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Zhozhikashvili N, Protopova M, Shkurenko T, Arsalidou M, Zakharov I, Kotchoubey B, Malykh S, Pavlov YG. Working memory processes and intrinsic motivation: An EEG study. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 201:112355. [PMID: 38718899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Processes typically encompassed by working memory (WM) include encoding, retention, and retrieval of information. Previous research has demonstrated that motivation can influence WM performance, although the specific WM processes affected by motivation are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of motivation on different WM processes, examining how task difficulty modulates these effects. We hypothesized that motivation level and personality traits of the participants (N = 48, 32 females; mean age = 21) would modulate the parietal alpha and frontal theta electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of WM encoding, retention, and retrieval phases of the Sternberg task. This effect was expected to be more pronounced under conditions of very high task difficulty. We found that increasing difficulty led to reduced accuracy and increased response time, but no significant relationship was found between motivation and accuracy. However, EEG data revealed that motivation influenced WM processes, as indicated by changes in alpha and theta oscillations. Specifically, higher levels of the Resilience trait-associated with mental toughness, hardiness, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and low anxiety-were related to increased alpha desynchronization during encoding and retrieval. Increased scores of Subjective Motivation to perform well in the task were related to enhanced frontal midline theta during retention. Additionally, these effects were significantly stronger under conditions of high difficulty. These findings provide insights into the specific WM processes that are influenced by motivation, and underscore the importance of considering both task difficulty and intrinsic motivation in WM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zhozhikashvili
- Faculty of Social Sciences, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Protopova
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Ilya Zakharov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Boris Kotchoubey
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergey Malykh
- Developmental Behavioral Genetics Lab, Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri G Pavlov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Marakshina J, Adamovich T, Vasin G, Ismatullina V, Lobaskova M, Malykh A, Kolyasnikov P, Tabueva A, Zakharov I, Malykh S. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale in Russian adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:775. [PMID: 38191640 PMCID: PMC10774267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study involved a psychometric analysis of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). To investigate the Russian version of the PSS-10 for adolescents, 3530 adolescents aged 13-17 years were recruited. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data corresponded to the expected two-factor configuration. Psychometric properties and factor structure were evaluated. As expected, the PSS-10 included two factors: perceived helplessness and perceived self-efficacy. Internal consistency demonstrated acceptable values (Cronbach's alpha was 0.82 for perceived helplessness, 0.77 for perceived self-efficacy, and 0.80 for the overall PSS score). Measurement invariance across sexes was assessed, and configural and metric invariance were confirmed. The developed diagnostic tool can be used both in the school system to alleviate the negative consequences of academic stress in adolescents and, in the future, in other areas, particularly in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marakshina
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Timofey Adamovich
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Victoria Ismatullina
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marina Lobaskova
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Artem Malykh
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Kolyasnikov
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anna Tabueva
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Zakharov
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Malykh
- Center of Population Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
- Developmental Behavioral Genetics Lab, Federal Research Centre of Psychological and Interdisciplinary Studies, Moscow, Russia.
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Denovan A, Dagnall N, Drinkwater K. Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness: Scrutiny of Its Multidimensionality and Nomological Validity. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231221502. [PMID: 38102087 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231221502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has observed that Mental Toughness, Optimal Regulation, and Self-Efficacy share core features and variance. Investigators have named this commonality Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness (NCAR). The NCAR validation study reported that the construct possesses promising psychometric properties, however, further research is required to replicate and extend these findings. Acknowledging this, the present paper using a UK-based sample of 1998 participants (Mage = 40 years, range 18-83), tested the NCAR model against competing alternatives (multidimensional and one-factor solutions), and assessed the nomological validity of NCAR in relation to Perceived Stress and Anxiety Control. Participants completed the self-report study measures online. Exploratory structural equation modelling revealed that a bifactor solution represented data more effectively than one-factor and multi-factor alternatives. Additionally, a structural equation model found that NCAR significantly predicted Perceived Stress (subfactors of Distress and Coping) and Anxiety Control (subfactors of Emotional Control, Threat Control, and Stress Control). Moreover, NCAR predicted PSS Coping and Emotional Control to a greater extent than the specific bifactors (Mental Toughness, Optimal Regulation, and Self-Efficacy). This suggested that NCAR comprises an underpinning, positive psychological energy that facilitates coping. Particularly, an enabling resource that enhances the capacity to thrive under pressure and retain emotional control in demanding and trying circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Denovan
- Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Kenneth Drinkwater
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Romano D, Costantini G, Richetin J, Perugini M. The HEXACO Adjective Scales and Its Psychometric Properties. Assessment 2023; 30:2510-2532. [PMID: 36794796 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231153833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The HEXACO model divides the space of personality into six main dimensions: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness (vs. anger), Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. Despite the lexical foundation, no validated adjective-based instruments are available yet. This contribution describes the newly developed HEXACO Adjective Scales (HAS), a 60 adjectives instrument to measure the six main personality dimensions. Study 1 (N=368) proceeds to the first pruning of a large set of adjectives to identify potential markers. Study 2 (N=811) delineates the final list of 60 adjectives and provides benchmarks for the new scales' internal consistency, convergent/discriminant, and criterion validity. Study 3 (N=411) confirms the HAS factorial structure, internal consistency, and criterion validity. The study also provides evidence of temporal stability (test-retest reliability) and convergence between raters (peer/self-evaluation). The HAS shows excellent psychometric properties and constitutes a valuable tool for assessing the HEXACO personality dimensions using adjectives.
