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van Steenbergen H, Wilderjans TF, Band GPH, Nieuwenhuis ST. Boosting arousal and cognitive performance through alternating posture: Insights from a multi-method laboratory study. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14634. [PMID: 38943231 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of arousal and effort costs in the cognitive benefits of alternating between sitting and standing postures using a sit-stand desk, while measuring executive functions, self-reports, physiology, and neural activity in a 2-h laboratory session aimed to induce mental fatigue. Two sessions were conducted with a one-week gap, during which participants alternated between sitting and standing postures each 20-min block in one session and remained seated in the other. In each block, inhibition, switching, and updating were assessed. We examined effects of time-on-task, acute (local) effects of standing versus sitting posture, and cumulative (global) effects of a standing posture that generalize to the subsequent block in which participants sit. Results (N = 43) confirmed that time-on-task increased mental fatigue and decreased arousal. Standing (versus sitting) led to acute increases in arousal levels, including self-reports, alpha oscillations, and cardiac responses. Standing also decreased physiological and perceived effort costs. Standing enhanced processing speed in the flanker task, attributable to shortened nondecision time and speeded evidence accumulation processes. No significant effects were observed on higher-level executive functions. Alternating postures also increased heart rate variability cumulatively over time. Exploratory mediation analyses indicated that the positive impact of acute posture on enhanced drift rate was mediated by self-reported arousal, whereas decreased nondecision time was mediated by reductions in alpha power. In conclusion, alternating between sitting and standing postures can enhance arousal, decrease effort costs, and improve specific cognitive and physiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk van Steenbergen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom F Wilderjans
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido P H Band
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander T Nieuwenhuis
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dong W, Fang W, Qiu H, Bao H, Li Y. High-speed train drivers' human error under fatigue and stress: the role of situation awareness and individual differences. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38950888 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2369207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Fatigue and stress are critical variables that impair railway train drivers' safety performance, and individual differences may influence these effects. This study investigates how fatigue and stress affect high-speed train drivers' human error and the role of individual differences. We hypothesised that situation awareness (SA) mediates the effects of fatigue and stress on human error, and individual differences (age and work experience) moderate these effects. We surveyed 1,391 male drivers from eight Chinese railway bureaus and used PROCESS Macro for data analysis. The results revealed that fatigue and stress increased human error, directly and indirectly through SA. Age and work experience moderated the effect of fatigue and stress on SA, respectively. Older drivers had better SA under high fatigue, while more experienced drivers had better SA under high stress. These findings can inform more tailored safety management strategies to lower human error and enhance the safety of high-speed train operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Dong
- School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Fang
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - HanZhao Qiu
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Bao
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Matthews J, Pisauro MA, Jurgelis M, Müller T, Vassena E, Chong TTJ, Apps MAJ. Computational mechanisms underlying the dynamics of physical and cognitive fatigue. Cognition 2023; 240:105603. [PMID: 37647742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The willingness to exert effort for reward is essential but comes at the cost of fatigue. Theories suggest fatigue increases after both physical and cognitive exertion, subsequently reducing the motivation to exert effort. Yet a mechanistic understanding of how this happens on a moment-to-moment basis, and whether mechanisms are common to both mental and physical effort, is lacking. In two studies, participants reported momentary (trial-by-trial) ratings of fatigue during an effort-based decision-making task requiring either physical (grip-force) or cognitive (mental arithmetic) effort. Using a novel computational model, we show that fatigue fluctuates from trial-to-trial as a function of exerted effort and predicts subsequent choices. This mechanism was shared across the domains. Selective to the cognitive domain, committing errors also induced momentary increases in feelings of fatigue. These findings provide insight into the computations underlying the influence of effortful exertion on fatigue and motivation, in both physical and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Matthews
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0106, Japan; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - M Andrea Pisauro
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mindaugas Jurgelis
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Müller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Vassena
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radbound University, Netherlands
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Christ Church, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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HOLGADO DARÍAS, JOLIDON LÉO, BORRAGÁN GUILLERMO, SANABRIA DANIEL, PLACE NICOLAS. Individualized Mental Fatigue Does Not Impact Neuromuscular Function and Exercise Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1823-1834. [PMID: 37227196 PMCID: PMC10487395 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have questioned previous empirical evidence that mental fatigue negatively impacts physical performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical role of individual differences in mental fatigue susceptibility by analyzing the neurophysiological and physical responses to an individualized mental fatigue task. METHODS In a preregistered ( https://osf.io/xc8nr/ ), randomized, within-participant design experiment, 22 recreational athletes completed a time to failure test at 80% of their peak power output under mental fatigue (individual mental effort) or control (low mental effort). Before and after the cognitive tasks, subjective feeling of mental fatigue, neuromuscular function of the knee extensors, and corticospinal excitability were measured. Sequential Bayesian analysis until it reached strong evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis (BF 10 > 6) or the null hypothesis (BF 10 < 1/6) were conducted. RESULTS The individualized mental effort task resulted in a higher subjective feeling of mental fatigue in the mental fatigue condition (0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39-0.62)) arbitrary units compared with control (0.19 (95% CI, 0.06-0.339)) arbitrary unit. However, exercise performance was similar in both conditions (control: 410 (95% CI, 357-463) s vs mental fatigue: 422 (95% CI, 367-477) s, BF 10 = 0.15). Likewise, mental fatigue did not impair knee extensor maximal force-generating capacity (BF 10 = 0.928) and did not change the extent of fatigability or its origin after the cycling exercise. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that mental fatigue adversely affects neuromuscular function or physical exercise; even if mental fatigue is individualized, computerized tasks seem not to affect physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- DARÍAS HOLGADO
