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Calvillo-Torres R, Haro J, Ferré P, Poch C, Hinojosa JA. Sound symbolic associations in Spanish emotional words: affective dimensions and discrete emotions. Cogn Emot 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38660751 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2345377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sound symbolism refers to non-arbitrary associations between word forms and meaning, such as those observed for some properties of sounds and size or shape. Recent evidence suggests that these connections extend to emotional concepts. Here we investigated two types of non-arbitrary relationships. Study 1 examined whether iconicity scores (i.e. resemblance-based mapping between aspects of a word's form and its meaning) for words can be predicted from ratings in the affective dimensions of valence and arousal and/or the discrete emotions of happiness, anger, fear, disgust and sadness. Words denoting negative concepts were more likely to have more iconic word forms. Study 2 explored whether statistical regularities in single phonemes (i.e. systematicity) predicted ratings in affective dimensions and/or discrete emotions. Voiceless (/p/, /t/) and voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /g/) were related to high arousing words, whereas high arousing negative words tended to include fricatives (/s/, /z/). Hissing consonants were also more likely to occur in words denoting all negative discrete emotions. Additionally, words conveying certain discrete emotions included specific phonemes. Overall, our data suggest that emotional features might explain variations in iconicity and provide new insight about phonemic patterns showing sound symbolic associations with the affective properties of words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Calvillo-Torres
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Haro
- Departament de Psicologia and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferré
- Departament de Psicologia and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Claudia Poch
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Hinojosa
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Rajewska-Rager A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Lepczynska N, Kapelski P, Pawlak J, Szczepankiewicz A, Wilczynski M, Skibinska M. Dimensions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Correlate with Impulsivity and Personality Traits among Youth Patients with Depression. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051744. [PMID: 36902530 PMCID: PMC10003156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of symptoms in young patients with major depression disorder makes it difficult to properly identify and diagnose. Therefore, the appropriate evaluation of mood symptoms is important in early intervention. The aim of this study was to (a) establish dimensions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) in adolescents and young adults and (b) perform correlations between the identified dimensions and psychological variables (impulsivity, personality traits). This study enrolled 52 young patients with major depression disorder (MDD). The severity of the depressive symptoms was established using the HDRS-17. The factor structure of the scale was studied using the principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. The patients completed the self-reported Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The three dimensions of the HDRS-17 identified as core in adolescent and young patients with MDD were (1) psychic depression/motor retardation, (2) disturbed thinking, and (3) sleep disturbances/anxiety. In our study, dimension 1 correlated with reward dependence and cooperativeness; dimension 2 correlated with non-planning impulsivity, harm avoidance, and self-directedness; and dimension 3 correlated with reward dependence. Conclusions: Our study supports the previous findings, which indicate that a certain set of clinical features (including the HDRS-17 dimensions, not only total score) may represent a vulnerability pattern that characterizes patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rajewska-Rager
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-618547642; Fax: +48-618547663
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Lepczynska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Karol Jonscher Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33 St, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Kapelski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Wilczynski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Liu M, Duan Y, Ince RAA, Chen C, Garrod OGB, Schyns PG, Jack RE. Facial expressions elicit multiplexed perceptions of emotion categories and dimensions. Curr Biol 2022; 32:200-209.e6. [PMID: 34767768 PMCID: PMC8751635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human facial expressions are complex, multi-component signals that can communicate rich information about emotions,1-5 including specific categories, such as "anger," and broader dimensions, such as "negative valence, high arousal."6-8 An enduring question is how this complex signaling is achieved. Communication theory predicts that multi-component signals could transmit each type of emotion information-i.e., specific categories and broader dimensions-via the same or different facial signal components, with implications for elucidating the system and ontology of facial expression communication.9 We addressed this question using a communication-systems-based method that agnostically generates facial expressions and uses the receiver's perceptions to model the specific facial signal components that represent emotion category and dimensional information to them.10-12 First, we derived the facial expressions that elicit the perception of emotion categories (i.e., the six classic emotions13 plus 19 complex emotions3) and dimensions (i.e., valence and arousal) separately, in 60 individual participants. Comparison of these facial signals showed that they share subsets of components, suggesting that specific latent signals jointly represent-i.e., multiplex-categorical and dimensional information. Further examination revealed these specific latent signals and the joint information they represent. Our results-based on white Western participants, same-ethnicity face stimuli, and commonly used English emotion terms-show that facial expressions can jointly represent specific emotion categories and broad dimensions to perceivers via multiplexed facial signal components. Our results provide insights into the ontology and system of facial expression communication and a new information-theoretic framework that can characterize its complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Yaocong Duan
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Robin A A Ince
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Chaona Chen
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Oliver G B Garrod
