1
|
Cheon SH, Reeve J, Joo WY, Song YG, Ryan RM, Jang H. Two Randomized Controlled Trials to Help Teachers Develop Physical Education Students' Course-Specific Grit-Perseverance and Mental Toughness. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 46:266-282. [PMID: 39265986 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2024-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Adopting both a self-determination theory perspective and a proactive, asset-oriented approach to coping with stressors, we propose a hypothesized model to explain physical education students' year-long development of course-specific grit-perseverance (Study 1) and mental toughness (Study 2). In both studies, we used a randomized controlled trial research design with longitudinally assessed dependent measures (four waves) to test a hypothesized model in which teacher participation in an autonomy-supportive teaching workshop (experimental condition) would increase students' T2 perceived autonomy-supportive teaching and T2 perceived autonomy-supportive classmates, both of which would increase T3 need satisfaction, which would then explain longitudinal gains in students' T4 grit-perseverance (Study 1) and mental toughness (Study 2). In both Study 1 (57 teachers, 3,147 students) and Study 2 (38 teachers, 2,057 students), a multilevel structural equation modeling analysis showed that the hypothesized model fit the data very well. We conclude that the developmental roots of grit-perseverance and mental toughness can emerge proactively out of the asset-oriented experiences of interpersonal support and psychological need satisfaction that are central to self-determination theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyeon Cheon
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea
| | - Johnmarshall Reeve
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woo-Young Joo
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea
| | - Yong-Gwan Song
- Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Richard M Ryan
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- College of Education, Ewha University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea
| | - Hyungshim Jang
- Department of Education, Hanyang University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Özsarı A, Kara M, Dilek AN, Uysal H, Tek T, Deli ŞC. Attitude towards healthy nutrition and mental toughness: a study of taekwondo athletes. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17174. [PMID: 38563010 PMCID: PMC10984172 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy nutrition is widely considered the cornerstone of optimal athletic performance, both physically and mentally. This study investigates the critical role of healthy nutrition in shaping the physical and mental performance of athletes, with a specific focus on taekwondo. This research aims to explore the potential relationship between taekwondo athletes' attitudes towards healthy nutrition and their mental toughness. The research group comprised 276 active and licensed taekwondo athletes who voluntarily participated in the study (Age M = 17.18 ± SD = 7.13, N = 125 women, N = 151 men). Ethical approval for the research was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Data collection instruments included the Healthy Nutrition Attitude Scale, Mental Toughness Scale, and a personal information form. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the validity and reliability of the scales. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed to explore the relationship between the variables within the research model. The correlation analysis identified two significant, positive, and moderate correlations: (1) between knowledge about nutrition and mental toughness (r = 0.626) and (2) between positive nutrition and mental toughness (r = 0.672). The regression analysis revealed that both knowledge about nutrition (β = 0.360) and positive nutrition (β = 0.461) significantly contribute to mental toughness. The findings suggest that as athletes' knowledge of nutrition expands and their attitudes towards healthy eating become more positive, their mental toughness also appears to improve. These results are both important and original, adding significant new insights to the existing research landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Özsarı
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kara
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Halil Uysal
- Institute of Education Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Tolga Tek
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Şekip Can Deli
