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Minichiello H, Reasonover M, Fuglestad P. The indirect effects of perfectionism on athletes' self-views through maladaptive emotion regulation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1373461. [PMID: 38979064 PMCID: PMC11228339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1373461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In general, increased levels of perfectionism have been associated with increased levels of burnout, heightened levels of depression and anxiety, lowered self-esteem, and poorer overall performance, yet perfectionistic strivings within athletes have also been associated with lower burnout and better performance in some contexts. Methods The current study investigated whether emotion regulation strategies would indirectly link perfectionism with self-esteem in young adults who had participated in competitive athletics. Two hundred and fifty-three primarily white (60.0 %), female (83.0 %) undergraduate students who had participated in competitive athletics completed a series of questionnaires including: the Self-liking and Self-Competence Scale - Revised, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the short form of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Results The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to examine the indirect association between perfectionism and self-esteem through emotion regulation. Higher self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism were both indirectly associated with lower self-liking and self-competence through greater catastrophizing and self-blame. Discussion For individuals like athletes, who experience internal and external pressures, increased perfectionism may lead to negative self-views through maladaptive emotion regulation. However, longitudinal and experimental work is needed to establish this proposed pattern of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Fuglestad
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Negru-Subtirica O, Damian LE, Pop EI, Crocetti E. The complex story of educational identity in adolescence: Longitudinal relations with academic achievement and perfectionism. J Pers 2023; 91:299-313. [PMID: 35451109 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Education has a strong impact on adolescent development. This study investigated the complex longitudinal associations between educational identity processes, academic achievement, and perfectionism. METHOD The study used a 4-wave design (N = 744 adolescents, Mage = 15.2 years, 55% girls). RESULTS Results showed that self-oriented perfectionism mediated the longitudinal relation between academic achievement and educational commitment, whereas educational commitment mediated the longitudinal relation between self-oriented perfectionism and academic achievement. Also, a unidirectional positive direct link from educational in-depth exploration to socially prescribed perfectionism was found, while self-oriented perfectionism mediated the positive relationship between academic achievement and exploration. Finally, higher academic achievement led to decreases in educational reconsideration of commitment, whereas socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increases in educational reconsideration of commitment and decreases in academic achievement. CONCLUSIONS These findings bring forward the intricate and possibly sabotaging links between educational identity processes, academic achievement, and perfectionism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Negru-Subtirica
- Self and Identity Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia E Damian
- Self and Identity Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eleonora Ioana Pop
- Self and Identity Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elisabetta Crocetti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Zhaoyang H, Feng C, Mei F, Jingjing L, Jiyang P. Negative perfectionism and sleep quality in Chinese international students under COVID-19 epidemic: A moderated mediation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:937816. [PMID: 35978773 PMCID: PMC9377220 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study used a moderated mediation model to test the mediating effect of anxiety on the relationship between negative perfectionism and sleep quality and the moderating effect of COVID-19 epidemic risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chinese international students. Materials and methods A sample of 239 Chinese international students from the south of China, was surveyed with the Negative and Positive Perfectionism Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the General Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the COVID-19 Epidemic Risk Perception Inventory. Version 23.0 of SPSS and version 3.4 of PROCESS were used to perform the correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis. Results (1) Negative perfectionism was significantly correlated with anxiety (r = 0.371, p < 0.01) and poor sleep quality (r = 0.291, p < 0.01). Anxiety was significantly correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.594, p < 0.01). (2) The mediating effect test showed that anxiety had a mediating effect between negative perfectionism and poor sleep quality (β = 0.157, p < 0.01). (3) Epidemic risk perception moderated the mediating effect of anxiety between negative perfectionism and poor sleep quality (β = 0.070, p < 0.01). Conclusion Negative perfectionism affected sleep quality indirectly through anxiety. In particular, COVID-19 epidemic risk perception moderated the relationship between anxiety and sleep quality, such that the association was stronger when the COVID-19 epidemic risk perception was high. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the negative link between negative perfectionism and poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhaoyang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Jingjing
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Jiyang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Pan Jiyang,
