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Ackeret N, Röthlin P, Horvath S. Factors contributing to elite athletes' mental health in the junior-to-senior transition: A mixed methods study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102645. [PMID: 38608852 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to examine factors that may affect the mental health of elite athletes during their junior-to-senior transition and to explore the types and frequency of facilitators and challenges athletes encounter during this transition. Using a cross-sectional, embedded QUAN(qual) mixed methods study design, we surveyed two samples for the study goals. All participants completed demographic data (e.g., gender, age, sports). Sample one (N = 394, Mage = 18.46 years, SD = 2.2) consisted of current transitioning athletes which completed questionnaires on stress, anxiety, depression, well-being, self-compassion, and social support. Mediation and moderation analyses revealed that stress leads to resource depletion, and that self-compassion can be an important resource for young athletes to draw upon to maintain their mental health. Regarding social support results were less conclusive. Sample two (N = 371, Mage = 27.70 years, SD = 8.3) consisted of athletes that have passed the transition. They responded to open questions about helpful strategies and challenges faced during their junior-to-senior transition, which were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results showed that during the junior-to-senior transition, external resources were more frequently mentioned than internal resources when it came to facilitators. Furthermore, external challenges were perceived as hindering more frequently than internal challenges. These findings can guide practitioners by providing potential starting points for improving the mental health of transitioning elite athletes, as well as information on helpful strategies and barriers during the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Ackeret
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Röthlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland; Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Horvath
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Laure T, Engels RCME, Remmerswaal D, Spruijt-Metz D, Konigorski S, Boffo M. Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e46603. [PMID: 37889525 PMCID: PMC10638637 DOI: 10.2196/46603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many university students experience mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. To support their mental health, a transdiagnostic mobile app intervention has been developed. The intervention provides short exercises rooted in various approaches (eg, positive psychology, mindfulness, self-compassion, and acceptance and commitment therapy) that aim to facilitate adaptive emotion regulation (ER) to help students cope with the various stressors they encounter during their time at university. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study are to investigate whether the intervention and its components function as intended and how participants engage with them. In addition, this study aims to monitor changes in distress symptoms and ER skills and identify relevant contextual factors that may moderate the intervention's impact. METHODS A sequential explanatory mixed methods design combining a microrandomized trial and semistructured interviews will be used. During the microrandomized trial, students (N=200) will be prompted via the mobile app twice a day for 3 weeks to evaluate their emotional states and complete a randomly assigned intervention (ie, an exercise supporting ER) or a control intervention (ie, a health information snippet). A subsample of participants (21/200, 10.5%) will participate in interviews exploring their user experience with the app and the completed exercises. The primary outcomes will be changes in emotional states and engagement with the intervention (ie, objective and subjective engagement). Objective engagement will be evaluated through log data (eg, exercise completion time). Subjective engagement will be evaluated through exercise likability and helpfulness ratings as well as user experience interviews. The secondary outcomes will include the distal outcomes of the intervention (ie, ER skills and distress symptoms). Finally, the contextual moderators of intervention effectiveness will be explored (eg, the time of day and momentary emotional states). RESULTS The study commenced on February 9, 2023, and the data collection was concluded on June 13, 2023. Of the 172 eligible participants, 161 (93.6%) decided to participate. Of these 161 participants, 137 (85.1%) completed the first phase of the study. A subsample of participants (18/172, 10.5%) participated in the user experience interviews. Currently, the data processing and analyses are being conducted. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide insight into the functioning of the intervention and identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, the findings will shed light on potential changes in the distal outcomes of the intervention (ie, ER skills and distress symptoms), which will be considered when designing a follow-up randomized controlled trial evaluating the full-scale effectiveness of this intervention. Finally, the results and data gathered will be used to design and train a recommendation algorithm that will be integrated into the app linking students to relevant content. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05576883; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05576883. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/46603.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajda Laure
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Remmerswaal
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Dornsife Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Konigorski