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, SPAIN
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, SPAIN
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Centre, Bâtiment Synathlon, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - LÉO JOLIDON
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Centre, Bâtiment Synathlon, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - GUILLERMO BORRAGÁN
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium, Brussels, BELGIUM
| | - DANIEL SANABRIA
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, SPAIN
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, SPAIN
| | - NICOLAS PLACE
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Centre, Bâtiment Synathlon, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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Lambregts BIHM, Vassena E, Jansen A, Stremmelaar DE, Pickkers P, Kox M, Aarts E, van der Schaaf ME. Fatigue during acute systemic inflammation is associated with reduced mental effort expenditure while task accuracy is preserved. Brain Behav Immun 2023:S0889-1591(23)00131-9. [PMID: 37257522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier work within the physical domain showed that acute inflammation changes motivational prioritization and effort allocation rather than physical abilities. It is currently unclear whether a similar motivational framework accounts for the mental fatigue and cognitive symptoms of acute sickness. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the relationship between fatigue, cytokines and mental effort-based decision making during acute systemic inflammation. METHODS Eighty-five participants (41 males; 18-30 years (M=23.0, SD=2.4)) performed a mental effort-based decision-making task before, 2 hours after, and 5 hours after intravenous administration of 1 ng/kg bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce systemic inflammation. Plasma concentrations of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) and fatigue levels were assessed at similar timepoints. In the task, participants decided whether they wanted to perform (i.e., 'accepted') arithmetic calculations of varying difficulty (3 levels: easy, medium, hard) in order to obtain rewards (3 levels: 5, 6 or 7 points). Acceptance rates were analyzed using a binomial generalized estimated equation (GEE) approach with effort, reward and time as independent variables. Arithmetic performance was measured per effort level prior to the decisions and included as a covariate. Associations between acceptance rates, fatigue (self-reported) and cytokine concentrations levels were analyzed using partial correlation analyses. RESULTS Plasma cytokine concentrations and fatigue were increased at 2 hours post-LPS compared to baseline and 5 hours post-LPS administration. Acceptance rates decreased for medium, but not for easy or hard effort levels at 2 hours post-LPS versus baseline and 5 hours post-LPS administration, irrespective of reward level. This reduction in acceptance rates occurred despite improved accuracy on the arithmetic calculations itself. Reduced acceptance rates for medium effort were associated with increased fatigue, but not with increased cytokines. CONCLUSION Fatigue during acute systemic inflammation is associated with alterations in mental effort allocation, similarly as observed previously for physical effort-based choice. Specifically, willingness to exert mental effort depended on effort and not reward information, while task accuracy was preserved. These results extend the motivational account of inflammation to the mental domain and suggest that inflammation may not necessarily affect domain-specific mental abilities, but rather affects domain-general effort-allocation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I H M Lambregts
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Postbus 9104, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Vassena
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Postbus 9104, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment, Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Jansen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - D E Stremmelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Postbus 9104, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Postbus 9104, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M E van der Schaaf
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Postbus 9104, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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Beckenstrom AC, Coloma PM, Dawson GR, Finlayson AK, Malik A, Post A, Steiner MA, Potenza MN. Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105107. [PMID: 36828161 PMCID: PMC10165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, translation from animal models into clinical use remains a significant bottleneck. Preclinical studies have implicated the orexin neuropeptide system as a potential target for psychiatric disorders through its role in regulating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Clinical studies are investigating orexin modulation in addiction and mood disorders. Here we review performance-outcome measures (POMs) arising from experimental medicine research methods which may show promise as markers of efficacy of orexin receptor modulators in humans. POMs provide objective measures of brain function, complementing patient-reported or clinician-observed symptom evaluation, and aid the translation from preclinical to clinical research. Significant challenges include the development, validation, and operationalization of these measures. We suggest that collaborative networks comprising clinical practitioners, academics, individuals working in the pharmaceutical industry, drug regulators, patients, patient advocacy groups, and other relevant stakeholders may provide infrastructure to facilitate validation of experimental medicine approaches in translational research and in the implementation of these approaches in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beckenstrom
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK.