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Philippe G Schyns
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Rachael E Jack
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
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Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of music on affective changes (mid- and post-exercise) and further investigated the influence of the affective changes on exercise intention. A repeated measures design incorporating counterbalancing techniques was used in the conduction of the study on 80 university students (40 female students). Participants engaged in a stationary cycling exercise at conditions of ventilatory and sub-ventilatory thresholds, and their exercise intention was measured in addition to their affect and attentional focus, mid- and post-exercise. Listening to music mid-exercise helped in improving exercise intention by producing a positive affective experience. Music was found to better predict exercise intention through affective valence in contrast to the activation dimension. Future research may investigate the effects of affective changes due to music on exercise intention and continuation at high exercise intensity exceeding ventilatory threshold (VT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjin Shin
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kangwon National University, Samcheok-si, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
This study presents subjective ratings for 3,022 Croatian words, which were evaluated on two affective dimensions (valence and arousal) and one lexico-semantic variable (concreteness). A sample of 933 Croatian native speakers rated the words online. Ratings showed high reliabilities for all three variables, as well as significant correlations with ratings from databases available in Spanish and English. A quadratic relation between valence and arousal was observed, with a tendency for arousal to increase for negative and positive words, and neutral words having the lowest arousal ratings. In addition, significant correlations were found between affective dimensions and word concreteness, suggesting that abstract words have a tendency to be more arousing and emotional than concrete words. The present database will allow experimental research in Croatian, a language with a considerable lack of psycholinguistic norms, by providing researchers with a useful tool in the investigation of the relationship between language and emotion for the South-Slavic group of languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Ćoso
- 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marc Guasch
- 2 Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavior Assessment, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferré
- 2 Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavior Assessment, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hinojosa
- 3 Facultad de Psicología, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Marchewka A, Wypych M, Moslehi A, Riegel M, Michałowski JM, Jednoróg K. Arousal Rather than Basic Emotions Influence Long-Term Recognition Memory in Humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:198. [PMID: 27818626 PMCID: PMC5073153 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion can influence various cognitive processes, however its impact on memory has been traditionally studied over relatively short retention periods and in line with dimensional models of affect. The present study aimed to investigate emotional effects on long-term recognition memory according to a combined framework of affective dimensions and basic emotions. Images selected from the Nencki Affective Picture System were rated on the scale of affective dimensions and basic emotions. After 6 months, subjects took part in a surprise recognition test during an fMRI session. The more negative the pictures the better they were remembered, but also the more false recognitions they provoked. Similar effects were found for the arousal dimension. Recognition success was greater for pictures with lower intensity of happiness and with higher intensity of surprise, sadness, fear, and disgust. Consecutive fMRI analyses showed a significant activation for remembered (recognized) vs. forgotten (not recognized) images in anterior cingulate and bilateral anterior insula as well as in bilateral caudate nuclei and right thalamus. Further, arousal was found to be the only subjective rating significantly modulating brain activation. Higher subjective arousal evoked higher activation associated with memory recognition in the right caudate and the left cingulate gyrus. Notably, no significant modulation was observed for other subjective ratings, including basic emotion intensities. These results emphasize the crucial role of arousal for long-term recognition memory and support the hypothesis that the memorized material, over time, becomes stored in a distributed cortical network including the core salience network and basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Wypych
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abnoos Moslehi
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Riegel
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
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Riegel M, Wierzba M, Grabowska A, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A. Effect of emotion on memory for words and their context. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1636-45. [PMID: 26560407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotion influences various cognitive processes, such as memory. This beneficial or detrimental effect can be studied with verbal material, yet in this case a broad term of context has to be taken into account. The present work reviews recent literature and proposes that traditional differentiation between semantic and environmental context should be replaced with a novel conceptualization of hippocampus-dependent relational memory and item memory (related to the activations of cuneus and left amygdala). Additionally, instead of list-learning paradigms, words should be memorized in the context of sentences or stories for better control over their meaning. The recent evidence suggests that of particular importance for ecological validity in research paradigms is the presence of communicative and social context of verbal material related to such processes as theory of mind and brain activations in temporoparietal junction, posterior cingulate cortex, and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. We propose that studying memory of verbal material within context gives a better understanding of enhancing and impairing effects of emotion as well as of the underlying brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riegel
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Małgorzata Wierzba
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw.,University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
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