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Guo Z, Hu Q, Chen J, Hong D, Huang Y, Lv J, Xu Y, Zhang R, Jiang S. The developmental characteristics of proactive and reactive aggression in late childhood: The effect of parental control. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22112. [PMID: 37672595 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has confirmed that parental control is related to children's aggressive behavior. However, few studies have focused on proactive and reactive aggression to distinguish the different effects of parental psychological and behavioral control. Moreover, additional longitudinal evidence is needed to understand these links. In the current paper, a three-wave longitudinal study was conducted to examine the developmental characteristics of proactive and reactive aggression and the role of parental control in China. A total of 484 4th- and 7th-grade students participated at wave 1 (51.65% in 4th-grade, Mage = 11.66 ± 1.52 years), 465 students (52.04% in 4th-grade) at wave 2, and 447 children (51.90% in 4th-grade) at wave 3. The results showed that: (1) Proactive aggression in late childhood remained stable overall, while reactive aggression displayed a clear upward trend. (2) In proactive aggression, boys and girls had a consistent developmental trend. The initial level of boys was higher than that of girls. In reactive aggression, the growth rate was inversely associated with their initial level and the initial level of boys in 7th-grade was significantly higher than that of girls. (3) Both parental psychological and behavioral control positively predicted students' reactive aggression in 4th- and 7th-grade, whereas only parental behavioral control positively predicted proactive aggression in 7th-grade students, with no gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Guo
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of English, School of Foreign Languages, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Development Planning, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Defan Hong
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suo Jiang
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang, Institute of Medical Humanities, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Daks JS, Peltz JS, Rogge RD. The impact of psychological flexibility on family dynamics amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal perspective. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022; 26:97-113. [PMID: 36105870 PMCID: PMC9461241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Health risks associated with contracting COVID-19, stay-at-home orders, and pandemic-related economic and social hardships created unique challenges for individuals throughout the pandemic, and in particular for families whose daily routines were disrupted at the start of the pandemic. This study applied a contextual behavioral science lens to Family Systems Theory to examine the impact of COVID-19 stressors on family and individual functioning. Methods A sample of 742 coparents (86% married/engaged; 84% Caucasian; 71% female; M = 40.7 years old, SD = 8.1; M income = $82,435, SD income = $27,604) of school-aged children (5-18 years old) completed a baseline survey from late March to late April 2020. Of the initial sample, 556 coparents completed weekly diaries for 8 weeks. Results Mediation models were tested within a multilevel path modeling framework to evaluate both the stable, between-family differences (i.e., at level 2) and the within-family changes from week to week (i.e., at level 1). Across both levels of the model, parent psychological inflexibility was robustly linked to poorer functioning across all levels of the family system, showing direct links to a majority of the processes assessed. The results further supported a top-down spillover cascade in which parent inflexibility was proximally linked to greater COVID-19 related stress and parent depressive symptoms, which were proximally linked to poorer romantic functioning (greater negative conflict, lower satisfaction), which were proximally linked to poorer family functioning (greater coparent discord and family chaos), which were proximally linked to poorer parenting (greater angry/reactive parenting), which was proximally linked to greater child distress. Multi-group models suggested that the results were largely stable across (1) parent race (white vs non-white), (2) family size (1 child vs 2 or more), (3) child age (less than 10 years old vs 10 or older), (4) parent age (under 40 vs. 40 or older), (5) perceived COVID-19 risk, (6) parent gender (mothers vs fathers), (7) household income groups (less than $100k vs $100k or more), and (8) perceived economic stress/uncertainty (low vs high). However, a handful of moderated effects emerged from those multi-group models suggesting that fathers might be slightly more prone to negative spillover effects across the family systems and that wealthier families might have experienced the stress of new demands (e.g., homeschooling, remote working) as more disruptive. Conclusions Results highlight the crucial role parental psychological flexibility and inflexibility play in families managing the stress of COVID-19, as well as key mechanisms for how those stressors may either reverberate or become dampened throughout the family system.
