequently uses words as stimuli to assess cognitive and psychological processes. However, various attributes of these words, such as their semantic and emotional aspects, could potentially confound study results if not properly controlled. This study aims to establish a reliable foundation for the semantic and emotional aspects of words for research in Persian. To this end, the present study provided norms for 718 Persian nouns in arousal, valence, familiarity, and animacy dimensions. The words were selected from a previous English dataset (Warriner et al. in Behav Res Methods 45(4):1191-1207, 2013), translated into Persian, and rated by a total of 463 native Persian-speaking participants. The ratings were obtained through an online questionnaire using a 9-point Likert scale for emotional dimensions (i.e., valence and arousal) and a 5-point Likert scale for semantic dimensions (i.e., familiarity and animacy). The reliability of the ratings was measured using the split-half method, and the result indicated a high consistency of ratings in all dimensions. To assess the relationship between the emotional and semantic dimensions, Pearson correlation coefficient was conducted. Gender differences were investigated through the Mann-Whitney U test, and significant differences were observed in all dimensions. These results are compared with findings from previous studies that were conducted in various languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Mahjoubnavaz
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mokhtari
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khosrowabadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Ying L, Ruyang Y, Chuanbin N, Yeqing W, Qing L, Yufan Z, Fei G. ANCW: Affective norms for 4030 Chinese words. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:4893-4908. [PMID: 37801213 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Affective information contained in words is gaining increased attention among neurolinguists and psycholinguists around the world. This study established the Affective Norms for Chinese Words (ANCW) with valence, arousal, dominance, and concreteness ratings for 4030 words that were Chinese adaptations of the CET-4 (The National College English Test Band 4) official syllabus. Despite the existing Chinese affective norms such as the Chinese Affective Words System (CAWS), the ANCW provides much more and richer Chinese vocabulary. By using 7-point (ranging from 1 to 7) Likert scales in a paper-and-pencil procedure, we obtained ratings for all variables from 3717 Chinese undergraduates. The ANCW norms possessed good response reliability and were compatible with prior normative studies in Chinese. The pairwise correlation analysis revealed quadratic relations between valence and arousal, arousal and dominance, as well as valence and concreteness. Additionally, valence and dominance, as well as arousal and concreteness, presented a linear correlation, and concreteness and dominance were correlated. The ANCW provides reliable and standardized stimulus materials for further research involving emotional language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Ying
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Ruyang
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Chuanbin
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Yeqing
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Qing
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Yufan
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Fei
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, No. 122# Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, People's Republic of China
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5
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Plisiecki H, Sobieszek A. Extrapolation of affective norms using transformer-based neural networks and its application to experimental stimuli selection. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:4716-4731. [PMID: 37749424 PMCID: PMC11289359 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Data on the emotionality of words is important for the selection of experimental stimuli and sentiment analysis on large bodies of text. While norms for valence and arousal have been thoroughly collected in English, most languages do not have access to such large datasets. Moreover, theoretical developments lead to new dimensions being proposed, the norms for which are only partially available. In this paper, we propose a transformer-based neural network architecture for semantic and emotional norms extrapolation that predicts a whole ensemble of norms at once while achieving state-of-the-art correlations with human judgements on each. We improve on the previous approaches with regards to the correlations with human judgments by Δr = 0.1 on average. We precisely discuss the limitations of norm extrapolation as a whole, with a special focus on the introduced model. Further, we propose a unique practical application of our model by proposing a method of stimuli selection which performs unsupervised control by picking words that match in their semantic content. As the proposed model can easily be applied to different languages, we provide norm extrapolations for English, Polish, Dutch, German, French, and Spanish. To aid researchers, we also provide access to the extrapolation networks through an accessible web application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Plisiecki
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, SWPS University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Proos M, Aigro M. Concreteness ratings for 36,000 Estonian words. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:5178-5189. [PMID: 38129738 PMCID: PMC11289329 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a collection of concreteness ratings for 35,979 words in Estonian. The data were collected via a web application from 2278 native Estonian speakers. Human ratings of concreteness have not been collected for Estonian beforehand. We compare our results to Aedmaa et al. (2018), who assigned concreteness ratings to 240,000 Estonian words by means of machine learning. We show that while these two datasets show reasonable correlation (R = 0.71), there are considerable differences in the distribution of the ratings, which we discuss in this paper. Furthermore, the results also raise questions about the importance of the type of scale used for collecting ratings. While most other datasets have been compiled based on questionnaires entailing five- or seven-point Likert scales, we used a continuous 0-10 scale. Comparing our rating distribution to those of other studies, we found that it is most similar to the distribution in Lahl et al. (Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 13-19, 2009), who also used a 0-10 scale. Concreteness ratings for Estonian words are available at OSF .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Aigro
- University of Tartu, Jakobi 2-430, Tartu, Estonia.
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Jankowiak K, Naranowicz M, Skałba A, Drążkowski D, Pawelczyk J. Norms for gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302594. [PMID: 38753698 PMCID: PMC11098358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The present contribution provides ratings for a database of gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English. A total of 942 volunteers rated 480 sentences (120 per condition) in each language in terms of their meaningfulness, probability of use, and stereotypicality. The stimuli were highly controlled for their length and critical words, which were shared across the conditions. The results of the ratings revealed that stereotypically incongruent sentences were consciously evaluated as both less meaningful and probable to use relative to sentences that adhere to stereotype-driven expectations regarding males and females, indicating that stereotype violations communicated through language exert influence on language perception. Furthermore, the results yielded a stronger internalization of gender stereotypes among sex-typed individuals, thus pointing to the crucial role of gender schema in the sensitivity to gender stereotypical attributes. The ratings reported in the present article aim to broaden researchers' stimulus choices and allow for consistency across different laboratories and research projects on gender stereotype processing. The adaptation of this database to other languages or cultures could also enable a cross-cultural comparison of empirical findings on stereotype processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Skałba
- Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Drążkowski