- Institute of Social Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mira T, Jacinto M, Costa AM, Monteiro D, Diz S, Matos R, Antunes R. Exploring the relationship between social support, resilience, and subjective well-being in athletes of adapted sport. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1266654. [PMID: 38144980 PMCID: PMC10748803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sports participation of people with disabilities provide an improvement in their skills, especially on access to social support, which could improve resilience and well-being. This study aims to analyze the association between types of social support (parents, coach, friend, and best friend), resilience and positive and negative affect, in 105 Portuguese athletes with disabilities aged between 13 and 61 years (32 ± 12.35 years). Methods Participants answered a short sociodemographic questionnaire, the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Brief Resilience Scale, and a scale for assessing social support from parents, coach, friend, and best friend. Results Social support provided by the best friend, coach, friends, and parents had a direct effect on resilience and positive and negative affect. Results showed a positive and significant association between resilience and positive affect (r = 0.28; p = 0.004) and a negative association between resilience and negative affect (r = -0.37; p ≤ 0.001). A strong relationship was found between resilience and affect, with no relationship being verified between the sources of social support and resilience or affect, as hypothesized. Discussion For this group of athletes with disability, more than the social support they may have or may feel, resilience proved to be very important for the consequence of sports practice in terms of subjective well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Mira
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- ISCE—Higher Institute of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo, Ramada, Portugal
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aldo M. Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Diz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Rio Maior, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mira T, Costa AM, Jacinto M, Diz S, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F, Matos R, Antunes R. Well-Being, Resilience and Social Support of Athletes with Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050389. [PMID: 37232625 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sport for people with disabilities appears to play a positive role in the well-being, resilience and social support of athletes with disabilities. Thus, this systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of adapted sport on the well-being, resilience and social support in a population with disabilities. The Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus databases were used, with several descriptors and Boolean operators. A total of 287 studies were identified through searching the databases. After the data extraction process, twenty-seven studies were included for analysis. In general, these studies show that adapted sport has a positive impact on the levels of well-being, resilience and social support resources for people with disabilities, contributing to their personal development, quality of life and integration into society. Considering the impact on the variables studied, these results are important to support and encourage the development of adapted sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Mira
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- ISCE-Higher Institute of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo, 2620-379 Ramada, Portugal
| | - Aldo M Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Developmental (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS-Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Diz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Developmental (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- ESECS-Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS-Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS-Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS-Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh V, Bhutia TN, Singh MK, Bisht P, Singh H, Thomas CM. Comparing mental toughness: An investigation on elite Indian standing and seated para-thrower athletes. J Public Health Afr 2022. [PMID: 37497135 PMCID: PMC10367038 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Having psychological advantage that enables athletes to perform at their best regardless of challenges and adversity is what is meant by having mental toughness (MT). In order to better understand the mental toughness of elite Indian standing and sitting para-thrower athletes, this study looked at a variety of mental sub - scales. Elite para-throwers who competed at the international level, consider making up the sample of the current study; which includes a total of nine elite para-throwers [5 Standing Para-throwers (StPT) and 4 Seated Para-throwers (SePT)]. The researcher used the Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI), designed by Loehr, and the Personal Demographic Information form to gather data in order to ascertain the participants’ attitudes of mental toughness. An independent T-test with 0.05 significance level was performed for the research’s findings, there are no statistical significant difference between the two groups’ levels of motivation, self-confidence, ability to control negative energy, attention, visualisation, ability to control positive energy, and attitude control factors of MT. Elite Indian para-thrower athletes’ mental toughness is similar in both groups, with no discernible differences.