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Papageorgiou KA, Denovan A, Dagnall N, Hill-Artamonova E, Gianniou FM, Papageorgiou S, Plouffe RA, Kowalski CM, Saklofske DH, Kyriazos T, Stalikas A, Costantini G. Grandiose narcissism indirectly associates with lower psychopathology across five countries. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 167:78-85. [PMID: 37856953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Using five independent non-clinical cross-cultural samples (total N = 3649; overall Mage = 29.31; 31% male and 69% female), this study explored the extent to which Dark Triad traits were indirectly associated with symptoms of psychopathology through mental toughness. Although Machiavellianism and psychopathy have not been studied extensively in this context, previous research (both cross-sectional and longitudinal) reports that grandiose narcissism increases mental toughness contributing indirectly to positive outcomes such as lower anxiety, stress, and depression. Accordingly, this study examined Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in the context of mental toughness and psychopathology. A particular focus was placed on investigating negative relationships between grandiose narcissism and psychopathology. Participants completed self-report measures assessing the Dark Triad, mental toughness, and psychopathology. In all samples, grandiose narcissism exerted moderate negative, indirect associations with anxiety, stress, and depression through mental toughness. Relationships between Machiavellianism and psychopathy and psychopathology were generally weak and positive but varied across countries. Findings provided further cross-cultural support for a mediation model in which grandiose narcissism is related to higher mental toughness and lower psychopathology. Outcomes from this study indicate that exploration of the link between grandiose narcissism and resilience traits such as mental toughness can provide important conceptual insights into the adaptive properties of narcissism, and help to explain why grandiose narcissism is associated with a decrease in some psychopathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Papageorgiou
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus.
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Hill-Artamonova
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rachel A Plouffe
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Theodoros Kyriazos
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Stalikas
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
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Mojtahedi D, Dagnall N, Denovan A, Clough P, Dewhurst S, Hillier M, Papageorgiou K, Perry J. Competition Anxiety in Combat Sports and the Importance of Mental Toughness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:713. [PMID: 37753991 PMCID: PMC10525228 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combat sports require participants to engage in potentially dangerous forms of contact-based competition. Pressure to succeed, coupled with the risk of severe injury can induce significant levels of anxiety, which if uncontrolled, can negatively impact performance and possibly promote unsporting conduct. The present study examined competitive anxiety levels of combat sports athletes and determined whether self-reported scores were associated with mental toughness and Sportspersonship attitudes. A cross-sectional survey design was used whereby participants (N = 194) completed a battery of questionnaires measuring competitive combat sport experiences, demographic details, Sportspersonship traits (compliance towards rules, respect for opponents, and game perspective), and competition anxiety (somatic, cognitive, and self-confidence; reported retrospectively). Results suggest that mentally tough athletes experience lower levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher self-confidence, prior to competitions. Findings also found that athletes endorsing more altruistic and respectful attitudes in sport (Sportspersonship) reported higher levels of competition anxiety. The findings demonstrate that mental toughness is allied to positive attributes and could potentially be operationalized to improve both the retention and performance of combat sports athletes. Thus, the authors advocate the use of mental toughness coaching interventions within combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Mojtahedi
- Department of Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Peter Clough
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Kirklees HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | | | - Kostas Papageorgiou
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK
| | - John Perry
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
