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Neufeld RWJ, Shanahan MJ. Formal Innovations in Clinical Cognitive Science and Assessment. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214211070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling is increasingly driving progress in clinical cognitive science and assessment. Mathematical modeling is essential for detecting certain effects of psychopathology through comprehensive understanding of telltale cognitive variables, such as workload capacity and efficiency in using capacity, as well as for quantitatively stipulating the subtle but important differences among these variables. The research paradigm guiding this formal clinical science is outlined. A distinctive cognitive abnormality in schizophrenia—taking longer to cognitively represent encountered stimulation—is used as a specific example to illustrate a general quantitative framework for studying intricate phenomena that impair mental health. Developments in mathematical modeling will also benefit symptom description and prediction; provide grounding in cognitive and statistical science for new methods of clinical assessment over time, both for individuals and for treatment regimens; and contribute to refining the cognitive-function side of clinical functional neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. J. Neufeld
- Department of Psychology, Western University
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University
- Neuroscience Program, Western University
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus
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Isherwood SJS, Keuken MC, Bazin PL, Forstmann BU. Cortical and subcortical contributions to interference resolution and inhibition - An fMRI ALE meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:245-260. [PMID: 34310977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interacting with our environment requires the selection of appropriate responses and the inhibition of others. Such effortful inhibition is achieved by a number of interference resolution and global inhibition processes. This meta-analysis including 57 studies and 73 contrasts revisits the overlap and differences in brain areas supporting interference resolution and global inhibition in cortical and subcortical brain areas. Activation likelihood estimation was used to discern the brain regions subserving each type of cognitive control. Individual contrast analysis revealed a common activation of the bilateral insula and supplementary motor areas. Subtraction analyses demonstrated the voxel-wise differences in recruitment in a number of areas including the precuneus in the interference tasks and the frontal pole and dorsal striatum in the inhibition tasks. Our results display a surprising lack of subcortical involvement within these types of cognitive control, a finding that is likely to reflect a systematic gap in the field of functional neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J S Isherwood
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M C Keuken
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P L Bazin
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B U Forstmann
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Postbus 15926, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cattarinussi G, Delvecchio G, Maggioni E, Bressi C, Brambilla P. Ultra-high field imaging in Major Depressive Disorder: a review of structural and functional studies. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:65-73. [PMID: 33993082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe and pervasive psychiatric condition with a lifetime prevalence of 15-25%. Numerous Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies employing scans at field strengths of 1.5T or 3T have been carried out in the last decades, providing an unprecedented insight into the neural correlates of MDD. However, in recent years, MRI technology has largely progressed and the use of scans at ultra-high field (≥ 7T) has improved the sensitivity and the resolution of MR images. In this context, with this review we aim to summarize evidence of structural and functional brain mechanisms underlying MDD obtained with ultra-high field MRI. METHODS We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science of neuroimaging studies on MDD patients, which employed ultra-high field MRI. We detected six structural MRI studies, two Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies and five functional MRI (fMRI) studies. RESULTS Overall, the MRI and DTI studies showed volumetric and structural connectivity alterations in the hippocampus and, to a lesser extent, in the amygdala. In contrast, more heterogeneous results were reported by fMRI studies, which, though, described functional abnormalities in the cingulate cortex, thalamus and several other brain areas. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and the heterogeneity in patients' samples, processing and study design limit the conclusion of the present review. CONCLUSIONS Studies employing scans at ultra-high magnetic field may provide a useful contribution to the mixed body of literature on MDD. This preliminary but promising evidence confirms the importance of performing ultra-high field MRI investigations in order to detect and better characterize subtle brain abnormalities in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bressi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Limongi R, Jeon P, Mackinley M, Das T, Dempster K, Théberge J, Bartha R, Wong D, Palaniyappan L. Glutamate and Dysconnection in the Salience Network: Neurochemical, Effective Connectivity, and Computational Evidence in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:273-281. [PMID: 32312577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dysconnection in schizophrenia is underwritten by a pathophysiology of the glutamate neurotransmission that affects the excitation-inhibition balance in key nodes of the salience network. Physiologically, this manifests as aberrant effective connectivity in intrinsic connections involving inhibitory interneurons. In computational terms, this produces a pathology of evidence accumulation and ensuing inference in the brain. Finally, the pathophysiology and aberrant inference would partially