Collapse
|
6
|
Maloney SJ. Engage, Enthuse, Empower: A Framework for Promoting Self-Sufficiency in Athletes. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Denerel N, Lima Y. Competing against COVID-19: what about the mental health problems of athletes with disabilities? PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:546-552. [PMID: 34961402 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.2022967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although there is growing interest in athletes' mental health (MH), there is a paucity of research exploring MH in athletes with disabilities (AWD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological state of AWD. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online survey including demographic questions, SARS-CoV-2-related questions, and standardized scales assessing depression, anxiety, stress, coronavirus anxiety (CAS), and nonspecific psychological distress was distributed to AWD. RESULTS A total of 362 athletes (183 AWD) participated in the study (response rate 31.2%). AWD infected with SARS-CoV-2 reported higher depression, anxiety, and CAS scores than AWD not infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Z = -2.10, ES = 0.15 Z = -3.45, ES = 0.25; Z = -2.43, ES = 0.18; respectively). Female AWD reported higher anxiety scores compared to males (Z = -2.25, ES = 0.16). Depression (Z = -2.80, ES = 0.20), stress (Z = -2.12, ES = 0.15) and K-10 (Z = -2.02, ES = 0.14 scores of individual sport AWD were higher than team sports AWD. CONCLUSION MH problems in AWD were associated with a wide range of variables such as being infected with SARS-CoV-2, female gender, competing in an individual sport, and having performance concerns. In light of these results, MH assessment should be undertaken for AWD to ensure appropriate and timely intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevzad Denerel
- Sports Medicine Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yavuz Lima
- Sports Medicine Department, Balıkesir Atatürk City Hospital, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Runyan H, Herbert L, Knight J, Todd S, Washington L, Thompson MO. Lived Experiences of Combat-Related Amputees: A Phenomenological Study. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2022.2129839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Runyan
- Counseling Department, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Linda Herbert
- Counseling Department, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmine Knight
- Counseling Department, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Sherry Todd
- Clinical Counseling Department, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lesley Washington
- Counseling Department, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Megan O. Thompson
- Counseling Department, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olive LS, Rice SM, Gao C, Pilkington V, Walton CC, Butterworth M, Abbott L, Cross G, Clements M, Purcell R. Risk and protective factors for mental ill-health in elite para- and non-para athletes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:939087. [PMID: 36118450 PMCID: PMC9480503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To apply a socioecological approach to identify risk and protective factors across levels of the “sports-ecosystem,” which are associated with mental health outcomes among athletes in para-sports and non-para sports. A further aim is to determine whether para athletes have unique risks and protective factor profiles compared to non-para athletes. Methods A cross-sectional, anonymous online-survey was provided to all categorized (e.g., highest level) athletes aged 16 years and older, registered with the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Mental health outcomes included mental health symptoms (GHQ-28), general psychological distress (K-10), risky alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C) and eating disorder risk (BEDA-Q). Risk and protective factors across multiple levels of the socioecological model, including individual, microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem level factors were assessed via self-report. Results A total of 427 elite athletes (71 para and 356 non-para athletes) participated in the study. No significant differences in the rates of mental health problems were observed between para and non-para athletes. Both differences and similarities in risk and protective factor profiles were found across the multiple levels of the sports-ecosystem. Weak evidence was also found to support the hypothesis that certain risk factors, including experiencing two or more adverse life events in the past year, sports related concussion, high self-stigma, inadequate social support and low psychological safety conferred a greater risk for poorer mental health outcomes for para athletes in particular. Conclusion Risk factors occurring across various levels of the sports ecosystem, including individual, interpersonal and organizational level risk factors were found to be associated with a range of poorer mental health outcomes. The association between mental ill-health and certain risk factors, particularly those at the individual and microsystem level, appear to be greater for para athletes. These findings have important implications for policy and mental health service provision in elite sports settings, highlighting the need for more nuanced approaches to subpopulations, and the delivery of mental health interventions across all levels of the sports ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Olive
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lisa S. Olive,
| | - Simon M. Rice
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Gao
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vita Pilkington
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Courtney C. Walton
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matt Butterworth
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gemma Cross
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matti Clements
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stieler E, Costa VTD, Cruz AÂS, Lôbo ILB, Noce F, Esteves AM, Mello MTD, Silva A. Training load, stress, recovery, mood, and motivation of athletes with spinal cord injury in wheelchair rugby during a competitive preseason. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220006821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Franco Noce
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Emergence of the Pandemic: High-Performance Coach and Athlete Experiences. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2022; 40:197-218. [PMID: 36413999 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study explored coach and athlete reactions and challenges leading up to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, with a specific focus on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Games’ postponement. Nine Australian Paralympic coaches (n = 3) and athletes (n = 6) shared their experiences in semistructured interviews. The thematic analysis highlighted how participants experienced the emergence of the pandemic in different ways, but all were relieved when the late but eventual decision to postpone the Games was made. Regarding lockdown periods (i.e., social-distancing restrictions), some coaches and athletes thrived under the new reality (i.e., training from home, online coaching) while others had more difficulty adjusting. Furthermore, results highlight the many uncertainties still remaining, which continue to influence participants’ sport and personal lives. The experiences of coaches and athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic sheds light on strategies and resources that could support Paralympic coaches and athletes during current and future crises.