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Imbir KK, Wielgopolan A, Stępniewska J, Benda K. Database of Expressionist, Impressionist, and Post-Impressionist paintings: Affective norms for 60 art pieces. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1093-1105. [PMID: 37658483 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern painters' art is not only different from canvas created earlier, but also shows high internal variability. Being aware of the conditions arising from art history, we used paintings from three art movements-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Expressionism, to see if we are able to respond to claims made by art theorists by using methods specific to social sciences, and validate the paintings as stimuli which might evoke different emotional reaction based on the movement they were created in. We wanted to conduct an exploratory analysis comparing the mean assessment of valence, arousal, and dominance among the three art movements. A total of 60 different paintings were selected (20 for each art movement) showing figurative works and visible human figures. They were assessed on five different affective scales: valence, arousal, dominance, origin, and subjective significance with use of Self-Assessment Manikins. The results showed expected differences in affective reactions to Expressionist paintings compared with those of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist ones. Therefore, we provided the very first dataset of emotional stimuli with validated affective norms, categorised by the art movement that they were created in and ready to be used in future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Grzybowski SJ, Wyczesany M. Hemispheric engagement during the processing of affective adjectives-an ERP divided visual field study. Laterality 2024; 29:223-245. [PMID: 38507594 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2024.2331278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The study looked into the hemispheres' involvement in emotional word encoding. It combined brain activity measures (ERPs) with behavioural data during the affective categorization task in the divided visual field presentation paradigm. Forty healthy right-handed student volunteers took part in the study, in which they viewed and evaluated 33 positive and 33 negative emotional adjectives presented to either the left or right visual field. We observed a marginally significant effect on the earlier time window (220-250 ms, the P2 component) with higher mean amplitudes evoked to the words presented to the right hemisphere, and then a strong effect on the 340-400 ms (the P3) with a reversed pattern (higher amplitudes for words presented to the left hemisphere). The latter effect was also visible in the error rates and RTs, with better overall performance for adjectives presented to the left hemisphere. There was also an effect on behavioural data of positive words only (higher error rates, shorter RTs). Thus, the study showed a particular "progression" pattern of hemispheric engagement: dependence of the initial stages of affective lexico-semantic processing on the right hemisphere, replaced by the left-hemispheric dominance for content evaluation and response programming stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan J Grzybowski
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Wyczesany
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Xu X, An F, Wu S, Wang H, Kang Q, Wang Y, Zhu T, Zhang B, Huang W, Liu X, Wang X. Affective norms for 501 Chinese words from three emotional dimensions rated by depressive disorder patients. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1309501. [PMID: 38469031 PMCID: PMC10925686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotional words are often used as stimulus material to explore the cognitive and emotional characteristics of individuals with depressive disorder, while normal individuals mostly rate the scores of affective words. Given that individuals with depressive disorder exhibit a negative cognitive bias, it is possible that their depressive state could influence the ratings of affective words. To enhance the validity of the stimulus material, we specifically recruited patients with depression to provide these ratings. Methods This study provided subjective ratings for 501 Chinese affective norms, incorporating 167 negative words selected from depressive disorder patients' Sino Weibo blogs, and 167 neutral words and 167 positive words selected from the Chinese Affective Word System. The norms are based on the assessments made by 91 patients with depressive disorder and 92 normal individuals, by using the paper-and-pencil quiz on a 9-point scale. Results Regardless of the group, the results show high reliability and validity. We identified group differences in three dimensions: valence, arousal, and self-relevance: the depression group rated negative words higher, but positive and neutral words lower than the normal control group. Conclusion The emotional perception affected the individual's perception of words, to some extent, this database expanded the ratings and provided a reference for exploring norms for individuals with different emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Dongguan Seventh People’s Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Fei An
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Center for Psychological Crisis Intervention, the 904th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Unit, Changzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Xinfeng Psychiatric Hospital, Xi ‘an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, the 984th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Unit, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, the 923th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Unit, Nanning, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuchao Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Nieznański M, Obidziński M, Ford D. Does context recollection depend on the base-rate of contextual features? Cogn Process 2024; 25:9-35. [PMID: 37695407 PMCID: PMC10827963 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-023-01153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodic recollection is defined by the re-experiencing of contextual and target details of a past event. The base-rate dependency hypothesis assumes that the retrieval of one contextual feature from an integrated episodic trace cues the retrieval of another associated feature, and that the more often a particular configuration of features occurs, the more effective this mutual cueing will be. Alternatively, the conditional probability of one feature given another feature may be neglected in memory for contextual features since they are not directly bound to one another. Three conjoint recognition experiments investigated whether memory for context is sensitive to the base-rates of features. Participants studied frequent versus infrequent configurations of features and, during the test, they were asked to recognise one of these features with (vs. without) another feature reinstated. The results showed that the context recollection parameter, representing the re-experience of contextual features in the dual-recollection model, was higher for frequent than infrequent feature configurations only when the binding of feature information was made easier and the differences in the base-rates were extreme, otherwise no difference was found. Similarly, base-rates of features influenced response guessing only in the condition with salient differences in base-rates. The Bayes factor analyses showed that the evidence from two of our experiments favoured the base-rate neglect hypothesis over the base-rate dependency hypothesis; the opposite result was obtained in the third experiment, but only when high base-rate disproportion and facilitated feature binding conditions were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Nieznański
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 Bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Obidziński
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 Bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Ford
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 Bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
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Wolna A, Łuniewska M, Haman E, Wodniecka Z. Polish norms for a set of colored drawings of 168 objects and 146 actions with predictors of naming performance. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2706-2732. [PMID: 35915359 PMCID: PMC10439080 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the first database of pictures and their corresponding psycholinguistic norms for Polish: the CLT database. In this norming study, we used the pictures from Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks (CLT): a set of colored drawings of 168 object and 146 actions. The CLT pictures were carefully created to provide a valid tool for multicultural comparisons. The pictures are accompanied by norms for Naming latencies, Name agreement, Goodness of depiction, Image agreement, Concept familiarity, Age of acquisition, Imageability, Lexical frequency, and Word complexity. We also report analyses of predictors of Naming latencies for pictures of objects and actions. Our results show that Name agreement, Concept familiarity, and Lexical frequency are significant predictors of Naming latencies for pictures of both objects and actions. Additionally, Age of acquisition significantly predicts Naming latencies of pictures of objects. The CLT database is freely available at osf.io/gp9qd. The full set of CLT pictures, including additional variants of pictures, is available on request at osf.io/y2cwr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wolna
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Haman
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wodniecka
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Song D, Wen H, Dong Y. Affective Norms for Chinese Words of Typical Life Scenes Rated by Older Adults (ANCO). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:1115-1140. [PMID: 37022625 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-023-09948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides an affective norm collected from older adults for 1,050 Chinese words that are closely related to the typical life scenes commonly encountered by older adults. Data were collected for key affective dimensions of valence and arousal using the method of adapted Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) in a paper-and-pencil procedure. The results showed that the current database (ANCO) was of high reliability and validity. Valence and arousal were in an asymmetrically quadratic relationship in the valence-by-arousal space; i.e., older adults rated negative words as the highest arousing, followed by positive and neutral words. In addition, by comparing affective ratings of the shared words between the present norm collected from older Chinese adults and previous norms collected from young Chinese adults (Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016), we found that compared with young adults, older ones perceived negative words as more negative and more arousing, and perceived positive words as more positive and less arousing. ANCO can serve as a valuable source of information for age-related affective research and help explicate the effects of emotion on linguistic and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangui Song