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Finlay-Jones AL, Parkinson A, Sirois F, Perry Y, Boyes M, Rees CS. Web-Based Self-Compassion Training to Improve the Well-Being of Youth With Chronic Medical Conditions: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44016. [PMID: 37703081 PMCID: PMC10534292 DOI: 10.2196/44016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to one-third of young people live with chronic physical conditions (eg, diabetes, asthma, and autoimmune disease) that frequently involve recurrent pain, fatigue, activity limitations, stigma, and isolation. These issues may be exacerbated as young people transition through adolescence. Accordingly, young people with chronic illness are at a high risk of psychological distress. Accessible, evidence-based interventions for young people with chronic illnesses are urgently needed to improve well-being, support adaptation, and enhance daily functioning. Self-compassion, which is an adaptive means of relating to oneself during times of difficulty, is a promising intervention target for this population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to test the efficacy of a 4-week, self-guided, web-based self-compassion training program for improving well-being among young Australians (aged 16-25 years) living with a chronic medical condition. The primary outcomes were self-compassion, emotion regulation difficulties, and coping; the secondary outcomes were well-being, distress, and quality of life. We also sought to test whether changes in primary outcomes mediated changes in secondary outcomes and gather feedback about the strengths and limitations of the program. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial comparing a 4-week, fully automated, web-based self-compassion training program with a waitlist control. Participants were recruited via the internet, and outcomes were self-assessed at 4 (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after the baseline time point via a web-based survey. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the program feedback. RESULTS Overall, 151 patients (age: mean 21.15, SD 2.77 years; female patients: n=132, 87.4%) were randomized to the intervention (n=76, 50.3%) and control (n=75, 49.7%) groups. The loss-to-follow-up rate was 47.4%, and program use statistics indicated that only 29% (22/76) of young people in the experimental group completed 100% of the program. The main reported barrier to completion was a lack of time. As anticipated, treatment effects were observed for self-compassion (P=.01; partial η2=0.05; small effect); well-being (P≤.001; partial η2=0.07; medium effect); and distress (P=.003; partial η2=0.054; small-medium effect) at the posttest time point and maintained at follow-up. Contrary to our hypotheses, no intervention effects were observed for emotion regulation difficulties or maladaptive coping strategies. Improvements in adaptive coping were observed at the posttest time point but were not maintained at follow-up. Self-compassion, but not emotion regulation difficulties or coping, mediated the improvements in well-being. CONCLUSIONS Minimal-contact, web-based self-compassion training can confer mental health benefits on young people with chronic conditions. This group experiences substantial challenges to participation in mental health supports, and program engagement and retention in this trial were suboptimal. Future work should focus on refining the program content, engagement, and delivery to optimize engagement and treatment outcomes for the target group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12619000572167; https://tinyurl.com/5n6hevt. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12889-020-8226-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Louise Finlay-Jones
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Asha Parkinson
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Fuschia Sirois
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Perry
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Clare S Rees
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Luo X, Che X, Li H. Concurrent TMS-EEG and EEG reveal neuroplastic and oscillatory changes associated with self-compassion and negative emotions. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100343. [PMID: 36299492 PMCID: PMC9577271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Self-compassion has a consensual relevance for overall mental health, but its mechanisms remain unknown. Using intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), this study investigated the causal relationship of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with self-compassion and explored the changes in neuroplasticity and neural dynamics. Method Thirty-two healthy participants received iTBS or sham stimulation over the DLPFC, before and after which they were instructed to either use self-compassionate strategies or to be rejected in the context of social rejection and to report the level of self-compassion or negative affect. TMS-evoked potentials were evaluated as novel neuroplastic techniques with N45, P60, N100, and P180. Results iTBS uniquely decreased P180 amplitude measured with TMS-EEG whereby sham stimulation had no effect on neuroplasticity. In line with neuroplasticity changes, iTBS enhanced a widespread gamma band power and coherence, which correlated consistently with increased engagement in self-compassion. Meanwhile, iTBS demonstrated opposite effects on theta activity dependent on the social contexts whereby self-compassion decreased and social rejection enhanced it respectively. This unique effect of iTBS on theta activity was also supplemented by the enhancement of theta band coherence following iTBS. Conclusions We found a causal relationship between DLPFC and self-compassion. We also provide evidence to indicate widespread gamma activity and connectivity to correlate with self-compassion as well as the critical role of the DLPFC in modulating theta activity and negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Ministry of Education; Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science; School of Psychology, South China Normal University
| | - Xianwei Che
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,TMS Centre, Deqing Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Ministry of Education; Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science; School of Psychology, South China Normal University,Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Corresponding author.