Collapse
|
12
|
Evaluation and Comparison of MRI Findings in Children with Global Developmental Delay and Isolated Neurodevelopmental Delay: A Cross-sectional Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jcbr.5.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
13
|
Olive LS, Rice S, Butterworth M, Clements M, Purcell R. Do Rates of Mental Health Symptoms in Currently Competing Elite Athletes in Paralympic Sports Differ from Non-Para-Athletes? SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:62. [PMID: 34427796 PMCID: PMC8384934 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background This study addresses the lack of comparative data on the mental health of athletes in Paralympic sports (‘para-athletes’) and non-para athletes by examining the prevalence and correlates of mental health symptoms in a national sample of elite athletes representative of the population from which it was drawn on age and para-status. Methods A cross-sectional, anonymous, online-survey was provided to all categorised (e.g. highest level) athletes, aged 17 years and older, registered with the Australian Institute of Sport (n = 1566). Measures included psychological distress, mental health caseness, risky alcohol consumption, body weight and shape dissatisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and problem gambling. Correlates of outcomes included individual (e.g. demographic and psychosocial) and sport-related variables. Results The participation rate was 51.7% (n = 810), with valid data available from 749 athletes. No significant differences were observed between athletes from para- and non-para-sports on most mental health symptoms, with the exception of alcohol consumption (p < .001) and self-esteem (p = .007), both lower in athletes from para-sports. A trend for an interaction was found for anxiety and insomnia (p = .018), whereby the difference between athletes from para- and non-para-sports was qualified by gender. Conclusions In a large sample of elite athletes, mental health and wellbeing symptoms are comparable between athletes from para- and non-para-sports, with the exception of para-athletes reporting lower alcohol consumption but also lower self-esteem. While overall mental health and wellbeing symptom profiles are largely similar, attention to areas of differences will help to better address the unmet and distinct mental health needs of athletes from para-sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Olive
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Simon Rice
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,The Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matt Butterworth
- Australian Institute of Sport, Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matti Clements
- Australian Institute of Sport, Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,The Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu T, Mendoza M, Cabador JV, Cottingham M. U.S. Paralympic Hopeful's Athletic Identity and How It Has Been Affected by the Sport Disruption of COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689555. [PMID: 34355169 PMCID: PMC8329557 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the status of Paralympic hopefuls' athletic identity and how this identity was impacted by the training and competition cessation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews that explored the experiences of 29 Paralympic hopefuls who compete in thirteen different Paralympic sports. A thematic analysis yielded two superordinate themes: a) Prominent athletic identity, multiplicity over exclusivity; b) Various Impact on AI: Mental adaptation helps overcome the lack of sport participation. Participants in this study possessed prominent strong athletic identities from the benefits of sport participation. Their prioritized athletic role still remains despite setbacks due to the pandemic. However, athletes identified with multiple roles rather than an exclusive athletic identity during COVID-19. As for the impacts on identity, the severity of challenges are determined by the mindset of the athletes. All of the athletes experienced a decreased amount of time and physical participation in their sport. Paralympians whose sole focus was on the loss of physical participation were impacted the most. Athletes who felt unchallenged did so because of their mental adaptation. Through a positive outlook and mentality, athletes were able to effectively cope and not dwell on the negative aspects brought on by the pandemic. In conclusion, having a strong AI did not necessarily coincide with a negative impact on identity from COVID-19, and those who do not possess a strong AI felt their AI was unchallenged by the pandemic. More importantly, Paralympians' mindset of how they view and interpret their AI is crucial to how the individual's AI is affected by the sport disruption of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Hu