- Language Processing and Development Lab, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Language Processing and Development Lab, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Dong
- Language Processing and Development Lab, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Jackson JC, Dillion D, Bastian B, Watts J, Buckner W, DiMaggio N, Gray K. Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:707-717. [PMID: 37012368 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans across the globe use supernatural beliefs to explain the world around them. This article explores whether cultural groups invoke the supernatural more to explain natural phenomena (for example, storms, disease outbreaks) or social phenomena (for example, murder, warfare). Quantitative analysis of ethnographic text across 114 geographically and culturally diverse societies found that supernatural explanations are more prevalent for natural than for social phenomena, consistent with theories that ground the origin of religious belief in a human tendency to perceive intent and agency in the natural world. Despite the dominance of supernatural explanations of natural phenomena, supernatural explanations of social phenomena were especially prevalent in urbanized societies with more socially complex and anonymous groups. Our results show how people use supernatural beliefs as explanatory tools in non-industrial societies, and how these applications vary across small-scale communities versus large and urbanized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica Dillion
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Brock Bastian
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Watts
- Religion Programme, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Max Planck Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - William Buckner
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas DiMaggio
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Wielgopolan A, Imbir KK. Affective norms for emotional ambiguity in valence, origin, and activation spaces. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1141-1156. [PMID: 35581434 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the first tool to measure the emotional ambiguity on three bivariate spaces: valence (dimensions of positivity and negativity); origin (automaticity and reflectiveness); and activation (subjective significance and arousal). Our database consists of 2650 word stimuli, assessed by 1380 participants in total with the usage of Self-Assessment Manikin scales for each dimension. We show that the ambiguity of valence, origin, and activation may be successfully perceived and reported in a behavioral procedure. The study has allowed us to compute characteristics of each word for every emotional dimension, thus providing the category of intensity of ambiguity (low, moderate, or high). We also studied the curvilinear relationships between the dimensions. Possible usage, specifics, and limitations of our database are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Wielgopolan
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Winter B. Abstract concepts and emotion: cross-linguistic evidence and arguments against affective embodiment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210368. [PMID: 36571116 PMCID: PMC9791494 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How are abstract concepts such as 'freedom' and 'democracy' represented in the mind? One prominent proposal suggests that abstract concepts are grounded in emotion. Supporting this 'affective embodiment' account, abstract concepts are rated to be more strongly positive or more strongly negative than concrete concepts. This paper demonstrates that this finding generalizes across languages by synthesizing rating data from Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Polish and Spanish. However, a deeper look at the same data suggests that the idea of emotional grounding only characterizes a small subset of abstract concepts. Moreover, when the concreteness/abstractness dimension is not operationalized using concreteness ratings, it is actually found that concrete concepts are rated as more emotional than abstract ones. Altogether, these results suggest limitations to the idea that emotion is an important factor in the grounding of abstract concepts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Winter
- Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Valence-dependent mutation in lexical evolution. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:190-199. [PMID: 36443501 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A central goal of linguistics is to understand how words evolve. Past research has found that macro-level factors such as frequency of word usage and population size explain the pace of lexical evolution. Here we focus on cognitive and affective factors, testing whether valence (positivity-negativity) explains lexical evolution rates. Using estimates of cognate replacement rates for 200 concepts on an Indo-European language tree spanning six to ten millennia, we find that negative valence correlates with faster cognate replacement. This association holds when controlling for frequency of use, and follow-up analyses show that it is most robust for adjectives ('dirty' versus 'clean'; 'bad' versus 'good'); it does not consistently reach statistical significance for verbs, and never reaches significance for nouns. We also present experiments showing that individuals are more likely to replace words for negative versus positive concepts. Our findings suggest that emotional valence affects micro-level guided variation, which drives macro-level valence-dependent mutation in adjectives.
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18
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Imbir K, Pastwa M, Walkowiak M. The Role of the Valence, Arousing Properties and Subjective Significance of Subliminally Presented Words in Affective Priming. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:33-56. [PMID: 34628565 PMCID: PMC10030452 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-021-09815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the verbal affective priming paradigm, the properties of a subliminally presented stimulus alter the interpretation of neutral target stimulus. In the experiment reported here, we tested the role of four factors (valence, origin, arousing properties and subjective significance) that determine the emotional reactions to words in affective priming. Subliminal masked presentation of words preceded the explicit task, which was assessment of neutral Quick Response code (QR code) stimuli. The QRs were codes for words representing personality traits. The results showed the effect of assimilation (negative words caused a negative interpretation, positive caused a positive interpretation) for words' emotional valence and no effects for origin. Concerning arousal, we found a weak negative trend. In the case of subjective significance, a moderate positive trend was found. These results suggest that affective priming effects are susceptible not only to the valence of priming stimuli but also to activation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Walkowiak
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Wielgopolan A, Sobieszek A, Pastwa M, Zygierewicz J. The role of subjective significance, valence and arousal in the explicit processing of emotion-laden words. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14583. [PMID: 36632142 PMCID: PMC9828281 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional categorisation (deciding whether a word is emotional or not) is a task that employs the explicit analysis of the emotional meaning of words. Therefore, it allows for assessing the role of emotional factors, i.e., valence, arousal, and subjective significance, in emotional word processing. The aim of the current experiment was to investigate the role of subjective significance, a reflective form of activation that is similar to arousal (the automatic form), in the processing of emotional meaning. We applied the orthogonal manipulation of three emotional factors. Thus, we were able to precisely differentiate the effects of each factor and search for interactions between them. We expected valence to shape the late positive complex LPC component, while subjective significance and arousal were expected to shape the P300 and N400 components. We observed the effects of subjective significance throughout the whole span of processing, while the arousal effect was present only in the LPC component. We also observed that amplitudes for N400 and LPC discriminated negative from positive valence. The results showed that all factors included in the analysis should be taken into account while explaining the processing of emotion-laden words; especially interesting is the subjective significance, which was shown to shape processing individually, as well as to come into interaction with valence and arousal.