| | - Preciosa M Coloma
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Ailidh K Finlayson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Asad Malik
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Anke Post
- Corlieve Therapeutics, Swiss Innovation Park, Hegenheimermattweg 167A, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 726, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; The Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Chapman LE, Burstein S, Sadeghzadeh C, Sheppard B, De Marco M. Evaluation of a Healthy Checkout Lane "Nudge" on Grocery and Convenience Store Sales of a Price-Promoted Nutritious Food. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:111-120. [PMID: 34643128 DOI: 10.1177/15248399211048463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Grocery store intervention trials, including trials testing behavioral economics "nudges," may change food-purchasing behaviors and improve diet quality. This study aimed to design and evaluate a grocery store healthy checkout lane "nudge" intervention on sales of a targeted healthy item. We conducted a randomized controlled trial based on the behavioral economic concept of cognitive fatigue and the marketing concept of impulse buying. Six grocery stores from one North Carolina-based chain were randomized to the intervention (n = 3) or control (n = 3) condition. Researchers tested a 4-week healthy checkout lane intervention, in which intervention stores moved 6-ounce cans of peanuts to the cash registers. Cashiers were instructed to upsell the peanuts to all shoppers at checkout. While not a component of the intervention, the retailer decreased the price of the peanuts from $1.99 to $1.50 during the first 2 weeks of the intervention. Fidelity to the checkout display was high. Fidelity to the upsell was low. The main outcome measure was aggregated store-level sales of the promoted peanuts for 4 weeks before the intervention and during the 4-week intervention period. On average, sales increased by 10 units/week in intervention stores (5.83 vs. 15.83 units, p = .04) with no significant change in control stores (1.42 vs. 1.17 units, p = .64). The difference (10 vs. -0.25 units, p = .02) was likely due to displaying the peanuts at checkout combined with the price promotion. Larger randomized controlled trials should examine whether healthy checkout lane interventions are effective "nudges" for promoting purchases of healthier foods in grocery stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Elizabeth Chapman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Food, Fitness and Opportunity Research Collaborative, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sarah Burstein
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Food, Fitness and Opportunity Research Collaborative, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Claire Sadeghzadeh
- Food, Fitness and Opportunity Research Collaborative, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brett Sheppard
- Food, Fitness and Opportunity Research Collaborative, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Molly De Marco
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Food, Fitness and Opportunity Research Collaborative, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Białaszek W, Marcowski P, Mizak S. Everything Comes at a Price: Considerations in Modeling Effort-Based Choice. Behav Processes 2022; 200:104692. [PMID: 35753582 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When observing human behavior, one of the key factors determining choice is effort. It is often assumed that people prefer an easier course of action when the alternative yields the same benefits. However, recent research demonstrates that this is not always the case: effort is not always costly and can also add value. A promising avenue to study effort-based choice is to utilize formal decision models that enable quantitative modeling. In this paper, we aim to present an overview of the current approaches to modeling effort-based choice and discuss some considerations that stem from theoretical and practical issues (present and previous) in studies on the role of effort, focusing on the connections and discrepancies between formal models and the findings from the body of empirical research. Considering that effort can, in some circumstances, act as a cost and as a benefit, reconciling these discrepancies is a practical and theoretical challenge that can ultimately lead to better predictions and increased model validity. Our review identifies and discusses these discrepancies providing direction for future empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Białaszek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Marcowski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Mizak
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
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Kok A. Cognitive control, motivation and fatigue: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Brain Cogn 2022; 160:105880. [PMID: 35617813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present article provides a unified systematic account of the role of cognitive control, motivation and dopamine pathways in relation to the development of fatigue. Since cognitive fatigue is considered to be one aspect of the general control system that manages goal activity in the service of motivational requirements (Hockey, 2011), our focus is also broader than fatigue itself. The paper shall therefore first focus on the motivation-control interactions at the level of networks of the brain. A motivational control network is argued to play a critical role in shaping goal-directed behavior, in conjunction with dopamine systems that energize the network. Furthermore, motivation-control interactions as implemented in networks of the brain provide an important element to elucidate how decision making weighs both the anticipated benefits and costs of control operations, in optimal and suboptimal conditions such as mental fatigue. The paper further sketches how fatigue affects the connectivity of large-scale networks in the brain during effortful exercition, in particular the high-cost long striatal-cortical pathways, leading to a global reduction of integration in the brain's network architecture. The resulting neural state within these networks then enters as interoceptive information to systems in the brain that perform cost-benefit calculations. Based on these notions we propose a unifying cost-benefit model, inspired by influential insights from the current neuroscience literature of how fatigue changes the motivation to perform. The model specifies how the reward value, effort costs and fatigue aspects of task performance converge in the medial prefrontal cortex to calculate the net motivation value of stimuli and select the appropriate actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Kok
- Emeritus Professor Physiological Psychology, Brain and Cognition Group, Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Bruijel J, Quaedflieg CWEM, Otto T, van de Ven V, Stapert SZ, van Heugten C, Vermeeren A. Task-induced subjective fatigue and resting-state striatal connectivity following traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102936. [PMID: 35007852 PMCID: PMC8749448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue is a very frequent and disabling symptom in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Effects of task-induced fatigue on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Striatal rsFC relates differently to subjective fatigue in TBI compared to controls. Default mode network rsFC relates similar to subjective fatigue in TBI and controls.