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Plouffe RA, Kowalski CM, Papageorgiou KA, Dinić BM, Artamonova E, Dagnall N, Denovan A, Gianniou FM, Kyriazos T, Saklofske DH, Stalikas A. The Revised Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP-8): Evidence for Validity across Four Countries. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:149-162. [PMID: 35412410 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2055476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical sadism, characterized by infliction of cruelty, aggression, or humiliation on another for subjugation or pleasure, provides important information in the prediction of aversive behaviors that have implications for individuals' and society's well-being worldwide. Given sadism's universal relevance, it is imperative that researchers ensure valid and reliable trait measurement not only among English-speaking individuals, but also cross-nationally among countries in which sadism remains relatively understudied. The objective of the current research was to validate the revised version of the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP-8) (Plouffe et al., 2017) across samples of Russian (n = 1087, Mage = 37.36, SD = 10.36), Greek (n = 1195, Mage = 35.64, SDage = 13.08), Serbian (n = 443, Mage = 28.10, SDage = 6.60), and British (n = 511, Mage = 28.50, SDage = 11.62) adults. Overall, results supported the reliability, dimensionality, and scalar/partial scalar measurement invariance of the ASP-8 across cross-national samples. Convergent and discriminant validity were mostly supported through correlations with general personality traits, the Dark Triad, emotional intelligence, mental toughness, depression, anxiety, stress, satisfaction with life, aggression, and attitudes toward social groups. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of the ASP-8 in future investigations of aversive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Plouffe
- The MacDonald Franklin Operational Stress Injury Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | - Bojana M Dinić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elena Artamonova
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Theodoros Kyriazos
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastassios Stalikas
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
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8
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Wheatley C, Batey M, Denovan A, Dagnall N. Mental toughness in the Football Association Women's Super League: Relationships with playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, support mechanisms and self-esteem. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285594. [PMID: 37195972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research reports a positive association between possession of mental toughness (MT) and high performance in sportspersons. However, the extent to which MT is related to playing experiences and appreciation of club environment in elite women's football has received only limited research attention. Accordingly, the present study investigated MT in the context of the English Football Association Women's Super League (WSL). Specifically, this paper examined relationships between level of MT and external (playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, and appreciation of support mechanisms) and internal (self-esteem) factors. A sample of 63 elite female professional football players from the WSL, aged between 18 and 35 years (mean = 25.87, SD = 4.03), completed self-report measures. To objectively validate self-ratings, congruence between self and peer-rated was assessed. This revealed a strong degree of consistency. Subsequent analysis found positive correlations between MT, playing experience (number of years playing football, NoY; and highest level of football achieved, HLA), and External Support. Additionally, Self-Esteem correlated positively with MT, NoY, HLA, and External Support. Moderation analysis found MT interacted with NoY and predicted greater levels of Self-Esteem. Players with lower and mean MT, and more years as a professional were more likely to possess higher Self-Esteem (vs. less years). These outcomes indicated important relationships between MT, External Support, and Self-Esteem. Accordingly, WSL clubs can potentially apply the results of this study to enhance positive player mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Batey
- Department of People & Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of People & Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Henttonen P, Määttänen I, Makkonen E, Honka A, Seppälä V, Närväinen J, García-Velázquez R, Airaksinen J, Jokela M, Lahti Emilia E. A measure for assessment of beneficial and harmful fortitude: development and initial validation of the sisu scale. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11483. [PMID: 36406727 PMCID: PMC9667267 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sisu is a Finnish cultural concept that denotes determination and resoluteness in the face of adversity. We propose that sisu will supplement the English-language based research on mental fortitude traits. Sisu has not been the focus of systematic research until very recently. We created a new questionnaire measuring sisu (the Sisu Scale), sought to validate the sisu construct and its sub-factor structure as postulated in a recent qualitative study. We investigated associations of sisu with other measures of mental fortitude and well-being. More generally we aimed to enrichen the cross-cultural understanding of human experience of overcoming adversity across life's challenges. We describe and validate a questionnaire that effectively measures both beneficial and harmful sisu, each comprising three sub-factors. Beneficial sisu was associated with other measures of fortitude, but less with personality dimensions. We also confirmed the existence of an independent harmful sisu factor. Beneficial sisu was associated with higher well-being and lower depressive symptoms, and harmful sisu with lower well-being and higher levels of general stress, work stress and depressive symptoms. Together the two factors were superior compared to pre-existing measures when predicting well-being-related variables. Results suggest that the new Sisu Scale we developed may provide a valuable addition to research on mental fortitude, resilience and their consequences for well-being.