account for the psychopathology of schizophrenia as measured in terms of symptoms and signs. We refer to this formulation as the 3-level hypothesis. METHODS We tested the hypothesis in core nodes of the salience network (the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] and the anterior insula) of 20 patients with first-episode psychosis and 20 healthy control subjects. We established 3-way correlations between the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of glutamate, effective connectivity of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and correlations between measures of this connectivity and estimates of precision (inherent in evidence accumulation in the Stroop task) and psychopathology. RESULTS Glutamate concentration in the dACC was associated with higher and lower inhibitory connectivity in the dACC and in the anterior insula, respectively. Crucially, glutamate concentration correlated negatively with the inhibitory influence on the excitatory neuronal population in the dACC of subjects with first-episode psychosis. Furthermore, aberrant computational parameters of the Stroop task performance were associated with aberrant inhibitory connections. Finally, the strength of connections from the dACC to the anterior insula correlated negatively with severity of social withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a link between glutamate-mediated cortical disinhibition, effective-connectivity deficits, and computational performance in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Limongi
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Mackinley
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tushar Das
- Department of Strategic Enterprise Solutions, Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Dempster
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Neuropsychiatry Imaging Lab, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dickson Wong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Stoica T, Knight LK, Naaz F, Ramic M, Depue BE. Cortical morphometry and structural connectivity relate to executive function and estradiol level in healthy adolescents. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01413. [PMID: 31568680 PMCID: PMC6908880 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotional and behavioral control is necessary self-regulatory processes to maintain stable goal-driven behavior. Studies indicate that variance in these executive function (EF) processes is related to morphological features of the brain and white matter (WM) differences. Furthermore, sex hormone level may modulate circuits in the brain important for cognitive function. METHODS We aimed to investigate the structural neural correlates of EF behavior in gray matter (GM) and WM while taking into account estradiol level, in an adolescent population. The present study obtained neuroimaging behavioral and physiological data from the National Institute of Health's Pediatric Database (NIHPD). We analyzed the relationship between cortical morphometry and structural connectivity (N = 55), using a parent-administered behavioral monitoring instrument (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-BRIEF), estradiol level, as well as their interaction. RESULTS Executive function behavior and estradiol level related to bidirectional associations with cortical morphometry in the right posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (pDLPFC) and primary motor cortex (PMC), as well as fractional anisotropy (FA) in the forceps major and minor. Lastly, the interaction of EF behavior and estradiol level related to decreased volume in the right PMC and was linked to altered FA in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (iFOF). CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence that the relationship between EF behavior and estradiol level related to bidirectional GM and WM differences, implying estradiol level has an influence on the putative structural regions underlying EF behavior. The findings represent a crucial link between EF behavior and hormonal influence on brain structure in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Stoica
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lindsay Kathleen Knight
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Farah Naaz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melina Ramic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Brendan E Depue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Abstract
Neuropsychiatric illnesses including mood disorders are accompanied by cognitive impairment, which impairs work capacity and quality of life. However, there is a lack of treatment options that would lead to solid and lasting improvement of cognition. This is partially due to the absence of valid and reliable neurocircuitry-based biomarkers for pro-cognitive effects. This systematic review therefore examined the most consistent neural underpinnings of cognitive impairment and cognitive improvement in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We identified 100 studies of the neuronal underpinnings of working memory and executive skills, learning and memory, attention, and implicit learning and 9 studies of the neuronal basis for cognitive improvements. Impairments across several cognitive domains were consistently accompanied by abnormal activity in dorsal prefrontal (PFC) cognitive control regions-with the direction of this activity depending on patients' performance levels-and failure to suppress default mode network (DMN) activity. Candidate cognition treatments seemed to enhance task-related dorsal PFC and temporo-parietal activity when performance increases were observed, and to reduce their activity when performance levels were unchanged. These treatments also attenuated DMN hyper-activity. In contrast, nonspecific cognitive improvement following symptom reduction was typically accompanied by decreased limbic reactivity and reversal of pre-treatment fronto-parietal hyper-activity. Together, the findings highlight some common neural correlates of cognitive impairments and cognitive improvements. Based on this evidence, studies are warranted to examine the reliability and predictive validity of target engagement in the identified neurocircuitries as a biomarker model of pro-cognitive effects.