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Flujas-Contreras JM, García-Palacios A, Gómez I. Parenting Intervention for Psychological Flexibility and Emotion Regulation: Clinical Protocol and an Evidence-Based Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095014. [PMID: 35564408 PMCID: PMC9101648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychological flexibility has been found as a protective factor for several psychological problems, including the field of parenting. The present study aims to illustrate a clinical protocol, session by session, for the promotion of parental psychological flexibility and emotion regulation in a case study. The clinical protocol is based on third-wave behavior therapy in a brief intervention of four sessions. The intervention is presented in a clinical case of a mother with a child diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Both mother and child experienced problems with emotional regulation and psychological flexibility. The results show clinically significant improvements in psychological flexibility, emotional regulation, and stress parenting in the mother both after the intervention and at follow-up. In the child, emotional perspective-taking skills, acceptance, and valued actions improved. The case illustrates in detail the application of different strategies of acceptance, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and emotional defusion applicable to parenting. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Flujas-Contreras
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
- Health Research Centre (CEINSA/UAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Department of Psychology, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
- Health Research Centre (CEINSA/UAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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Investigating How Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Regulation Predict Experiential Avoidance in Non-Clinical Participants. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-021-00602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ying J, You J, Liu S, Wu R. The relations between childhood experience of negative parenting practices and nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of maladaptive perfectionism and rumination. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 115:104992. [PMID: 33618223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent and serious public health concern among adolescents worldwide, and family experiences are influential in its development. However, the potential mediating mechanisms underlying the relations between childhood experience of negative parenting practices and NSSI are not fully understood. This study tested a mediating model to examine the roles of maladaptive perfectionism and rumination in these relations. METHODS A total of 5,619 Chinese adolescents (54.7 % males; mean age = 15.92 years, SD = 0.73) participated in this study and completed self-report measures of negative parenting practices, maladaptive perfectionism, rumination, and NSSI. RESULTS There were significant positive correlations among negative parenting practices, maladaptive perfectionism, rumination, and NSSI. In the mediation analyses, all negative parenting practices were indirectly related to NSSI via maladaptive perfectionism, while rumination only mediated the relation of maternal overprotection to NSSI. In addition, among all negative parenting practices, maternal rejection was the most closely associated with maladaptive perfectionism. CONCLUSION The findings of the study expand our understanding of the influences of negative parenting practices on NSSI. Clinicians may pay special attention to maternal rejection and focus on adolescents' maladaptive perfectionism and rumination when interacting with individuals with NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Ying
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianing You
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Sihan Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Ruyun Wu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
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Flujas-Contreras JM, García-Palacios A, Gómez I. Effectiveness of a Web-Based Intervention on Parental Psychological Flexibility and Emotion Regulation: A Pilot Open Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2958. [PMID: 33805835 PMCID: PMC7998718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
"Parenting Forest" is an informed contextual therapy parenting program for improving parental emotion regulation strategies and psychological flexibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of a self-guided web-based intervention of the Parenting Forest program. The intervention program consists of six self-applied sequential modules that use strategies from contextual therapies for providing a parenting style open to experience, mindful and committed to its actions. A pilot controlled open trial was conducted. Eligible parents (n = 12) enrolled in the web-based intervention completed baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T2) assessment instruments. Parental psychological flexibility, avoidance, emotional regulation, parental stress, satisfaction with life, children's psychological adjustment and client satisfaction were measured to assess the effects of the intervention. Mood, coping, and value-related actions were assessed as measures of progress. The results showed positive effects on the parents' psychological flexibility and emotion regulation. Parents' mood and coping skills improved throughout the intervention program. These results provide preliminary evidence of the web-based Parenting Forest's efficacy, although further research is needed to assess its effectiveness for prevention and in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Flujas-Contreras
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
- Health Research Centre (CEINSA/UAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Department of Psychology, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, CB06/03 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
- Health Research Centre (CEINSA/UAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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The use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in addressing family accommodation (FA) for child anxiety. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x21000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many parents of children with anxiety tend to engage in varying levels of family accommodation (FA) in order to alleviate anxiety symptoms. This can exacerbate anxiety symptoms and have adverse effects for psychological treatments. A small number of general and specific interventions have been developed for FA but treatment research is at a nascent stage. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may be an effective treatment for FA. This article reviews the potential advantages and uses of ACT and how ACT’s six core processes can help target particular features of FA. The theoretical support for ACT is reviewed relevant to FA. The article concludes by conjecturing how ACT may be a useful and adaptive treatment in targeting FA.
Key learning aims
(1)
To understand how FA impacts on child anxiety.
(2)
To help provide an overview of how ACT may be a relevant treatment in addressing FA.
(3)
To look at how each of the six core processes may address specific components of FA.
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Flujas-Contreras JM, García-Palacios A, Gómez I. Spanish validation of the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ). Int J Clin Health Psychol 2020; 20:163-172. [PMID: 32550856 PMCID: PMC7296241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Psychological flexibility is an ability with positive effects in health, also in the field parenting. The aim of this study is to validate the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ) in Spanish sample. Method A total of 426 parents (96.3% female), with an average age of 38.25 years (SD = 5.76) and with at least one child between 3 and 16 years old participated. Participants completed the 6PAQ and other instruments assessing experiential avoidance, thought suppression, satisfaction with life and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results In comparison with the original model, the three-factor structural solution with 16 items obtained a better adjustment (CFI = .996; GFI = .998; TLI = .995; RMSE = .016) that refer to response styles related to psychological flexibility (open, aware and active). The 6-PAQ adaptation has shown good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of .81 and a McDonald's omega of .86 for the scale, and evidence of convergent validity with significant correlations with measure of avoidance, thought suppression, satisfaction with life and anxiety. Conclusions The Spanish version of the 6-PAQ with the three-factor structure presents psychometric property to be considered a reliable measure and a valid instrument for the evaluation of parental psychological flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Flujas-Contreras
- Department of Psychology of University of Almeria, Spain.,Health Research Centre of University of Almeria, Spain
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Departament of Psychology, University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.,CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, CB06/03 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Department of Psychology of University of Almeria, Spain.,Health Research Centre of University of Almeria, Spain
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Family accommodation of anxiety in a community sample of children on the autism spectrum. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 70:102192. [PMID: 31972299 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is recognised as one of the most common co-occurring conditions for individuals with a diagnosis on the autism spectrum, with approximately 40 % of children on the spectrum receiving a clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. To date, research has tended to focus upon understanding presentation and evaluating treatment, with little focus on assessing systemic factors, such as the way that family members accommodate the anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parent and child anxiety levels and child autism characteristics on the four domains of family accommodation; Participation, Modification, Distress, and Consequence. A community sample (n = 132) of parents of children on the spectrum completed questionnaires on their child's autism characteristics and anxiety symptomatology as well as their own levels of anxiety and family accommodation behaviours. Regression models identified specific aspects of child anxiety as well as parent anxiety as predictive of family accommodation, with the child's difficulties with uncertainty being a consistent predictor of all four domains. Clinical and research implications of this study, including the importance of understanding similarities or differences in the nature and consequence of family accommodation in children on the autism spectrum, are discussed.
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