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Lab of Adaptive Athletics at University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mathew Mendoza
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Lab of Adaptive Athletics at University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joy Viray Cabador
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Lab of Adaptive Athletics at University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Cottingham
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Lab of Adaptive Athletics at University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Determining Factors of Psychological Performance and Differences among Age Categories in Youth Football Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Within the determining factors of psychological performance, mental toughness is considered a multidimensional factor, comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioural components together with self-confidence, which is related to success in sports performance as well as psychological health and well-being. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between different factors composing mental toughness and age categories in young football players, in order to determine the presence of specific psychological skills in their formative progression. A total of 118 male players (16.91 ± 2.42 years old) completed the Spanish version by Cernuda (1988) of the original Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI) by Loher (1982, 1986). The results indicated significant differences in four variables (negative energy control, attention control, visual and image control, motivational level) on three different age categories, where the U19 category showed the best results for all the variables, decreasing afterwards in the semi-professional category. Significant correlations were established between mental toughness variables and age categories, where the age category variable was significantly correlated in a positive way with attention control, visual and image control, and motivational level. In the same line, the variable self-confidence correlated positively with negative energy control, attention control, motivational level, attention control, and positive energy. The assessment of psychological variables such as mental toughness, taking into account the formative stage, may be helpful for both coaches and players when selecting adequate mental skill training for improving competitive performance and sporting success, as well as for positive and healthy psychological development and well-being.
Collapse
|
16
|
Aitchison B, Rushton AB, Martin P, Barr M, Soundy A, Heneghan NR. The experiences and perceived health benefits of individuals with a disability participating in sport: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Disabil Health J 2021; 15:101164. [PMID: 34238729 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports participation has many physical and mental health benefits for individuals with a disability including improved functionality and reduced anxiety, yet a large proportion of individuals with a disability are inactive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the experiences and perceived health benefits of sport participation across four disability populations: children and adolescents, adults, elite athletes and veterans with a disability. METHODS A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted. Eligible studies had participants who were children, adults, elite athletes or veterans with a physical, visual or intellectual disability. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and quality assessment involved the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD). Content, thematic and narrative synthesis techniques were used. Confidence in cumulative evidence was determined using GRADE-CERQual and Classes of Evidence. RESULTS Several positive aspects of sport participation were highlighted across all four populations, including socialisation opportunities, pure enjoyment, a sense of freedom and providing an arena to challenge stereotypes. The paucity of research within the 'veterans with a disability' group limited analysis of experiences and benefits of sport in this population. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review was the first to explore this phenomena, finding that overall sport is a beneficial experience for individuals with a disability. The positive aspects should be promoted when encouraging sport participation for children, adolescents, adults and elite athletes. More research is needed to explore these phenomena in veterans and to compare perceived benefits between populations to enable tailored promotion of sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Aitchison
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Alison B Rushton
- School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul Martin
- English Institute of Sport, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK.