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Zhu R, Fang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Wei J, Zhang S, Wang L, Fan R, Wang L, Li S, Chen T. Psychobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JYLP-326 relieves anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in test anxious college via modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolism. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158137. [PMID: 37033942 PMCID: PMC10077425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Test anxiety is a common issue among college students, which can affect their physical and psychological health. However, effective interventions or therapeutic strategies are still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the potential effects of Lactobacillus plantarum JYLP-326 on test anxious college students. Methods Sixty anxious students were enrolled and randomly allocated to the placebo group and the probiotic group. Both groups were instructed to take placebo and JYLP-326 products twice per day for three weeks, respectively. Thirty unanxious students with no treatments were assigned to a regular control group. The anxiety, depression, and insomnia questionnaires were used to measure students' mental states at the baseline and the end of this study. 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were performed to analyze the changes in the gut microbiota and fecal metabolism. Results The questionnaire results suggested that JYLP-326 administration could relieve the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in test anxious students. The gut microbiomes of the placebo group showed a significantly greater diversity index than the control group (p < 0.05). An increased abundance of Bacteroides and Roseburia at the genus level was observed in the placebo group, and the relative abundance of Prevotella and Bifidobacterium decreased. Whereas, JYLP-326 administration could partly restore the disturbed gut microbiota. Additionally, test anxiety was correlated with disordered fecal metabolomics such as a higher Ethyl sulfate and a lower Cyclohexylamine, which could be reversed after taking JYLP-326. Furthermore, the changed microbiota and fecal metabolites were significantly associated with anxiety-related symptoms. Conclusion The results indicate that the intervention of L. plantarum JYLP-326 could be an effective strategy to alleviate anxiety, depression, and insomnia in test anxious college students. The potential mechanism underlying this effect could be related to the regulation of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhe Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yilin Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingfang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tingtao Chen, ; Shengjie Li,
| | - Tingtao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tingtao Chen, ; Shengjie Li,
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Jiang MM, Gao K, Wu ZY, Guo PP. The influence of academic pressure on adolescents’ problem behavior: Chain mediating effects of self-control, parent–child conflict, and subjective well-being. Front Psychol 2022; 13:954330. [PMID: 36211862 PMCID: PMC9534181 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a negative social issue, teenagers’ problem behavior not only affects individuals’ physical and mental health and social function development but is also not conducive to social harmony and stability. This study mainly discusses the influence of academic pressure on adolescents’ problem behavior, and the potential relationship between these and academic pressure, examining issues such as self-control, parent–child conflict, and subjective well-being. The data were collected from the fifth wave of the China Family Panel Studies (2017–2018). The data of 2,465 teenagers aged 10–15 were analyzed by LISREL8.8 software. The results show that academic pressure positively affects adolescents’ deviant behavior. The mediation model finds that parent–child conflict and self-control play a direct mediating role between academic pressure and adolescents’ behavioral problems. Parent–child conflict, self-control, and subjective well-being have important chain mediation effects between academic pressure and adolescents’ problem behavior. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of such problems, it is necessary to further strengthen individuals’ ability to maintain self-control, promote or cultivate adolescents’ character strengths, create a harmonious family atmosphere, reduce the probability of parent–child conflict, and increase the subjective well-being of teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-min Jiang
- School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai Gao
- School of Management, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Gao,
| | - Zheng-yu Wu
- School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pei-pei Guo
- School of Management, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wouters-Soomers L, Van Ruysseveldt J, Bos AER, Jacobs N. An individual perspective on psychological safety: The role of basic need satisfaction and self-compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:920908. [PMID: 36059778 PMCID: PMC9434267 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological safety is important for the well-being and productivity of people in the workplace. Psychological safety becomes even more important and even more difficult to maintain in times of uncertainty. Previous research mainly focused on the influence of and on interpersonal relationships. This study applies an individual perspective by investigating what is needed on an individual level in order to build psychological safety. The expectation was that self-compassion induces an individual to experience higher positive affect, and this advances the development of positive relations and