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20
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Larrañaga‐Ayastuy E, Mora M, Romeo‐Arroyo E, Esteban E, Vázquez‐Araújo L. Electrodermal response and its relationship with explicit response in controlled and real contexts: A case study with different beer styles. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Larrañaga‐Ayastuy
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences Mondragon Unibertsitatea Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - María Mora
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences Mondragon Unibertsitatea Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
- BCC Innovation, Technology Center in Gastronomy Basque Culinary Center Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - Elena Romeo‐Arroyo
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences Mondragon Unibertsitatea Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
- BCC Innovation, Technology Center in Gastronomy Basque Culinary Center Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - Ekaitz Esteban
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences Mondragon Unibertsitatea Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - Laura Vázquez‐Araújo
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences Mondragon Unibertsitatea Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
- BCC Innovation, Technology Center in Gastronomy Basque Culinary Center Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
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21
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Duda-Goławska J, Imbir KK, Żygierewicz J. ERP Analysis Using a Multi-Channel Matching Pursuit Algorithm. Neuroinformatics 2022; 20:827-862. [PMID: 35286575 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-022-09575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a new algorithm for analysing event-related components observed in EEG signals in psychological experiments. We investigate its capabilities and limitations. The algorithm is based on multivariate matching pursuit and clustering. It is aimed to find patterns in EEG signals which are similar across different experimental conditions, but it allows for variations in amplitude and slight variability in topography. The method proved to yield expected results in numerical simulations. For the real data coming from an emotional categorisation task experiment, we obtained two indications. First, the method can be used as a specific filter that reduces the variability of components, as defined classically, within each experimental condition. Second, equivalent dipoles fitted to items of the activity clusters identified by the algorithm localise in compact brain areas related to the task performed by the subjects across experimental conditions. Thus this activity may be studied as candidates for hypothetical latent components. The proposed algorithm is a promising new tool in ERP studies, which deserves further experimental evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5 Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
| | - Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7 Street, Warsaw, 10-587, Poland
| | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5 Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
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22
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The Affect Misattribution in the Interpretation of Ambiguous Stimuli in Terms of Warmth vs. Competence: Behavioral Phenomenon and Its Neural Correlates. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081093. [PMID: 36009156 PMCID: PMC9406116 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social cognition. This also applies to the interpretation of ambiguous symbolic stimuli in terms of their relation to warmth or competence. The affective state of an individual may affect the way people interpret the neutral stimuli in the environment. As previous findings have shown, it is possible to alter the perception of neutral social stimuli in terms of warmth vs. competence by eliciting an incidental affect with the use of emotion-laden words. In the current experiment, we expected the valence and origin of an affective state, factors ascribing emotionally laden words, to be able to switch the interpretation of the neutral objects. We have shown in behavioural results that negative valence and reflective origins promote the interpretation of unknown objects in terms of competence rather than warmth. Furthermore, electrophysiological-response-locked analyses revealed differences specific to negative valence while making the decision in the ambiguous task and while executing it. The results of the current experiment show that the usage of warmth and competence in social cognition is susceptible to affective state manipulation. In addition, the results are coherent with the evolutionary perspective on social cognition (valence effects) as well as with predictions of the dual mind model of emotion (origin effects).
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23
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Imageability ratings for 10,426 Chinese two-character words and their contribution to lexical processing. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Pastwa M, Sobieszek A, Wielgopolan A, Jankowska M, Modzelewska A, Żygierewicz J. Inhibitory control effectiveness can be improved: The role of arousal, subjective significance and origin of words in modified Emotional Stroop Test. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270558. [PMID: 35763510 PMCID: PMC9239449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interference control measured in the Emotional Stroop Task is the phenomenon that gives us an insight into mechanisms of emotion-cognition interactions. Especially the role of dimensions of affect can be easily studied with this paradigm. In the current study, we were interested in the role of the complexity of emotional stimuli (origin). We also aimed at searching for activation-like factors that impair (arousal) or improve (subjective significance) the effectiveness of cognitive control. We have used an orthogonal manipulation of all the above dimensions in words. We expected to find the contrastive effects of arousal and subjective significance on reaction times and Event Related Potential’s amplitudes. On a behavioural level, we observed the reduction of reaction times with increasing subjective significance of stimuli and reflective origin. We also found a correlation between subjective significance and reduction of amplitude polarisation in the N450 component associated with cognitive control execution effort. This experiment shows that subjective significance has an improving role for cognitive control effectiveness, even when valence, arousal and origin levels are controlled. This guides us to conclude that external stimuli may drive not only disruption of control but also its improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Promise for Personalized Diagnosis? Assessing the Precision of Wireless Consumer-Grade Electroencephalography across Mental States. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade there has been significant growth in the interest and application of using EEG (electroencephalography) outside of laboratory as well as in medical and clinical settings, for more ecological and mobile applications. However, for now such applications have mainly included military, educational, cognitive enhancement, and consumer-based games. Given the monetary and ecological advantages, consumer-grade EEG devices such as the Emotiv EPOC have emerged, however consumer-grade devices make certain compromises of data quality in order to become affordable and easy to use. The goal of this study was to investigate the reliability and accuracy of EPOC as compared to a research-grade device, Brainvision. To this end, we collected data from participants using both devices during three distinct cognitive tasks designed to elicit changes in arousal, valence, and cognitive load: namely, Affective Norms for English Words, International Affective Picture System, and the n-Back task. Our design and analytical strategies followed an ideographic person-level approach (electrode-wise analysis of vincentized repeated measures). We aimed to assess how well the Emotiv could differentiate between mental states using an Event-Related Band Power approach and EEG features such as amplitude and power, as compared to Brainvision. The Emotiv device was able to differentiate mental states during these tasks to some degree, however it was generally poorer than Brainvision, with smaller effect sizes. The Emotiv may be used with reasonable reliability and accuracy in ecological settings and in some clinical contexts (for example, for training professionals), however Brainvision or other, equivalent research-grade devices are still recommended for laboratory or medical based applications.
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26
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Sobieszek A, Wielgopolan A, Pastwa M, Żygierewicz J. Arousal, subjective significance and the origin of valence aligned words in the processing of an emotional categorisation task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265537. [PMID: 35358225 PMCID: PMC8970402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An emotional categorisation task allows us to study how emotionality is understood and how emotional factors influence decisions. As emotionality is not only the valence but is also composed of activation (arousal and subjective significance) and the type of process needed to produce emotion (origin), we wanted to test the influence of these emotional factors on with a group of stimuli not differing in valence. We predicted that increasing activation levels should lead to increased classification of stimuli as emotional, with a focus on the late processing stages, when explicit word processing occurs, which on the electrophysiological level corresponds to P300, N450 and LPC components. The behavioural results showed that the emotionality of words increased with increasing levels of arousal and subjective significance. Automatically originated words were assessed as more emotional than reflective ones. The amplitude of the N450 component revealed dissociation for subjective significance and origin effects, showing that these two dimensions ascribe distinct properties of emotionality. Finally, the LPC component was susceptible to all affective dimensions used in manipulation. Our study showed that arousal, subjective significance and origin are dimensions of affect that shape the processing of words' emotionality, when the values of valence were aligned among the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Emotion norms for 6000 Polish word meanings with a direct mapping to the Polish wordnet. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:2146-2161. [PMID: 34893969 PMCID: PMC9579083 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emotion lexicons are useful in research across various disciplines, but the availability of such resources remains limited for most languages. While existing emotion lexicons typically comprise words, it is a particular meaning of a word (rather than the word itself) that conveys emotion. To mitigate this issue, we present the Emotion Meanings dataset, a novel dataset of 6000 Polish word meanings. The word meanings are derived from the Polish wordnet (plWordNet), a large semantic network interlinking words by means of lexical and conceptual relations. The word meanings were manually rated for valence and arousal, along with a variety of basic emotion categories (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, anticipation, happiness, surprise, and trust). The annotations were found to be highly reliable, as demonstrated by the similarity between data collected in two independent samples: unsupervised (n = 21,317) and supervised (n = 561). Although we found the annotations to be relatively stable for female, male, younger, and older participants, we share both summary data and individual data to enable emotion research on different demographically specific subgroups. The word meanings are further accompanied by the relevant metadata, derived from open-source linguistic resources. Direct mapping to Princeton WordNet makes the dataset suitable for research on multiple languages. Altogether, this dataset provides a versatile resource that can be employed for emotion research in psychology, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, and natural language processing.