Background People with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience fatigue, but an understanding of the neural underpinnings of fatigue following TBI is still lacking. This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine associations between functional connectivity (FC) changes and task-induced changes in subjective fatigue in people with moderate-severe TBI. Methods Sixteen people with moderate-severe TBI and 17 matched healthy controls (HC) performed an adaptive N-back task (working memory task) to induce cognitive fatigue. Before and after the task they rated their state fatigue level and underwent rs-fMRI. Seed-to-voxel analyses with seeds in areas involved in cognitive fatigue, namely the striatum and default mode network (DMN) including, medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, were performed. Results The adaptive N-back task was effective in inducing fatigue in both groups. Subjective task-induced fatigue was positively associated with FC between striatum and precuneus in people with TBI, while there was a negative association in HC. In contrast, subjective task-induced fatigue was negatively associated with FC between striatum and cerebellum in the TBI group, while there was no association in HC. Similar associations between task-induced subjective fatigue and DMN FC were found across the groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that the subjective experience of fatigue was linked to DMN connectivity in both groups and was differently associated with striatal connectivity in people with moderate-severe TBI compared to HC. Defining fatigue-induced neuronal network changes is pertinent to the development of treatments that target abnormal neuronal activity after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruijel
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands.
| | - C W E M Quaedflieg
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T Otto
- Dept of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V van de Ven
- Dept of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S Z Stapert
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands; Dept of Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - C van Heugten
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A Vermeeren
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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André N, Gastinger S, Rébillard A. Chronic Fatigue in Cancer, Brain Connectivity and Reluctance to Engage in Physical Activity: A Mini-Review. Front Oncol 2022; 11:774347. [PMID: 34988017 PMCID: PMC8721035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.774347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of evidence shows that after a cancer diagnosis, patients significantly reduce their level of physical activity. Usually, this reduction is attributed to cancer-related fatigue. However, to our knowledge, no study has clearly demonstrated that fatigue alters effort-based decision-making in cancer. This mini-review aimed to provide evidence that chronic fatigue in cancer patients causes changes in brain connectivity that impact effort-based decision-making. Indeed, three patterns of activation to compensate for dysfunctional networks have been reported: greater variability in the executive network and hyperactivation in the executive network, which account for less efficient and costly processes in the frontal cortex, and reduced deactivation in the default mode network. Nevertheless, these activation patterns are also observed with other factors, such as anticipatory stressors (worry, rumination or sleep loss), that might also cause reluctance to engage in physical activity. Effort-based decision-making involving weighing costs against benefits and physical activity interventions should increase immediate benefits to facilitate engagement in effortful activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning (UMR CNRS 7295), University of Poitiers, Sport Sciences Faculty, Poitiers, France.,Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (USR CNRS 3565), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven Gastinger
- M2S-EA7470, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,APCoSS - Institut de Formation en Education Physique et en Sport (IFEPSA), UCO Angers, Angers, France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- M2S-EA7470, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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12
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van As S, Beckers DGJ, Geurts SAE, Kompier MAJ, Husain M, Veling H. The Impact of Cognitive and Physical Effort Exertion on Physical Effort Decisions: A Pilot Experiment. Front Psychol 2021; 12:645037. [PMID: 34795608 PMCID: PMC8593226 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that cognitive fatigue has a negative impact on physical activity participation. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are yet unclear. Using an effort-based decision-making paradigm, we examined whether individuals weigh physical effort-costs more strongly when they are cognitively or physically fatigued. Twenty university students visited the lab on three occasions. On each visit, participants underwent a manipulation that was designed to either induce cognitive fatigue (i.e., 2-back task), physical fatigue (i.e., handgrip exercise), or served as a control condition (i.e., documentary watching). After the manipulations, participants performed an effort-based decision-making task in which they decided for 125 offers whether they accepted the offer to exert the required level of physical effort to obtain rewards that varied in value. The probability to accept offers declined with increasing effort requirements whereas the general probability to accept offers was not reduced by any of the experimental conditions. As expected, the decline in accepted offers with increasing effort requirements was stronger after prolonged exertion of physical effort compared to the control condition. Unexpectedly, this effect was not found after exerting cognitive effort, and exploratory analyses revealed that the impact of physical effort exertion on physical effort-based decisions was stronger than that of cognitive effort exertion. These findings suggest that people weight future physical effort-costs more strongly after exerting physical effort, whereas we could not find any evidence for this after exerting cognitive effort. We discuss multiple explanations for this discrepancy, and outline possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van As
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Debby G J Beckers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sabine A E Geurts
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harm Veling