social acceptance. Moreover, we assumed that the mediation of the relationship between self-compassion and positive relations and social acceptance by positive affect is moderated by the level of basic need satisfaction. Participants (N = 560) from the Netherlands and Belgium completed an online questionnaire about their level of self-compassion, basic need satisfaction, positive affect and positive relations and social acceptance. Using hierarchical regression analyses for moderated mediation analysis, results showed that self-compassion and positive affect had a significant positive effect on positive relations and social acceptance. Positive affect significantly mediated the relationship between self-compassion and positive relations and social acceptance, when basic need satisfaction was low, but not when basic need satisfaction was high. Our research showed that individuals need either their basic needs satisfied or self-compassion so they can build the high-quality relations needed to stimulate psychological safety. This finding shifts attention from the dyadic relationship to the individual and highlights important factors at the individual level which advance the development of high-quality relationships with others.
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The mediating role of self-compassion and its components in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mok A. Feeling at Home in Two Cultural Worlds: Bicultural Identity Integration Moderates Felt Authenticity. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221211072798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bicultural individuals navigate and identify with two cultures. Biculturals differ in levels of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII)—how much their two cultural identities are combined and compatible (high BII) versus divided and conflicting (low BII). We hypothesized that during conformity in cultural ingroup contexts, biculturals with low BII feel inauthentic (being untrue to themselves), whereas biculturals with high BII feel authentic (being true to themselves). Across four experiments with Asian-Americans, expressing cultural conformity (vs. non-conformity) in Asian or American contexts produced felt inauthenticity among participants with low BII but not high BII (Studies 1–3). Felt inauthenticity was due to cultural identity threat (perceived identity exclusion) (Study 2). Activating self-kindness counteracted felt inauthenticity for low BII participants during cultural conformity (Study 3) and produced felt authenticity (Study 4). Our findings imply that responding kindly to the self makes biculturals at ease in their cultural homes, at least temporarily.
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Kurebayashi Y. The effect of revised process recording on self-focus and self-compassion: A randomized controlled pilot study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:1282-1291. [PMID: 33184861 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-five university nursing students in Japan participated in this randomized controlled trial. The revised process recording referred to self-compassion. Both the control and intervention groups completed the self-compassion scale (SCS) pre- and post-intervention. A repeated two-way analysis of variance examined the interaction effect of time × group on the SCS subscales. FINDINGS A significant interaction effect was observed only for mindfulness; the score only increased in the intervention group. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE The revised process recording might facilitate self-compassion, making it appropriate for nursing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kurebayashi
- Faculty of Nursing, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
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11
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Nonaka S, Sakai M. Psychological Factors Associated with Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori). Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:463-470. [PMID: 34053211 PMCID: PMC8169334 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cases of prolonged social withdrawal (hikikomori) have recently been reported in several countries. This study examined the impact of cognitive-behavioral and emotional factors on hikikomori behavior to identify intervention targets. Identifying such targets could facilitate the development of techniques to address hikikomori characteristics. METHODS Two hundred Japanese individuals (mean age=38.73, SD=6.85) completed the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori and Stress Response Scale-18, along with the Japanese versions of the Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. Participants were divided into two groups: individuals with no experience of social withdrawal, and those with experience of social withdrawal. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress were associated with hikikomori behaviors. Furthermore, higher instrumental support levels, associated with a decrease in hikikomori behaviors, were found in the hikikomori group. CONCLUSION The use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress should be targeted in hikikomori prevention interventions. Moreover, encouragement for the use of instrumental support is needed for improving hikikomori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nonaka
- School of Child Psychology, Tokyo Future University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sakai
- Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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12