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28
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Imbir KK, Pastwa M, Duda-Goławska J, Sobieszek A, Jankowska M, Modzelewska A, Wielgopolan A, Żygierewicz J. Electrophysiological correlates of interference control in the modified emotional Stroop task with emotional stimuli differing in valence, arousal, and subjective significance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258177. [PMID: 34648542 PMCID: PMC8516239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of emotional factors in maintaining cognitive control is one of the most intriguing issues in understanding emotion-cognition interactions. In the current experiment, we assessed the role of emotional factors (valence, arousal, and subjective significance) in perceptual and conceptual inhibition processes. We operationalised both processes with the classical cognitive paradigms, i.e., the flanker task and the emotional Stroop task merged into a single experimental procedure. The procedure was based on the presentation of emotional words displayed in four different font colours flanked by the same emotional word printed with the same or different font colour. We expected to find distinct effects of both types of interference: earlier for perceptual and later for emotional interference. We also predicted an increased arousal level to disturb inhibitory control effectiveness, while increasing the subjective significance level should improve this process. As we used orthogonal manipulations of emotional factors, our study allowed us for the first time to assess interactions within emotional factors and between types of interference. We found on the behavioural level the main effects of flanker congruency as well as effects of emotionality. On the electrophysiological level, we found effects for EPN, P2, and N450 components of ERPs. The exploratory analysis revealed that effects due to perceptual interference appeared earlier than the effects of emotional interference, but they lasted for an extended period of processing, causing perceptual and emotional interference to partially overlap. Finally, in terms of emotional interference, we showed the effect of subjective significance: the reduction of interference cost in N450 for highly subjective significant stimuli. This study is the first one allowing for the investigation of two different types of interference in a single experiment, and provides insight into the role of emotion in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Faculty of Physics, Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Grzybowski SJ, Wyczesany M, Cichecka H, Tokarska A. The Words of Affectivity. Affect, Category, and Social Evaluation Norms for 400 Polish Adjectives. Front Psychol 2021; 12:683012. [PMID: 34566763 PMCID: PMC8455918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional adjectives can be grouped into two main categories: denoting and connoting stable (personality) traits and denoting and connoting transient (mood) states. They relate closely to the concept of affectivity, which is a pervasive tendency to experience moods of positive or negative valence. They constitute a rich study material for personality and affect psychology and neuroscience. Thus, this study was designed to establish a normed list of emotional adjectives with ratings encompassing four dimensions: emotional valence (positive or negative), emotional arousal (low-arousing or high-arousing), category (state, trait, and hybrid), and social judgment (competence, morality, and mixed). The adjectives were preselected based on previous broad Polish norming studies, personality and mood questionnaires, and a dictionary study. The results of the study were drawn from 195 participants who rated 400 adjectives that were chosen based on similar linguistic variables, such as frequency and word length. The dataset measures were proven to be stable and reliable. Correlations between the emotional valence and state-trait, valence and competence-morality, and emotional arousal and competence-morality dimensions were found. The study was successful in preparing a dataset of well-categorized (state, trait, and hybrid) positive and negative adjectives of moderate to high arousal ratings. Since the words were matched on linguistic variables, the set provided useful material that can be readily used for research into the effects of the category and emotional dimensions on language processing and as a basis for new personality questionnaires and mood checklists. The dataset could also be seen as a supplement for broader sets of published normed materials in Polish that link emotion and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan J Grzybowski
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Wyczesany
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Hanna Cichecka
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tokarska
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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30
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The influence of the physical context and knowledge of artworks on the aesthetic experience of interactive installations. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the current study, the influence of the physical context and the knowledge of artworks on the aesthetic experience of installation art is tested for the first time. We assessed non-experts in the field of art (N = 158) who viewed interactive installations in either the art gallery context or the classroom. Some participants knew both the artworks’ titles and the curator descriptions, some knew only the titles, and some had no contextual information. We tested both the aesthetic emotions and the aesthetic judgments. For the measurement of aesthetic emotions, we used the Self-Assessment Manikin approach including the traditional dimensions of affect and the measurement of recently-proposed dimensions such as origin or subjective significance. The study replicated previous findings that the gallery context enhances the aesthetic experience – both of art appreciation and aesthetic emotions. Moreover, our results showed that the emotions caused by viewing the installation in the gallery had more of an automatic source (metaphorically coming “from the heart”) and were more subjectively significant than aesthetic emotions experienced in the classroom context. Curatorial information increased the understanding and appreciation of the works of installation art, and also caused the aesthetic emotion to be more positive and more intensive; while having knowledge about the titles did not influence the aesthetic experience.
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31
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Objective ages of acquisition for 3300+ simplified Chinese characters. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:311-323. [PMID: 34159513 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the construction of two age-of-acquisition (AoA) norms for 3300+ characters in simplified Chinese, which make up about 99% of the texts used in daily life. We determined a character's AoA according to the time in which the character is formally learned in two sets of leading textbooks of Chinese in compulsory education, published respectively on the basis of the 2001 and 2011 national curriculum. Apart from having a significantly larger coverage of characters than previous norms, the current norms also outperformed them in explaining accuracy and reaction times in four large-scale databases for character decision, character naming, or character handwriting, even after controlling for the effects of frequency, number of meanings, and number of strokes. The explanatory advantage of the current norms suggests that, compared to earlier norms, the current norms capture more up-to-date character AoAs; these findings also highlight the diachronic nature of some lexical variables such as AoA and frequency. The developed objective AoA norms can be used for subsequent research on Chinese character recognition or production.
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The aesthetic experience of critical art: The effects of the context of an art gallery and the way of providing curatorial information. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250924. [PMID: 34048445 PMCID: PMC8162635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research was to investigate the influence of the situational context of presenting contemporary critical artworks (in an art gallery vs in a laboratory setting) and the way in which one is acquainted with contextual information, i.e. a curatorial description (reading it on one's own vs listening to it vs a lack of curatorial information), on the reception of critical art. All experimental stimuli were exemplars of contemporary art which raise current controversial social and political issues. Non-experts in the field of art were asked to rate their emotional reactions on non-verbal scales and estimate their liking and understanding of the artworks. As predicted, the art gallery context increased both the experience of aesthetic emotions-in terms of valence, arousal, subjective significance, and dominance and aesthetic judgements-in terms of liking. Thus, for critical art (i.e. current artworks which critically address serious, up-to-date issues) the situational context of the gallery increased the aesthetic experience-which is in line with previous studies on the gallery (or museum) effect. Curatorial information increased understanding, so non-experts seem to need interpretative guidance in the reception of critical art. Subjective significance was higher in the reading of curatorial information condition than the listening to curatorial information condition or the control condition (a lack of curatorial information). It seems, therefore, that art non-experts have a better understanding of critical art after being exposed to the curatorial description, but this does not result in an increase in liking and aesthetic emotions. Probably this is because the curatorial description allows one to grasp the difficult, often unpleasant issue addressed by critical art.