| | - Marc Barr
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Andrew Soundy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Whitfield KM, Wilby KJ. Developing Grit, Motivation, and Resilience: To Give Up on Giving In. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9020109. [PMID: 34207759 PMCID: PMC8293386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing grit, motivation, and resilience within the pharmacy workforce has become a topic of increasing interest, heightened by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Even prior to the global pandemic, the health care field has been associated with a rapidly changing, challenging, and pressured work environment that can often lead to stress and burnout. Developing resilience in health care workers has been identified as a strategy to combat burnout by improving their ability to thrive in stressful situations, thus enhancing physical and mental well-being. In this commentary, we consider the use of a resilience framework that encompasses the overlapping attributes of emotional balance and physical and mental strength to develop resilience. The importance of finding purpose and meaning is also explored within the framework, as well as the association between grit, motivation, autonomy, mastery, and connection. Practical strategies and reflections are outlined to challenge, inspire, and motivate the development of grit and resilience, in order to combat the challenges faced by pharmacists in a constantly changing health care system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Whitfield
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Kyle John Wilby
- Faculty of Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-494-2378
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cowden RG, Mascret N, Duckett TR. A person-centered approach to achievement goal orientations in competitive tennis players: Associations with motivation and mental toughness. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:73-81. [PMID: 33518017 PMCID: PMC7856560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on achievement goal orientations in sport has typically relied on the use of variable-centered approaches that tend to overlook population heterogeneity. In this study, we used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of competitive tennis players according to unique combinations of achievement goal orientations and tested for subgroup differences in motivation and mental toughness. METHODS A sample of 323 competitive tennis athletes (69.35% male) between 15 and 25 years of age (17.60 ± 2.40 years, mean ± SD) completed the 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport, Sport Motivation Scale II, and Mental Toughness Index. Latent profile analysis was used to identify unique combinations of achievement goal orientations. Comparisons between latent subgroups on autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and mental toughness were performed using analysis of variance. RESULTS Latent profile analysis supported 3 distinct patterns of achievement goal profiles that were primarily distinguishable based on valence of competence (i.e., approach vs. avoidance). Analyses of variance indicated that athletes who were classified into subgroups that endorsed approach types of goals (regardless of the types of avoidance goals they endorsed) reported higher levels of autonomous motivation and mental toughness. CONCLUSION Results indicated that athletes tend to pursue a number of achievement goals collectively rather than in isolation. Although approach goals are more commonly linked to adaptive psychological functioning and positive outcomes, avoidance goals may also be associated with desirable psychological characteristics if they are pursued in conjunction with approach types of achievement goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gregory Cowden
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4041, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | | | - Timothy Ryan Duckett
- Department of Educational Foundations and Leadership, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Raudsepp L, Vink K. Complex Yearlong Associations Between Mental Toughness and Sport-Specific Practice Among Adolescent Estonian Volleyball Players. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:939-950. [PMID: 29999482 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518788118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the reciprocal associations between mental toughness (MT) and sport-specific practice (SSP) among 163 adolescent Estonian volleyball players who completed self-reported measures of MT and SSP within a 2-year, three-wave longitudinal research design. Higher MT was associated with higher SSP hours at baseline, and changes in MT and SSP were also significantly interrelated across data from both males and females. These findings have implications for the importance of SSP to increase MT, though future research should replicate this study with other participant samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Raudsepp
- 1 Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Vink
- 1 Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ponnusamy V, Lines RLJ, Zhang CQ, Gucciardi DF. Latent profiles of elite Malaysian athletes' use of psychological skills and techniques and relations with mental toughness. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4778. [PMID: 29780672 PMCID: PMC5958883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of past work on athletes' use of psychological skills and techniques (PSTs) has adopted a variable-centered approach in which the statistical relations among study variables are averaged across a sample. However, variable-centered-analyses exclude the possibility that PSTs may be used in tandem or combined in different ways across practice and competition settings. With this empirical gap in mind, the purposes of this study were to identify the number and type of profiles of elite athletes' use of PSTs, and examine differences between these clusters in terms of their self-reported mental toughness. Methods In this cross-sectional survey study, 285 Malaysian elite athletes (170 males, 115 females) aged 15-44 years (M = 18.89, SD = 4.49) completed measures of various PSTs and mental toughness. Latent profile analysis was employed to determine the type and number of profiles that best represent athletes' reports of their use of PSTs in practice and competition settings, and examine differences between these classes in terms of self-reported mental toughness. Results Our results revealed three profiles (low, moderate, high use) in both practice and competition settings that were distinguished primarily according to quantitative differences in the absolute levels of reported use across most of the PSTs assessed in practice and competition settings, which in turn, were differentially related with mental toughness. Specifically, higher use of PSTs was associated with higher levels of mental toughness. Conclusion This study provides one of the first analyses of the different configurations of athletes' use of PSTs that typify unique subgroups of performers. An important next step is to examine the longitudinal (in) stability of such classes and therefore provide insight into the temporal dynamics of different configurations of athletes' use of PSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L J Lines
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|