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Examining what Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit measure: An exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor approach. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite conceptual similarities among the established non-cognitive constructs of Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit, preceding research typically considered these as adversary rather than complementary and potentially additive. Subsequently, comparatively few studies have examined these together. This paper, via two independent studies, examined commonality within Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit. This identified key elements that contribute to a broad, non-cognitive, resource-based construct. Study 1 (N = 2137) assessed shared variance among the non-cognitive constructs relative to a general factor. Study 2 (N = 1148) evaluated the replicability of the results from Study 1 and examined measurement invariance. Respondents completed established self-report measures indexing the study variables. Exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor analyses consistently revealed that Mental Toughness, the Ego-Resiliency Optimal Regulation subscale, and Self-efficacy loaded highly on a general factor, which the authors labelled as Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness (NCAR). Invariance analyses supported the stability of this model across study context. This paper advanced conceptual understanding of the core shared features of independent non-cognitive constructs. The authors discuss the potential of NCAR and advocate the need for further research.
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Lambert L, Joshanloo M, Marquez JM, Cody B, Arora T, Warren M, Aguilar L, Samways M, Teasel S. Boosting Student Wellbeing Despite a Pandemic: Positive Psychology Interventions and the Impact of Sleep in the United Arab Emirates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 7:271-300. [PMID: 35600501 PMCID: PMC9112268 DOI: 10.1007/s41042-022-00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Positive psychology interventions hold great promise as schools around the world look to increase the wellbeing of young people. To reach this aim, a program was developed to generate positive emotions, as well as improve life satisfaction, mental toughness and perceptions of school kindness in 538 expatriate students in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Starting in September 2019, the program included a range of positive psychology interventions such as gratitude, acts of kindness and mental contrasting as examples. Life satisfaction and mental toughness at mid-year were sustained or grew by the end of the year. Positive affect, emotional wellbeing and social wellbeing increased at post-intervention 1, compared to baseline. However, this improvement reverted to baseline levels at post-intervention 2, when data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Only psychological wellbeing, negative affect, perceptions of control, and school kindness were increased at post-intervention 2. During the lockdown, students moved less, but slept and scrolled more. Those who extended their sleep duration reported greater wellbeing. Boosting wellbeing through the use of positive psychology interventions works – even in a pandemic – and extended sleep duration appears to be a driving factor for this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lambert
- Middle East Journal of Positive Psychology, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Joshanloo
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - J. M. Marquez
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B. Cody
- United Arab Emirates University, Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - T. Arora
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Warren
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA USA
| | - L. Aguilar
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA USA
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Denovan A, Dagnall N, Artamonova E, Papageorgiou KA. Dark Triad traits, learning styles, and symptoms of depression: Assessing the contribution of mental toughness longitudinally. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dagnall N, Drinkwater KG, Denovan A, Walsh RS. The Potential Benefits of Non-skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping With the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:581431. [PMID: 34632374 PMCID: PMC8498215 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.581431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on global sport. This is especially true at the elite level, where it has disrupted training and competition. Concomitantly, restrictions have disrupted long-term event planning. Many elite athletes remain unsure when major events will occur and worry about further interruptions. Although some athletes have successfully adapted to the demands of the COVID-19 crisis, many have experienced difficulties adjusting. This has resulted in psychological complications including increased stress, anxiety, and depression. This article critically examines the extent to which non-cognitive skills training, in the form of increased awareness of Mental Toughness, can help elite athletes inoculate against and cope with negative psychological effects arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-cognitive skills encompass intrapersonal (motivations, learning strategies, and self-regulation) and interpersonal (interactions with others) domains not directly affected by intellectual capacity. Previous research indicates that enhancement of these spheres can assist performance and enhance mental well-being. Moreover, it suggests that training in the form of increased awareness of Mental Toughness, can improve the ability to cope with COVID-19 related challenges. In this context, Mental Toughness encompasses a broad set of enabling attributes (i.e., inherent and evolved values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions). Indeed, academics commonly regard Mental Toughness as a resistance resource that protects against stress. Accordingly, this article advocates the use of the 4/6Cs model of Mental Toughness (i.e., Challenge, Commitment, Control, and Confidence) to counter negative psychological effects arising from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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Examining the moderation and mediation effects of mental toughness on perceived stress and anxiety amongst athletes and non-athletes. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Kawabata M, Pavey TG, Coulter TJ. Evolving the validity of a mental toughness measure: Refined versions of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48. Stress Health 2021; 37:378-391. [PMID: 33145967 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48 (MTQ48) is a 48-item self-report instrument to measure one's level of mental toughness. Despite its wide popularity in psychological studies, the questionnaire has been criticized due to its factorial validity. The present study aimed to re-assess the factorial validity of the instrument and propose alternative models to provide researchers with theoretically and practically useful instruments to measure mental toughness. Two studies were conducted using large samples of university students (Study 1: n = 2186; Study 2: n = 3209). In Study 1, none of one-, four- and six-factor models with 48 items satisfactorily fit the data set. Instead, two refined 18- and 6-item versions of the questionnaire, covering six aspects of mental toughness, were proposed: the Short MTQ and Very Short MTQ. Both measures demonstrated excellent fit to the data. These results were replicated with a larger independent sample in Study 2. With the Short MTQ, it is possible to represent mental toughness as a multidimensional construct consisting of a global mental toughness factor and six specific factors. The Very Short MTQ is a practical tool for occasions where constraints prevent use of the Short MTQ. The refined questionnaires are promising options to measure and understand individuals' mental toughness with the MTQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kawabata
- National Institution of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toby G Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tristan J Coulter
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Drinkwater KG, Dagnall N, Denovan A, Neave N. Psychometric assessment of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230365. [PMID: 32191741 PMCID: PMC7082021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS) is the most widely used measure of general belief in conspiracy theories. The scale comprises five related but distinct factors (Government Malfeasance, Extraterrestrial Cover-up, Malevolent Global Conspiracies, Personal Wellbeing, and Control of Information). Despite this, investigators have typically treated the GCBS as unidimensional by referencing only overall total. Although, the GCBS possesses established psychometric properties, critics question its factorial structure, suggest alternative models, and recommend routine examination of GCBS dimensions as part of analysis. Through two studies, the present paper assessed GCBS factorial structure, internal reliability, convergent validity, and invariance. This involved comparing the original five-factor solution with alternative one, two, and three-factor models. To ensure that the best fitting model was robust, the authors conducted analysis in two independent samples (Study one, N = 794, UK university-based sample; and Study two, N = 418, UK respondents collected via a market research company). Results in both studies indicated superior fit for the correlated five-factor solution. This solution demonstrated invariance across gender, and samples (Study one and two). Furthermore, the total scale and five subfactors evinced good alpha and omega total reliability. Convergent validity testing exhibited associations of an expected strength between conspiracist beliefs, reality testing, and cognitive insight. Large intercorrelations existed among GCBS subfactors, suggesting that the measure reflects a narrow set of interrelated conspiracist assumptions. These findings support the use of overall scale scores as an index of belief in conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Graham Drinkwater
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Neave
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Drinkwater KG, Dagnall N, Denovan A. Dark Triad Traits and Sleep-Related Constructs: An Opinion Piece. Front Psychol 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 32265801 PMCID: PMC7096540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mojtahedi D, Dagnall N, Denovan A, Clough P, Hull S, Canning D, Lilley C, Papageorgiou KA. The Relationship Between Mental Toughness, Job Loss, and Mental Health Issues During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:607246. [PMID: 33613333 PMCID: PMC7886783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.607246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns toward public well-being and mental health are increasing considering the COVID-19 pandemic's global societal and individual impact. The present study builds on the current body of COVID-19 literature by examining the role of mental toughness (MT) in predicting negative affective states (depression, anxiety and stress) during the pandemic. The study also examined the effects of changes in employment on mental health and MT. Participants (N = 723) completed a battery of questionnaires including the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48-item, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 items. Participants reported relatively higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety in comparison to pre-COVID-19 samples from previous research, with respondents who had lost their jobs during the pandemic reporting higher levels of negative affective states. Despite this, mentally tough individuals appeared to report lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, moderation analyses identified some interaction between MT and employment status when predicting depression, anxiety and stress. Our findings suggest that MT may have some utility in reducing the adverse mental health effects of the pandemic on individuals, however, further longitudinal research is needed to support these implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Mojtahedi
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clough
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hull
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Derry Canning
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Lilley
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Neuroscience, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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