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The Croatian psycholinguistic database: Estimates for 6000 nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:1799-1816. [PMID: 33904142 PMCID: PMC8367916 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psycholinguistic databases containing ratings of concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency are used in psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies which require words as stimuli. Linguistic characteristics (e.g. word length, corpus frequency) are frequently coded, but word class is seldom systematically treated, although there are indications of its significance for imageability and concreteness. This paper presents the Croatian Psycholinguistic Database (CPD; available at: https://doi.org/10.17234/megahr.2019.hpb ), containing 6000 Croatian nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, rated for concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency. Moreover, we present computationally obtained extrapolations of concreteness and imageability to the remainder of the Croatian lexicon (available at: https://github.com/megahr/lexicon/blob/master/predictions/hr_c_i.predictions.txt ). In the two studies presented here, we explore the significance of word class for concreteness and imageability in human and computationally obtained ratings. The observed correlations in the CPD indicate correspondences between psycholinguistic measures expected from the literature. Word classes exhibit differences in subjective frequency, age of acquisition, concreteness and imageability, with significant differences between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In the computational study which focused on concreteness and imageability, concreteness obtained higher correlations with human ratings than imageability, and the system underpredicted the concreteness of nouns, and overpredicted the concreteness of adjectives and adverbs. Overall, this suggests that word class contains schematic conceptual and distributional information. Schematic conceptual content seems to be more significant in human ratings of concreteness and less significant in computationally obtained ratings, where distributional information seems to play a more significant role. This suggests that word class differences should be theoretically explored.
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Brodhun C, Borelli E, Weiss T. Influence of acute pain on valence rating of words. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248744. [PMID: 33735235 PMCID: PMC7971552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies showed the effect of negative affective and pain-related semantic primes enhancing the perceived intensity of successive painful stimuli. It remains unclear whether and how painful primes are able to influence semantic stimuli in a similar way. Therefore, we investigated the effects of noxious primes on the perception of the valence of subsequent semantic stimuli. In two experiments, 48 healthy subjects were asked to give their valence ratings regarding different semantic stimuli (pain-related, negative, positive, and neutral adjectives) after they were primed with noxious electrical stimuli of moderate intensity. Experiment 1 focused on the existence of the effect, experiment 2 focused on the length of the effect. Valence ratings of pain-related, negative, and positive words (not neutral words) became more negative after a painful electrical prime was applied in contrast to no prime. This effect was more pronounced for pain-related words compared to negative, pain-unrelated words. Furthermore, the priming effect continued to affect the valence ratings even some minutes after the painful priming had stopped. So, painful primes are influencing the perception of semantic stimuli as well as semantic primes are influencing the perception of painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brodhun
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Eleonora Borelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Pastwa M, Jankowska M, Żygierewicz J. Event-Related Potential Correlates of Valence, Arousal, and Subjective Significance in Processing of an Emotional Stroop Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:617861. [PMID: 33716692 PMCID: PMC7947367 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.617861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to measure event-related potentials associated with the processing of the emotional Stroop task (EST) with the use of an orthogonal factorial manipulation for emotional valence, arousal, and subjective significance (the importance of the current experience for goals and plans for the future). The current study aimed to investigate concurrently the role of the three dimensions describing the emotion-laden words for interference control measured in the classical version of the EST paradigm. The results showed that reaction times were affected by the emotional valence of presented words and the interactive effect of valence and arousal. The expected emotional arousal effect was only found in behavioral results for neutrally valenced words. Electrophysiological results showed valence and subjective significance correlated with the amplitude differences in the P2 component. Moreover, the amplitude of the N450 component varied with the level of subjective significance. This study also demonstrated that exploratory event-related potential analysis provides additional information beyond the classical component-based analysis. The obtained results show that cognitive control effects in the EST may be altered by manipulation in the subjective significance dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Imbir KK, Pastwa M. Can valence and origin of emotional words influence the assessments of ambiguous stimuli in terms of warmth or competence? PeerJ 2021; 9:e10488. [PMID: 33569246 PMCID: PMC7845528 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
People tend to think that emotions influence the way they think in a spectacular way. We wanted to determine whether it is possible to prime the assessments of ambiguous stimuli by presenting emotion-laden words. We did not expect the differences in assessments that depend only on the emotional factors to be particularly large. Participants were presented with words differing in valence and origin of an affective state, but aligned for arousal, concreteness, length and frequency of use. Their first task was to remember a word. While keeping the word in mind, their second task was to guess by intuition whether the symbol was related to certain traits. Participants assessed objects represented by coding symbols on the scales of warmth or competence. We expected positive valence and automatic origin to promote higher ratings in terms of warmth and reflective origin to promote higher ratings in terms of competence. Positive valence appeared to boost assessments in terms of both warmth and competence, while the origin effect was found to be dissociative: automatic origin promoted intensity of warmth assessments and reflective origin intensity of competence assessments. The study showed an existing relation between emotional and social aspects of the mind, and therefore supports the conclusion that both domains may result from dual processes of a more general character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ni C, Jin X. Could L2 Lexical Attrition Be Predicted in the Dimension of Valence, Arousal, and Dominance? Front Psychol 2021; 11:552140. [PMID: 33391071 PMCID: PMC7773914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study attended to predict L2 lexical attrition by means of a Decision Tree model (DT model) in three emotional dimensions, that is, the valence dimension, the arousal dimension, and the dominance dimension. A sample of 188 participants whose L1 was Chinese and L2 was English performed a recognition test of 500 words for measuring the L2 lexical attrition. The findings explored by the Decision Tree model indicated that L2 lexical attrition could be predicted in all the three emotional dimensions in two aspects: (1) among the three emotional dimensions, the valence dimension was the most powerful in predicting L2 lexical attrition, followed successively by the dominance dimension and the arousal dimension; (2) most of the neutral words in the three emotional dimensions were predicted to be inferior to emotional words in L2 attrition. In addition, the modified Revised Hierarchical Model for emotion could be adopted to justify the modulation of the emotion–memory effects upon L2 lexical attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Ni
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Jin
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Distinct FN400/N400 memory effects for perceptually fluent and disfluent words. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105661. [PMID: 33360780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory studies have shown that increased perceptual fluency results in more "old" responses and, presumably, increases familiarity. However, the exact neural mechanisms of these effects remain unresolved. We conducted two ERP experiments in which participants encoded words and performed a recognition test where fluency was manipulated by changing clarity of test words (half of them were clear or blurry). In the more demanding Experiment 1, we found a reversed effect of fluency on recognition (more hits for blurry words), which was accompanied by larger N400 and LPC old/new effects for blurry words. For high confidence responses, the topography of N400 shifted towards frontal electrodes (the FN400 for blurry words). In the less demanding Experiment 2, no behavioral differences between clear and blurry words were observed. However, there was a discrepancy in the ERP results, with the frontal FN400 for blurry words and the parietal N400 for clear words, suggesting that distinct neural pathways can support familiarity-based recognition for clear and blurry items. In both experiments, early perceptual fluency ERP effects were also observed. The results indicate that both semantic processing and familiarity can be enhanced by perceptual fluency and contribute to recognition judgments, depending on the interpretations of fluency.