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Chio FHN, Mak WWS, Yu BCL. Meta-analytic review on the differential effects of self-compassion components on well-being and psychological distress: The moderating role of dialecticism on self-compassion. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 85:101986. [PMID: 33667941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although self-compassion has been extensively studied in the recent decades, the representation of self-compassion as a unitary measure or the presence of self-warmth (i.e., presence of the positive components: self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) and self-coldness (i.e., presence of the negative components: self-judgment, isolation, and mindfulness) remains controversial. Moreover, the differential effects of the six components of self-compassion on mental well-being and psychological distress have not been systematically investigated. To synthesize the differential effects of the six components of self-compassion and to examine how people in different cultures may associate the positive and negative components of self-compassion differentially, the present meta-analysis synthesized 183 effect sizes across 27 cultures. Results showed that the negative components of self-compassion (rs = 0.44 to 0.45) showed greater effect sizes with psychological distress than the positive counterparts (rs = -0.17 to -0.29) whereas the positive components of SCS (rs = 0.29 to.39) showed greater effect sizes with mental well-being than the negative counterparts (rs = -0.29 to -0.36), with the exception of common humanity and isolation (r = 0.29 and - 0.36). Cultural orientation of dialecticism moderated the association between the positive and the negative components of self-compassion, with dialectical cultures showing lower associations between the two opposing components. Findings have implications on the design and implementation of self-compassion interventions cross-culturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floria H N Chio
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie W S Mak
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Ben C L Yu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Positive Psychology for Mental Wellbeing of UK Therapeutic Students: Relationships with Engagement, Motivation, Resilience and Self-Compassion. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:1611-1626. [PMID: 33456408 PMCID: PMC7802612 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationships between mental wellbeing and positive psychological constructs in therapeutic students (psychotherapy and occupational therapy students). The number of therapeutic students has increased recently; however, they suffer from poor mental health, which may be improved by potentiating their positive psychological constructs, bypassing mental health shame. Therapeutic students (n = 145) completed measures regarding positive psychological constructs, namely mental wellbeing, engagement, motivation, resilience, and self-compassion. Resilience and self-compassion predicted mental wellbeing, explaining a large effect. Self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between resilience and mental wellbeing. This study highlights the importance of positive psychological constructs, especially resilience and self-compassion, for mental wellbeing of therapeutic students.
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Zhao Q, Ren Q, Sun Y, Wan L, Hu L. Impact Factors of Empathy in Mainland Chinese Youth. Front Psychol 2020; 11:688. [PMID: 32508694 PMCID: PMC7248207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy was investigated in 592 Mainland Chinese youth using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Participants’ empathy-related information covering demographic traits, emotional wellness, as well as academic and social problems were recorded. Results of Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis showed that emotional empathy, cognitive empathy, and empathy-related personal distress was impacted by inherited traits (e.g., sex), acquired traits (e.g., study major), and a combination of both aspects, respectively. Moreover, empathy was found to be higher in youth in a vulnerable social position (i.e., outlander, female, and ethnic minority) than those in a dominant one (i.e., local, male, and ethnic majority). It was also found that personal distress, rather than empathy, was significantly correlated with academic, social, and emotional problems in the youth cohort. Hence, the current study provided an innovative observation of the relationships between empathy, personal distress, ethnicity, social vulnerability, wellness, study major, and other key characteristics in Mainland Chinese youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyue Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Self-Compassion Demonstrating a Dual Relationship with Pain Dependent on High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:3126036. [PMID: 32148598 PMCID: PMC7049406 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3126036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One previous study indicated the significance of trait self-compassion in psychological well-being and adjustment in people with chronic pain. Higher-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was found to be closely associated with self-compassion and pain coping. The current study was therefore designed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and experimental pain as well as the impact of HF-HRV. Sixty healthy participants provided self-reported self-compassion and underwent a cold pain protocol during which HF-HRV was evaluated. Results demonstrated a dual relationship between self-compassion and pain, dependent on the level of HF-HRV during pain exposure. Specifically, self-compassion was associated with lower pain in the condition of higher HF-HRV, while there was an inverse relationship between self-compassion and pain when HF-HRV was lower. Our data indicate the significance of HF-HRV in moderating the association between self-compassion and experimental pain.