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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Sanborn V, Lace J, Gunstad J, Galioto R. Considerations regarding noncredible performance in the neuropsychological assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis: A case series. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2021; 30:458-467. [PMID: 34514920 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1971229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Determining the validity of data during clinical neuropsychological assessment is crucial for proper interpretation, and extensive literature has emphasized myriad methods of doing so in diverse samples. However, little research has considered noncredible presentation in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). PwMS often experience one or more factors known to impact validity of data, including major neurocognitive impairment, psychological distress/psychogenic interference, and secondary gain. This case series aimed to illustrate the potential relationships between these factors and performance validity testing in pwMS. Six cases from an IRB-approved database containing pwMS referred for neuropsychological assessment at a large, academic medical center involving at least one of the above-stated factors were identified. Backgrounds, neuropsychological test data, and clinical considerations for each were reviewed. Interestingly, no pwMS diagnosed with major neurocognitive impairment was found to have noncredible performance, nor was any patient with noncredible performance in the absence of notable psychological distress. Given the variability of noncredible performance and multiplicity of factors affecting performance validity in pwMS, clinicians are strongly encouraged to consider psychometrically appropriate methods for evaluating validity of cognitive data in pwMS. Additional research aiming to elucidate base rates of, mechanisms begetting, and methods for assessing noncredible performance in pwMS is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Lace
- Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Section of Neuropsychology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Rachel Galioto
- Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Section of Neuropsychology, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Fields C, Glazebrook JF, Levin M. Minimal physicalism as a scale-free substrate for cognition and consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab013. [PMID: 34345441 PMCID: PMC8327199 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of consciousness and cognition that assume a neural substrate automatically regard phylogenetically basal, nonneural systems as nonconscious and noncognitive. Here, we advance a scale-free characterization of consciousness and cognition that regards basal systems, including synthetic constructs, as not only informative about the structure and function of experience in more complex systems but also as offering distinct advantages for experimental manipulation. Our "minimal physicalist" approach makes no assumptions beyond those of quantum information theory, and hence is applicable from the molecular scale upwards. We show that standard concepts including integrated information, state broadcasting via small-world networks, and hierarchical Bayesian inference emerge naturally in this setting, and that common phenomena including stigmergic memory, perceptual coarse-graining, and attention switching follow directly from the thermodynamic requirements of classical computation. We show that the self-representation that lies at the heart of human autonoetic awareness can be traced as far back as, and serves the same basic functions as, the stress response in bacteria and other basal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 23 Rue des Lavandières, 11160 Caunes Minervois, France
| | - James F Glazebrook
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL 61920 USA
- Department of Mathematics, Adjunct Faculty, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1409 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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15
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Müller T, Klein-Flügge MC, Manohar SG, Husain M, Apps MAJ. Neural and computational mechanisms of momentary fatigue and persistence in effort-based choice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4593. [PMID: 34321478 PMCID: PMC8319292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
From a gym workout, to deciding whether to persevere at work, many activities require us to persist in deciding that rewards are ‘worth the effort’ even as we become fatigued. However, studies examining effort-based decisions typically assume that the willingness to work is static. Here, we use computational modelling on two effort-based tasks, one behavioural and one during fMRI. We show that two hidden states of fatigue fluctuate on a moment-to-moment basis on different timescales but both reduce the willingness to exert effort for reward. The value of one state increases after effort but is ‘recoverable’ by rests, whereas a second ‘unrecoverable’ state gradually increases with work. The BOLD response in separate medial and lateral frontal sub-regions covaried with these states when making effort-based decisions, while a distinct fronto-striatal system integrated fatigue with value. These results provide a computational framework for understanding the brain mechanisms of persistence and momentary fatigue. The willingness to exert effort into demanding tasks often declines over time through fatigue. Here the authors provide a computational account of the moment-to-moment dynamics of fatigue and its impact on effort-based choices, and reveal the neural mechanisms that underlie such computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Müller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay G Manohar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration in humans (Lawn etal., 2016) and rats (Silveira, Adams, Morena, Hill, & Winstanley, 2016) has been associated with decreased effort allocation that may explain amotivation during acute cannabis intoxication. To date, however, whether residual effects of cannabis use on effort-based decision-making are present and observable in humans have not yet been determined. The goal of this study was to test whether prolonged cannabis use has residual effects on effort-based decision-making in 24-hr abstinent cannabis using adults. METHOD We evaluated performance on the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) in 41 adult cannabis users (mean age = 24.63 years, 21 males) and 45 nonusers (mean age = 23.90 years, 19 males). A mixed 2x3x3 ANOVA with age as a covariate was performed to examine the effect of group, probability of winning, and reward amount on EEfRT performance. EEfRT performance was operationalized as % of trials for which the hard (vs. easy) condition was chosen. Pearson's correlations were conducted to test the relationship between EEfRT performance and measures of cannabis use, anhedonia and motivation. RESULTS We found that cannabis users selected hard trials significantly more than nonusers regardless of win probability or reward level. Frequency of cannabis use was positively correlated with amount of % hard trials chosen. There were no significant correlations between % hard trials chosen, self-reported anhedonia, or motivation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that unlike acute effects, residual effects of cannabis following 24 hrs of abstinence are associated with greater effort allocation during effort-based decision-making.