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Imbir KK, Pastwa M, Jankowska M, Kosman M, Modzelewska A, Wielgopolan A. Valence and arousal of words in visual and conceptual interference control efficiency. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241694. [PMID: 33211720 PMCID: PMC7676691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control efficiency is susceptible to the emotional state of an individual. The aim of the current experiment was to search for the role of valence and arousal of emotion-laden words in a performance efficiency of a modified emotional Stroop task (EST) combined with the flanker task. Both paradigms allow for the measurement of the interference control, but interference appears on different stages of stimulus processing. In the flanker task, the interference is perceptual, while in EST, it is based on the emotional meaning of stimuli. We expected to find the effects of emotionality of words, that is, arousal and valence levels, for interference measured with EST. In a series of two experiments, the results confirmed that a high arousal level enlarges the reaction latencies to the EST. We also identified interaction between valence and arousal in shaping reaction latencies. We found the flanker congruency effect. We did not find interactions between emotional factors and flanker congruency. This suggests that interference measured with the EST and flanker task are in fact different from one another, and while using the modified EST combined with the flanker task, the word-meaning effects do not interfere with pure perceptual interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kosman
- Faculty of Polish Studies, Institute of Applied Polish Studies, Warsaw, Poland
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Pastwa M, Jankowska M, Modzelewska A, Sobieszek A, Żygierewicz J. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Correlates of Valence, Arousal and Subjective Significance in the Lexical Decision Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:567220. [PMID: 33132881 PMCID: PMC7575925 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.567220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emotional properties of words, such as valence and arousal, influence the way we perceive and process verbal stimuli. Recently, subjective significance was found to be an additional factor describing the activational aspect of emotional reactions, which is vital for the cognitive consequences of emotional stimuli processing. Subjective significance represents the form of mental activation specific to reflective mind processing. The Lexical Decision Task (LDT) is a paradigm allowing the investigation of the involuntary processing of meaning and differentiating this processing from the formal processing of the perceptual features of words. In this study, we wanted to search for the consequences of valence, arousal, and subjective significance for the involuntary processing of verbal stimuli meaning indexed by both behavioral measures (reaction latencies) and electrophysiological measures (Event-Related Potentials: ERPs). We expected subjective significance, as the reflective form of activation, to shorten response latencies in LDT. We also expected subjective significance to modulate the amplitude of the ERP FN400 component, reducing the negative-going deflection of the potential. We expected valence to shape the LPC component amplitude, differentiating between negative and positive valences, since the LPC indexes the meaning processing. Indeed, the results confirmed our expectations and showed that subjective significance is a factor independent from the arousal and valence that shapes the involuntary processing of verbal stimuli, especially the detection of a link between stimulus and meaning indexed by the FN400. Moreover, we found that the LPC amplitude was differentiated by valence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Concreteness/abstractness ratings for two-character Chinese words in MELD-SCH. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232133. [PMID: 32569306 PMCID: PMC7307783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concreteness-abstractness continuum is considered a primary dimension in the representation of semantic networks. Its theoretical importance and clinical significance are widely acknowledged. To assist and enhance future research, this study collected and evaluated concreteness/abstractness ratings for 9,877 two-character Chinese words retrieved from the MEga study of Lexical Decision in Simplified CHinese (MELD-SCH, Tsang et al, 2018). The ratings were validated through comparisons with previous rating studies on concreteness and imageability of smaller word samples. Relations of word concreteness with word frequency, age-of-acquisition, and efficiency of lexical processing were also examined. These ratings provide an additional dimension of information to two-character words in the database MELD-SCH, permitting not only more comprehensive research on the Chinese language, but also cross-language investigation of the concreteness effect between Chinese and other languages such as English and Dutch where a large database of concreteness ratings is also available.
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Usée F, Jacobs AM, Lüdtke J. From Abstract Symbols to Emotional (In-)Sights: An Eye Tracking Study on the Effects of Emotional Vignettes and Pictures. Front Psychol 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32528357 PMCID: PMC7264705 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is known to be a highly complex, emotion-inducing process, usually involving connected and cohesive sequences of sentences and paragraphs. However, most empirical results, especially from studies using eye tracking, are either restricted to simple linguistic materials (e.g., isolated words, single sentences) or disregard valence-driven effects. The present study addressed the need for ecologically valid stimuli by examining the emotion potential of and reading behavior in emotional vignettes, often used in applied psychological contexts and discourse comprehension. To allow for a cross-domain comparison in the area of emotion induction, negatively and positively valenced vignettes were constructed based on pre-selected emotional pictures from the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka et al., 2014). We collected ratings of perceived valence and arousal for both material groups and recorded eye movements of 42 participants during reading and picture viewing. Linear mixed-effects models were performed to analyze effects of valence (i.e., valence category, valence rating) and stimulus domain (i.e., textual, pictorial) on ratings of perceived valence and arousal, eye movements in reading, and eye movements in picture viewing. Results supported the success of our experimental manipulation: emotionally positive stimuli (i.e., vignettes, pictures) were perceived more positively and less arousing than emotionally negative ones. The cross-domain comparison indicated that vignettes are able to induce stronger valence effects than their pictorial counterparts, no differences between vignettes and pictures regarding effects on perceived arousal were found. Analyses of eye movements in reading replicated results from experiments using isolated words and sentences: perceived positive text valence attracted shorter reading times than perceived negative valence at both the supralexical and lexical level. In line with previous findings, no emotion effects on eye movements in picture viewing were found. This is the first eye tracking study reporting superior valence effects for vignettes compared to pictures and valence-specific effects on eye movements in reading at the supralexical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Usée
- Department of Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arthur M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Lüdtke
- Department of Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Szubielska M, Imbir K, Fudali-Czyż A, Augustynowicz P. How Does Knowledge About an Artist's Disability Change the Aesthetic Experience? Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 16:150-159. [PMID: 32665805 PMCID: PMC7344139 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on concepts of cognitive mastering and the rewarding effect of making sense of challenging visual art (taken from a psychological model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments of Leder et al., 2004), we hypothesised that viewers who have knowledge about an artist’s disability will appreciate their ambiguous works more than viewers who do not have such knowledge. Additionally, we aimed to explore how information about the artist’s disability changes the viewer’s aesthetic emotions. We investigated the effect of information on the creator’s visual disability on aesthetic experience in relation to three categories of visual art: photos, sculptures, and drawings. We showed digital reproductions of artworks (N = 32) produced by amateur artists with severe visual impairment to nonexperts in art (N = 145). Viewers assessed their aesthetic appreciation (understood as liking and value) and aesthetic emotions on the Self-Assessment Manikin scales for valence, arousal, dominance, origin, and significance. In accordance with our hypothesis, knowledge of the artists' disability had a positive influence on appreciation, but the effect of information was moderated by artwork category and was significant only in the case of sculptures and drawings (works created using these techniques were assessed in the preliminary study as more difficult to interpret than photos). A similar pattern of results was found for the dependent variables of arousal and significance. Therefore, the positive influence of information about the artists' disabilities on aesthetic experience is mainly revealed when the artworks are characterised by low detectability (defined as the difficulty in interpreting an artwork due to difficulty in recognizing what it depicts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szubielska