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Penner J, Osuch EA, Schaefer B, Théberge J, Neufeld RWJ, Menon RS, Rajakumar N, Williamson PC. Temporoparietal Junction Functional Connectivity in Early Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:2470547018815232. [PMID: 32440588 PMCID: PMC7219936 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018815232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) has been linked to lower-level attentional
and higher-level social processing, both of which are affected in
schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined resting
functional connectivity of bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ in SZ and
MDD to evaluate potential anomalies in each disorder and differences between
disorders. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from
24 patients with SZ, 24 patients with MDD, and 24 age-matched healthy
controls. We performed seed-based functional connectivity analyses with seed
regions in bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ, covarying for gender and
smoking. Results SZ had reduced connectivity versus controls between left anterior TPJ and
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC);
between left posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left dorsal PFC, and
right lateral PFC; between right anterior TPJ and bilateral PCC; and between
right posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left posterior insula, and
right insula. MDD had reduced connectivity versus controls between left
posterior TPJ and right dlPFC and between right posterior TPJ and PCC and
dlPFC. SZ had reduced connectivity versus MDD between right posterior TPJ
and left fusiform gyrus and right superior-posterior temporal cortex. Conclusion Functional connectivity to the TPJ was demonstrated to be disrupted in both
SZ and MDD. However, TPJ connectivity may differ in these disorders with
reduced connectivity in SZ versus MDD between TPJ and posterior brain
regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Penner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Osuch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Betsy Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard W J Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nagalingam Rajakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Zaytseva Y, Fajnerová I, Dvořáček B, Bourama E, Stamou I, Šulcová K, Motýl J, Horáček J, Rodriguez M, Španiel F. Theoretical Modeling of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia by Means of Errors and Corresponding Brain Networks. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 30026711 PMCID: PMC6042473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The current evidence of cognitive disturbances and brain alterations in schizophrenia does not provide the plausible explanation of the underlying mechanisms. Neuropsychological studies outlined the cognitive profile of patients with schizophrenia, that embodied the substantial disturbances in perceptual and motor processes, spatial functions, verbal and non-verbal memory, processing speed and executive functioning. Standardized scoring in the majority of the neurocognitive tests renders the index scores or the achievement indicating the severity of the cognitive impairment rather than the actual performance by means of errors. At the same time, the quantitative evaluation may lead to the situation when two patients with the same index score of the particular cognitive test, demonstrate qualitatively different performances. This may support the view why test paradigms that habitually incorporate different cognitive variables associate weakly, reflecting an ambiguity in the interpretation of noted cognitive constructs. With minor exceptions, cognitive functions are not attributed to the localized activity but eventuate from the coordinated activity in the generally dispersed brain networks. Functional neuroimaging has progressively explored the connectivity in the brain networks in the absence of the specific task and during the task processing. The spatio-temporal fluctuations of the activity of the brain areas detected in the resting state and being highly reproducible in numerous studies, resemble the activation and communication patterns during the task performance. Relatedly, the activation in the specific brain regions oftentimes is attributed to a number of cognitive processes. Given the complex organization of the cognitive functions, it becomes crucial to designate the roles of the brain networks in relation to the specific cognitive functions. One possible approach is to identify the commonalities of the deficits across the number of cognitive tests or, common errors in the various tests and identify their common "denominators" in the brain networks. The qualitative characterization of cognitive performance might be beneficial in addressing diffuse cognitive alterations presumably caused by the dysconnectivity of the distributed brain networks. Therefore, in the review, we use this approach in the description of standardized tests in the scope of potential errors in patients with schizophrenia with a subsequent reference to the brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Zaytseva
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Eva Bourama
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ilektra Stamou
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Šulcová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Motýl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Filip Španiel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Matzke D, Hughes M, Badcock JC, Michie P, Heathcote A. Failures of cognitive control or attention? The case of stop-signal deficits in schizophrenia. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:1078-1086. [PMID: 28185228 PMCID: PMC5413535 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used Bayesian cognitive modelling to identify the underlying causes of apparent inhibitory deficits in the stop-signal paradigm. The analysis was applied to stop-signal data reported by Badcock et al. (Psychological Medicine 32: 87-297, 2002) and Hughes et al. (Biological Psychology 89: 220-231, 2012), where schizophrenia patients and control participants made rapid choice responses, but on some trials were signalled to stop their ongoing response. Previous research has assumed an inhibitory deficit in schizophrenia, because estimates of the mean time taken to react to the stop signal are longer in patients than controls. We showed that these longer estimates are partly due to failing to react to the stop signal ("trigger failures") and partly due to a slower initiation of inhibition, implicating a failure of attention rather than a deficit in the inhibitory process itself. Correlations between the probability of trigger failures and event-related potentials reported by Hughes et al. are interpreted as supporting the attentional account of inhibitory deficits. Our results, and those of Matzke et al. (2016), who report that controls also display a substantial although lower trigger-failure rate, indicate that attentional factors need to be taken into account when interpreting results from the stop-signal paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Matzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15906, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthew Hughes
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Patricia Michie
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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