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17
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Wylie GR, Yao B, Sandry J, DeLuca J. Using Signal Detection Theory to Better Understand Cognitive Fatigue. Front Psychol 2021; 11:579188. [PMID: 33519595 PMCID: PMC7844088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When we are fatigued, we feel that our performance is worse than when we are fresh. Yet, for over 100 years, researchers have been unable to identify an objective, behavioral measure that covaries with the subjective experience of fatigue. Previous work suggests that the metrics of signal detection theory (SDT)-response bias (criterion) and perceptual certainty (d')-may change as a function of fatigue, but no work has yet been done to examine whether these metrics covary with fatigue. Here, we investigated cognitive fatigue using SDT. We induced fatigue through repetitive performance of the n-back working memory task, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired. We also assessed cognitive fatigue at intervals throughout. This enabled us to assess not only whether criterion and d' covary with cognitive fatigue but also whether similar patterns of brain activation underlie cognitive fatigue and SDT measures. Our results show that both criterion and d' were correlated with changes in cognitive fatigue: as fatigue increased, subjects became more conservative in their response bias and their perceptual certainty declined. Furthermore, activation in the striatum of the basal ganglia was also related to cognitive fatigue, criterion, and d'. These results suggest that SDT measures represent an objective measure of cognitive fatigue. Additionally, the overlap and difference in the fMRI results between cognitive fatigue and SDT measures indicate that these measures are related while also separate. In sum, we show the relevance of SDT measures in the understanding of fatigue, thus providing researchers with a new set of tools with which to better understand the nature and consequences of cognitive fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Wylie
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,The Department of Veterans' Affairs, The War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange Campus, East Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Bing Yao
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Joshua Sandry
- Psychology Department, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - John DeLuca
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Neurology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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18
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Salomone M, Burle B, Fabre L, Berberian B. An Electromyographic Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Fatigue on Online and Anticipatory Action Control. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:615046. [PMID: 33505260 PMCID: PMC7829365 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.615046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue is a problem for the safety of critical systems (e.g., aircraft) as it can lead to accidents, especially during unexpected events. In order to determine the extent to which it disrupts adaptive capabilities, we evaluated its effect on online and anticipatory control. Despite numerous studies conducted to determine its effects, the exact mechanism(s) affected by fatigue remains to be clarified. In this study, we used distribution and electromyographic analysis to assess whether cognitive fatigue increases the capture of the incorrect automatic response or if it impairs its suppression (online control), and whether the conflict adaptation effect is reduced (anticipatory control). To this end, we evaluated the evolution of the performance over time during the Simon task, a classic conflict task that elicits incorrect automatic responses. To accentuate the presence of fatigue during the Simon task, two groups previously performed a dual-task with two different cognitive load levels to create two different levels of fatigue. The results revealed that time on task impaired online control by disrupting the capacity to suppress the incorrect response but leaving unaffected the expression of the automatic response. Furthermore, participants emphasized speed rather than accuracy with time on task, with in addition more fast guesses, suggesting that they opted for a less effortful response strategy. As the implementation of the suppression mechanism requires cognitive effort, the conjunction of these results suggests that the deficits observed may be due to disengagement of effort over time rather than reflecting an incapacity to make an effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Salomone
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Boris Burle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Fabre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Ecole de l'Air, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Bruno Berberian
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
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19
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Strasser A, Luksys G, Xin L, Pessiglione M, Gruetter R, Sandi C. Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in the nucleus accumbens predicts effort-based motivated performance in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2048-2057. [PMID: 32688366 PMCID: PMC7547698 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence implicates the nucleus accumbens in motivated performance, but very little is known about the neurochemical underpinnings of individual differences in motivation. Here, we applied 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at ultra-high-field in the nucleus accumbens and inquired whether levels of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), GABA or their ratios predict interindividual differences in effort-based motivated task performance. Given the incentive value of social competition, we also examined differences in performance under self-motivated or competition settings. Our results indicate that higher accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio predicts better overall performance and reduced effort perception. As performance is the outcome of multiple cognitive, motor and physiological processes, we applied computational modeling to estimate best-fitting individual parameters related to specific processes modeled with utility, effort and performance functions. This model-based analysis revealed that accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio specifically relates to stamina; i.e., the capacity to maintain performance over long periods. It also indicated that competition boosts performance from task onset, particularly for low Gln-to-Glu individuals. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights implicating accumbal Gln and Glu balance on the prediction of specific computational components of motivated performance. This approach and findings can help developing therapeutic strategies based on targeting metabolism to ameliorate deficits in effort engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Strasser
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC), Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gediminas Luksys
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences (CDBS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, Haining, China.
| | - Lijing Xin
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- grid.411439.a0000 0001 2150 9058Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Radiology, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC), Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Contreras-Huerta LS, Pisauro MA, Apps MAJ. Effort shapes social cognition and behaviour: A neuro-cognitive framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:426-439. [PMID: 32818580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts typically posit that variability in social behaviour is a function of capacity limits. We argue that many social behaviours are goal-directed and effortful, and thus variability is not just a function of capacity, but also motivation. Leveraging recent work examining the cognitive, computational and neural basis of effort processing, we put forward a framework for motivated social cognition. We argue that social cognition is demanding, people avoid its effort costs, and a core-circuit of brain areas that guides effort-based decisions in non-social situations may similarly evaluate whether social behaviours are worth the effort. Thus, effort sensitivity dissociates capacity limits from social motivation, and may be a driver of individual differences and pathological impairments in social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - M Andrea Pisauro
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; Christ Church College, University of Oxford, UK.