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fudali-Czyż
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Augustynowicz
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Imbir KK. Words’ Origin of an Affective State, but not Valence, Shape the Reaction Latencies in a Word-Sign Choosing Ambiguous Task. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Delatorre P, Salguero A, León C, Tapscott A. The Impact of Context on Affective Norms: A Case of Study With Suspense. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1988. [PMID: 31543851 PMCID: PMC6728922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emotional response to a stimulus is typically measured in three variables called valence, arousal and dominance. Based on such dimensions, Bradley and Lang (1999) published the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW), a corpus of affective ratings for 1,034 non-contextualized words. Expanded and adapted to many languages, ANEW provides a corpus to evaluate and to predict human responses to different stimuli, and it has been used in a number of studies involving analysis of emotions. However, ANEW seems not to appropriately predict affective responses to concepts when these are contextualized in certain situational backgrounds, in which words can have different connotations from those in non-contextualized scenarios. These contextualized affective norms have not been sufficiently contrasted yet because the literature does not provide a corpus of the ANEW list in specific contexts. On this basis, this paper reports on the creation of a new corpus of affective norms for the original 1,034 ANEW words in a particular context (a fictional scene of suspense). An extensive quantitative data analysis comparing both corpora was carried out, confirming that the affective ratings are highly influenced by the context. The corpus can be downloaded as Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Delatorre
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Salguero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos León
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan Tapscott
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Łuniewska M, Wodniecka Z, Miller CA, Smolík F, Butcher M, Chondrogianni V, Hreich EK, Messarra C, A. Razak R, Treffers-Daller J, Yap NT, Abboud L, Talebi A, Gureghian M, Tuller L, Haman E. Age of acquisition of 299 words in seven languages: American English, Czech, Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malay, Persian and Western Armenian. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220611. [PMID: 31393919 PMCID: PMC6687123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new set of subjective Age of Acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in seven languages from various language families and cultural settings: American English, Czech, Scottish Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malaysian Malay, Persian, and Western Armenian. The ratings were collected from a total of 173 participants and were highly reliable in each language. We applied the same method of data collection as used in a previous study on 25 languages which allowed us to create a database of fully comparable AoA ratings of 299 words in 32 languages. We found that in the seven languages not included in the previous study, the words are estimated to be acquired at roughly the same age as in the previously reported languages, i.e. mostly between the ages of 1 and 7 years. We also found that the order of word acquisition is moderately to highly correlated across all 32 languages, which extends our previous conclusion that early words are acquired in similar order across a wide range of languages and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zofia Wodniecka
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Krakow, Poland
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Miller
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Filip Smolík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Morna Butcher
- University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Chondrogianni
- University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Camille Messarra
- Saint Joseph University of Beirut, High Institute of Speech and Language Therapy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rogayah A. Razak
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Health Science, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeanine Treffers-Daller
- University of Reading, Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ngee Thai Yap
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Layal Abboud
- Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Talebi
- Allameh Tabatabai University, Department of Linguistics and Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages, Teheran, Iran
| | - Maribel Gureghian
- Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ewa Haman
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Pastwa MW, Imbir KK. Impact of Subliminally Presented Words Valence' on Risk-Taking Decisions in a Game of Chance. Front Psychol 2019; 10:959. [PMID: 31114531 PMCID: PMC6502974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A positive mood is thought to accompany performing a risk-taking tendency, for instance in games of chance or gambling. This study concerns the impact of emotional stimuli presented in a subliminal manner on the riskiness of decisions made in a game of chance. The heights of stakes called in the game were adopted as the measure of risk taken. Special simulation of a real game of chance, based on coin tossing, was used for this experiment. The stimuli displayed subliminally were words differing in valence (three levels: negative, neutral, and positive). We expected that positive valence would provoke the riskiness of the subsequent decision. The main effect of the valence observed was that the subjects in positive word conditions bet higher stakes than in neutral and negative conditions. Positive emotions influenced the riskiness of decisions made by the subjects, which confirmed the set hypothesis. The results of the study, in addition to their theoretical implications, may have practical meaning due to realistic simulation of popular games of chance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Emotionality of Turkish language and primary adaptation of affective English norms for Turkish. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Ćoso B, Guasch M, Ferré P, Hinojosa JA. Affective and concreteness norms for 3,022 Croatian words. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:2302-2312. [PMID: 30744508 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819834226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study presents subjective ratings for 3,022 Croatian words, which were evaluated on two affective dimensions (valence and arousal) and one lexico-semantic variable (concreteness). A sample of 933 Croatian native speakers rated the words online. Ratings showed high reliabilities for all three variables, as well as significant correlations with ratings from databases available in Spanish and English. A quadratic relation between valence and arousal was observed, with a tendency for arousal to increase for negative and positive words, and neutral words having the lowest arousal ratings. In addition, significant correlations were found between affective dimensions and word concreteness, suggesting that abstract words have a tendency to be more arousing and emotional than concrete words. The present database will allow experimental research in Croatian, a language with a considerable lack of psycholinguistic norms, by providing researchers with a useful tool in the investigation of the relationship between language and emotion for the South-Slavic group of languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Ćoso
- 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marc Guasch
- 2 Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavior Assessment, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferré
- 2 Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavior Assessment, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hinojosa
- 3 Facultad de Psicología, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Imbir KK. Arousal and Subjective Significance Shapes Stimuli Interpretation across Warmth Vs. Competence Dimensions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 37:716-725. [PMID: 30416322 PMCID: PMC6208855 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to examine the impact of incidental activation defined as arousal and subjective significance, both represented in connotations of verbal materials, on social perception of unknown and thus ambiguous objects, in terms of two basic dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. Arousal was expected to promote interpretation of ambiguous stimuli in terms of warmth, while subjective significance in terms of competence. This means that both activation and social perception may be treated as examples dual-mind systems functioning. Sixty participants (30 women) were exposed to two subsequent tasks. The first involved memorizing 135 words (manipulation prepared in a factorial design contrasting 3 levels of arousal and 3 levels of subjective significance), and the second involved guessing the meaning of hexagram stimuli derived from Far East culture. An increasing level of arousal caused participants to interpret stimuli as increasingly related to warmth, while an increasing level of subjective significance led to interpretations more related to competence. This study shows that two distinct types of activation may trigger different interpretations of social stimuli, which means that there is a link between both types of processes. This finding is of great importance for the dual-mind approach, showing that a multitude of dualities indentified thus far may be related one another. Therefore, it is justified to treat them as emanations of more general mental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
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