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Dyadic Predictors of Child Body Shame in a Polish and Italian Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148659. [PMID: 35886511 PMCID: PMC9318821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at assessing the predictors (related to the functioning of a parent-child dyad) of child body shame. Therefore, in the main analysis we examined relationships among child body shame, child perfectionism, child body dissatisfaction, parent body shame, parent perfectionism, and parent body dissatisfaction. In our main hypothesis we assumed that higher levels of the abovementioned parent functioning-related variables would be associated with higher child body shame after accounting for the effects of the foregoing child functioning-related variables. The analysis finally included complete data from 420 participants, i.e., a 115 Polish and 95 Italian parent-child dyad. Participants completed: (a) child: the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale for Youth, the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, the Children's Body Image Scale/the Figure Rating Scale; (b) parent: the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. The results of a correlational analysis show that in both the Polish and Italian samples, the higher the level of child body shame, the higher the level of the following variables: child perfectionism, child body dissatisfaction, parent perfectionism, and parent body dissatisfaction. Interestingly, the only insignificant relationship in both samples is the association between body shame in both members of the child-parent dyad. Moreover, all steps of the regressions were significant in both Polish and Italian samples. It turned out that only in the Italian sample were all predictors significantly associated with a child's body shame (in the Polish sample there was no significant association between child's body shame and parent's perfectionism). To sum up, the above studies show the importance of considering the functioning of the parent-child dyad in understanding child body shame. These findings suggest that parents' attitudes toward their bodies and their beliefs about an ideal self should be taken into account when planning interventions to improve children's and adolescents' attitudes toward their bodies. This is so because it is possible for children to internalize their parents' beliefs about how to look and how critical one should be of themselves, which can result in strong body shame when they are not perfect enough against the internalized ideal. Therefore, it is also necessary to make parents aware that children's attitude toward their body is often a reflection of parents' attitude toward the body.
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Stricker J, Kröger L, Küskens A, Gieselmann A, Pietrowsky R. No perfect sleep! A systematic review of the link between multidimensional perfectionism and sleep disturbance. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13548. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stricker
- Department of Experimental Psychology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Lasse Kröger
- Department of Psychology University of Trier Trier Germany
| | - Anna Küskens
- Department of Experimental Psychology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Annika Gieselmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Reinhard Pietrowsky
- Department of Experimental Psychology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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Appel H, Englich B, Burghardt J. "I Know What I Like" - Indecisiveness Is Unrelated to Behavioral Indicators of Evaluation Difficulties. Front Psychol 2021; 12:710880. [PMID: 34603135 PMCID: PMC8481952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indecisiveness, the subjective inability to make satisfying decisions, is an individual difference trait that may impede effective actions. Mechanisms underlying indecisiveness are largely unknown. In four studies, we tested the prediction that indicators of evaluation difficulty were associated with indecisiveness in simple evaluations. Across studies, indecisiveness was measured via self-report while evaluation difficulties were derived behaviorally from three indicators: difficulty distinguishing between similar evaluation objects (i.e., standard deviation of evaluation ratings), evaluation duration (reaction times), and implicit evaluations (evaluative priming effect) using familiar everyday objects. Study 1 (N = 151) was based on attractiveness evaluations of portraits. Studies 2a (N = 201) and 2b (N = 211) used chocolate as evaluation objects and manipulated to what extent the evaluations were equivalent to a decision. In Study 3 (N = 80) evaluations were measured implicitly through evaluative priming using food pictures. Contrary to our predictions, indecisiveness showed no reliable association to any indicator of evaluation difficulty, regardless of type of evaluation object, equivalence of evaluation and decision, and whether evaluation difficulty was based on explicit or implicit evaluations. All null findings were supported by Bayes factors. These counterintuitive results are a first step toward investigating evaluation processes as potential mechanisms underlying indecisiveness, showing that for both explicit and implicit measurements, indecisiveness is not characterized by difficulties when evaluating familiar everyday objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Appel
- Institute of Applied Social Psychology and Decision Making, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birte Englich
- Institute of Applied Social Psychology and Decision Making, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Burghardt