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21
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McGuigan S, Zhou SH, Brosnan MB, Thyagarajan D, Bellgrove MA, Chong TTJ. Dopamine restores cognitive motivation in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:719-732. [PMID: 30689734 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of motivation, such as apathy, are common in Parkinson's disease, and a key feature of such disorders is a greater aversion to effort. In humans, the experience of cognitive effort is ubiquitous, and cognitive apathy has traditionally been considered distinct and separable from other subtypes. Surprisingly, however, the neurobiology of cognitive motivation is poorly understood. In particular, although dopamine has a well-characterized role in incentivizing physically effortful behaviour, a critical, unresolved issue is whether its facilitatory role generalizes to other domains. Here, we asked how dopamine modulates the willingness of patients with Parkinson's disease to invest cognitive effort in return for reward. We tested 20 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease across two counterbalanced sessions-ON and OFF their usual dopaminergic medication-and compared their performance to 20 healthy age-matched controls. We applied a novel task in which we manipulated cognitive effort as the number of rapid serial visual presentation streams to which participants had to attend. After training participants to ceiling performance, we then asked them to choose between a low-effort/low-reward baseline option, and a higher-effort/higher-reward offer. Computational models of choice behaviour revealed four key results. First, patients OFF medication were significantly less cognitively motivated than controls, as manifest by steeper cognitive effort discounting functions in the former group. Second, dopaminergic therapy improved this deficit, such that choices in patients ON medication were indistinguishable from controls. Third, differences in motivation were also accompanied by independent changes in the stochasticity of individuals' decisions, such that dopamine reduced the variability in choice behaviour. Finally, choices on our task correlated uniquely with the subscale of the Dimensional Apathy Scale that specifically indexes cognitive motivation, which suggests a close relationship between our laboratory measure of cognitive effort discounting and subjective reports of day-to-day cognitive apathy. Importantly, participants' choices were not confounded by temporal discounting, probability discounting, physical demand, or varying task performance. These results are the first to reveal the central role of dopamine in overcoming cognitive effort costs. They provide an insight into the computational mechanisms underlying cognitive apathy in Parkinson's disease, and demonstrate its amenability to dopaminergic therapy. More broadly, they offer important empirical support for prominent frameworks proposing a domain-general role for dopamine in value-based decision-making, and provide a critical link between dopamine and multidimensional theories of apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McGuigan
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shou-Han Zhou
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Méadhbh B Brosnan
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Dopamine-Dependent Loss Aversion during Effort-Based Decision-Making. J Neurosci 2019; 40:661-670. [PMID: 31727795 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1760-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From psychology to economics, there has been substantial interest in how costs (e.g., delay, risk) are represented asymmetrically during decision-making when attempting to gain reward or avoid punishment. For example, in decision-making under risk, individuals show a tendency to prefer to avoid punishment rather than to acquire the equivalent reward (loss aversion). Although the cost of physical effort has recently received significant attention, it remains unclear whether loss aversion exists during effort-based decision-making. On the one hand, loss aversion may be hardwired due to asymmetric evolutionary pressure on losses and gains and therefore exists across decision-making contexts. On the other hand, distinct brain regions are involved with different decision costs, making it questionable whether similar asymmetries exist. Here, we demonstrate that young healthy human participants (females, 16; males, 6) exhibit loss aversion during effort-based decision-making by exerting more physical effort to avoid punishment than to gain a same-size reward. Next, we show that medicated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (females, 9; males, 9) show a reduction in loss aversion compared with age-matched control subjects (females, 11; males, 9). Behavioral and computational analysis revealed that people with PD exerted similar physical effort in return for a reward but were less willing to produce effort to avoid punishment. Therefore, loss aversion is present during effort-based decision-making and can be modulated by altered dopaminergic state. This finding could have important implications for our understanding of clinical disorders that show a reduced willingness to exert effort in the pursuit of reward.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss aversion-preferring to avoid punishment rather than to acquire equivalent reward-is an important concept in decision-making under risk. However, little is known about whether loss aversion also exists during decisions where the cost is physical effort. This is surprising given that motor cost shapes human behavior, and a reduced willingness to exert effort is a characteristic of many clinical disorders. Here, we show that healthy human individuals exert more effort to minimize punishment than to maximize reward (loss aversion). We also demonstrate that medicated Parkinson's disease patients exert similar effort to gain reward but less effort to avoid punishment when compared with healthy age-matched control subjects. This indicates that dopamine-dependent loss aversion is crucial for explaining effort-based decision-making.