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Investigating the Influence and a Potential Mechanism of Self-Compassion on Experimental Pain: Evidence From a Compassionate Self-Talk Protocol and Heart Rate Variability. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:790-797. [PMID: 31760110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated a positive relationship between self-compassion and psychological and emotional well-being in chronic pain populations. However, evidence on the role and mechanisms of self-compassion in pain perception is largely limited. The current study was designed to investigate the effects and a potential mechanism of self-compassion on experimental pain. Thirty healthy participants underwent a compassionate self-talk protocol, which was followed by cold pain exposure during which high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was evaluated. The compassionate self-talk protocol successfully generated compassionate statements among the participants. Our behavioral data showed lower pain ratings in the self-compassion compared to the control condition. Moreover, self-compassion manipulation resulted in higher HF-HRV during pain, which was associated with lower pain ratings. We present interesting findings that a short period of compassionate self-talk may decrease experimental pain as well as mechanistic evidence surrounding bodily control over pain-related arousal indicated by HF-HRV. PERSPECTIVE: This study presents the first line of evidence that a short period of compassionate self-talk may be sufficient to reduce experimental pain. We also demonstrate increased bodily control as a potential mechanism underlying this effect.
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Keng SL, Wong YY. Association among self-compassion, childhood invalidation, and borderline personality disorder symptomatology in a Singaporean sample. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 29209501 PMCID: PMC5704523 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linehan's biosocial theory posits that parental invalidation during childhood plays a role in the development of borderline personality disorder symptoms later in life. However, little research has examined components of the biosocial model in an Asian context, and variables that may influence the relationship between childhood invalidation and borderline symptoms. Self-compassion is increasingly regarded as an adaptive way to regulate one's emotions and to relate to oneself, and may serve to moderate the association between invalidation and borderline symptoms. The present study investigated the association among childhood invalidation, self-compassion, and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a sample of Singaporean undergraduate students. METHODS Two hundred and ninety undergraduate students from a large Singaporean university were recruited and completed measures assessing childhood invalidation, self-compassion, and borderline personality disorder symptoms. RESULTS Analyses using multiple regression indicated that both childhood invalidation and self-compassion significantly predicted borderline personality disorder symptomatology. Results from moderation analyses indicated that relationship between childhood invalidation and borderline personality disorder symptomatology did not vary as a function of self-compassion. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence in support of aspects of the biosocial model in an Asian context, and demonstrates a strong association between self-compassion and borderline personality disorder symptoms, independent of one's history of parental invalidation during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian-Ling Keng
- Division of Social Sciences, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
- Elm College Office, 12 College Ave West, #01-201, Singapore, 138610 Singapore
| | - Yun Yi Wong
- Psychological Studies Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Research indicates that self-compassion is relevant to adolescents' psychological well-being, and may inform the development of mental health and well-being interventions for youth. This meta-analysis synthesises the existing literature to estimate the magnitude of effect for the association between self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents. Our search identified 19 relevant studies of adolescents (10-19 years; N = 7049) for inclusion. A large effect size was found for an inverse relationship between self-compassion and psychological distress indexed by anxiety, depression, and stress (r = - 0.55; 95% CI - 0.61 to - 0.47). The identified studies were highly heterogeneous, however sensitivity analyses indicated that correction for publication bias did not significantly alter the pattern of results. These findings replicate those in adult samples, suggesting that lack of self-compassion may play a significant role in causing and/or maintaining emotional difficulties in adolescents. We conclude that self-compassion may be an important factor to target in psychological distress and well-being interventions for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen C. Marsh
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Rm 3.06A, Doorway 6, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Stella W. Y. Chan
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Rm 3.06A, Doorway 6, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Angus MacBeth
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Rm 3.06A, Doorway 6, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
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