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.,Department of Social Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Liang Z, Lingting S, Ying C, Xiaoyan L, Yan Z, Ronghua Y, Dan B, Yanqiang T. Focus on the Beauty of Body: The Mediation Role of Body Appreciation Between Perfectionism and Body-Related Shame and Body-Related Guilt. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638641. [PMID: 34408691 PMCID: PMC8366495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: According to traditional views, perfectionists are prone to experience shame and guilt. As a relative part of negative body image, body appreciation reflects an appreciation attitude toward physical characteristics, functionality, and health, accepting and appreciating all parts and functions of the body, predicting body-related shame and guilt. Methods: Therefore, body appreciation was examined for its potential mediating role in the relationship between two dimensions of perfectionism (e.g., healthy perfectionism and unhealthy perfectionism) and body-related shame and body-related guilt among 514 females. Results: The results highlight that body appreciation partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and body-related shame and body-related guilt. Implications for enhancing body appreciation among females between experiencing healthy or unhealthy perfectionism and body-related shame and body-related guilt feelings are discussed. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of considering body appreciation in addressing perfectionism dimensions and body-related shame and body-related guilt. Research and clinical implications are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Liang
- Student Mental Health Education Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shen Lingting
- School of International Studies, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Ying
- Student Development Guidance Center, Student Affairs Office, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Liu Xiaoyan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Ronghua
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi Dan
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
- Yichun 1st high school, Yichun, China
| | - Tao Yanqiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Piotrowski K. How many parents regret having children and how it is linked to their personality and health: Two studies with national samples in Poland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254163. [PMID: 34288933 PMCID: PMC8294566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveys conducted over the last few years on representative samples in the US and Germany suggest that the percentage of parents who regret having children is approximately 17–8%. In none of these studies did the researchers attempt a detailed examination of this group of parents from the perspective of their psychological functioning. In the present article, two studies based on large, national samples (N = 1175 and N = 1280), one of which was a representative sample of young Poles, are presented. The results obtained show that the percentage of parents who regret parenthood is higher in Poland than in the US or Germany, and that parents who regret having children are characterized by a higher level of adverse childhood experiences, have poorer psychological and somatic health, are more vulnerable to social evaluation, and experience strong parental identity crisis and parental burnout. Regretting parenthood also turns out to be associated with the parent’s financial situation and marital status, and with having children with special needs. The results indicate that regretting becoming a parent is an important social and psychological issue that should become an object of interest for researchers from various disciplines and for social policy authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Piotrowski
- Center for Research on Personality Development, Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Negru-Subtirica O, Pop EI, Damian LE, Stoeber J. The Very Best of Me: Longitudinal Associations of Perfectionism and Identity Processes in Adolescence. Child Dev 2021; 92:1855-1871. [PMID: 34231882 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personality and identity formation are intricately linked in adolescent development. The personality disposition of perfectionism has been associated with identity processes, but their longitudinal interplay in adolescence has not yet been investigated. This four-wave study, with 5- to 6-month intervals between each wave (N = 744 Caucasian adolescents, Mage = 15.2 years, 55% girls), examined associations between perfectionism (self-oriented and socially prescribed) and identity processes in the domain of future plans. Self-oriented perfectionism predicted increases in commitment making, identification with commitment, and exploration in depth. Socially prescribed perfectionism showed bidirectional positive relations with ruminative exploration. Exploration in depth predicted increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Findings suggest that perfectionism is an important personality disposition in adolescent identity formation unfolding over time.
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How Good It Would Be to Turn Back Time: Adult Attachment and Perfectionism in Mothers and Their Relationships with the Processes of Parental Identity Formation. Psychol Belg 2020; 60:55-72. [PMID: 32140240 PMCID: PMC7047756 DOI: 10.5334/pb.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental identity formation may be a factor of the utmost importance in helping us to understand the mechanisms of adaptation to parenthood. However, our knowledge regarding the processes involved in the development of parental identity is very limited. In the present study the relationships between three dimensions of parental identity (commitment, in-depth exploration, reconsideration of commitment), and two trait-like characteristics that determine the quality of family life, i.e. romantic adult attachment and perfectionism were analyzed. 206 mothers aged 22 to 40 participated in the study (M = 33.33, SD = 3.68). The results revealed that a high level in anxious attachment, avoidant attachment and maladaptive aspects of perfectionism (other-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism) positively correlate with a low level of parental identity commitment and a high level of reconsideration of parental commitment. Regression analysis revealed that especially attachment-related anxiety and other-oriented perfectionism can be treated as independent, specific predictors of an increased crisis of parental identity.
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