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23
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Blain B, Schmit C, Aubry A, Hausswirth C, Le Meur Y, Pessiglione M. Neuro-computational Impact of Physical Training Overload on Economic Decision-Making. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3289-3297.e4. [PMID: 31564497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overtraining syndrome is a form of burnout, defined in endurance athletes by unexplained performance drop associated with intense fatigue sensation. Our working hypothesis is that the form of fatigue resulting from physical training overload might share some neural underpinnings with the form of fatigue observed after prolonged intellectual work, which was previously shown to affect the cognitive control brain system. Indeed, cognitive control may be required to prevent any impulsive behavior, including stopping physical effort when it hurts, despite the long-term goal of improving performance through intense training. To test this hypothesis, we induced a mild form of overtraining in a group of endurance athletes, which we compared to a group of normally trained athletes on behavioral tasks performed during fMRI scanning. At the behavioral level, training overload enhanced impulsivity in economic choice, which was captured by a bias favoring immediate over delayed rewards in our computational model. At the neural level, training overload resulted in diminished activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex, a key region of the cognitive control system, during economic choice. Our results therefore provide causal evidence for a functional link between enduring physical exercise and exerting cognitive control. Besides, the concept of cognitive control fatigue bridges the functional consequences of excessive physical training and intellectual work into a single neuro-computational mechanism, which might contribute to other clinical forms of burnout syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Blain
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France; Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, 75013 Paris, France; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College, WC1B 5EH London, UK.
| | - Cyril Schmit
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France; Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Anaël Aubry
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hausswirth
- Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France; Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France.
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24
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Feng LR, Regan J, Shrader JA, Liwang J, Ross A, Kumar S, Saligan LN. Cognitive and motor aspects of cancer-related fatigue. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5840-5849. [PMID: 31407525 PMCID: PMC6792503 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating symptom frequently reported by patients during and after treatment for cancer. CRF is a multidimensional experience and is often solely assessed by self-report measures. The goal of the study is to examine the physical and cognitive aspects of self-reported CRF using a cognitive function test and a physical fatigue index in order to provide objective measures that can characterize the CRF phenotype. METHODS A total of 59 subjects with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving external beam radiation therapy were included in the study. Fatigue was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F) questionnaire. Cognitive characteristics of CRF was measured using the Stroop Color-Word Interference computerized test and the motor aspect of fatigue was measured using the static fatigue test using a handgrip dynamometer. FINDINGS Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue scores significantly correlated with the Stroop Interference score, but not performance accuracy in all test conditions. Fatigued subjects exhibited a more rapid decline to 50% of maximal strength and increased static fatigue index in the handgrip test, whereas maximal grip strength was not affected. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that CRF exhibits both cognitive and physical characteristics. Subjective fatigue was associated with increased time required to overcome cognitive interference, but not cognitive performance accuracy. Fatigued patients exhibited decreased physical endurance and the ability to sustain maximal strength over time. These objective measures may serve as valuable tools for clinicians to detect cognitive and physical impairment associated with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Rebekah Feng
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeniece Regan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Shrader
- Clinical Center Rehabilitation Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Josephine Liwang
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander Ross
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Saloni Kumar
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Evaluation of three behavioural economics 'nudges' on grocery and convenience store sales of promoted nutritious foods. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:3250-3260. [PMID: 31331404 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between three behavioural economics 'nudges' and store sales of promoted healthier foods. DESIGN Multiple interrupted time series. SETTING Two predominantly rural counties in central North Carolina, USA. PARTICIPANTS Aggregated store transaction data from two grocery stores (one intervention, one control) and two convenience stores (one intervention, one control) were analysed using ANOVA to examine the association between three 'nudges' and store sales of promoted items. The nudges included: a 'cognitive fatigue' experiment, in which floor arrows guided customers to the produce sections; a 'scarcity' experiment, in which one sign in one area of the produce section portrayed a 'limited amount' message; and a 'product placement' experiment, where granola bars were moved into the candy bar aisle. RESULTS In convenience stores, there were no significant differences between sales of the promoted items during the intervention period for any of the nudges when implemented individually. However, compared with baseline sales, implementation of all three nudges simultaneously was associated with an increase in sales during the intervention period based on proportional computations (P = 0·001), whereas no significant changes in sales were observed in the control convenience store. Among the grocery stores, there were no significant differences in sales during the intervention period for any of the nudges or the combined intervention compared with baseline sales. CONCLUSIONS Implementing three nudges concurrently in a convenience store setting may increase sales of promoted items. However, before stores consider implementing these nudges to increase sales of nutritious foods, additional research is warranted.
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Massar SAA, Lim J, Huettel SA. Sleep deprivation, effort allocation and performance. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:1-26. [PMID: 31072557 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation causes physiological alterations (e.g., decreased arousal, intrusion of micro-sleeps), that negatively affect performance on a wide range of cognitive domains. These effects indicate that cognitive performance relies on a capacity-limited system that may be more challenged in the absence of sleep. Additionally, sleep loss can result in a lower willingness to exert effort in the pursuit of performance goals. Such deficits in motivation may interact with the effects of capacity limitations to further stifle cognitive performance. When sleep-deprived, cognitive performance is experienced as more effortful, and intrinsic motivation to perform dwindles. On the other hand, increasing motivation extrinsically (e.g., by monetary incentives) can inspire individuals to allocate more task-related effort, and can partially counter performance deficits associated with sleep deprivation. In this chapter, we review current research on the interplay between sleep deprivation, effort and performance. We integrate these findings into an effort-based decision-making framework in which sleep-related performance impairments may result from a voluntary decision to withdraw effort. We conclude with practical implications of this framework for performance in healthy populations (e.g., work productivity) and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn A A Massar
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Julian Lim
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A Huettel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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