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Bhat AR, Arya AK, Bhopale VM, Imtiyaz Z, Xu S, Bedir D, Thom SR. Persistent neuroinflammation and functional deficits in a murine model of decompression sickness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:63-73. [PMID: 38660728 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00097.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that early intra-central nervous system (CNS) responses in a murine model of decompression sickness (DCS) would be reflected by changes in the microparticles (MPs) that exit the brain via the glymphatic system, and due to systemic responses the MPs would cause inflammatory changes lasting for many days leading to functional neurological deficits. Elevations on the order of threefold of blood-borne inflammatory MPs, neutrophil activation, glymphatic flow, and neuroinflammation in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were found in mice at 12 days after exposure to 760 kPa of air for 2 h. Mice also exhibited a significant decline in memory and locomotor activity, as assessed by novel object recognition and rotarod testing. Similar inflammatory changes in blood, neuroinflammation, and functional impairments were initiated in naïve mice by injection of filamentous (F-) actin-positive MPs, but not F-actin-negative MPs, obtained from decompressed mice. We conclude that high pressure/decompression stress establishes a systemic inflammatory process that results in prolonged neuroinflammation and functional impairments in the mouse decompression model.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Elevated glymphatic flow due to astrocyte and microglial activation from high-pressure exposure triggers release of microparticles (MPs) to the circulation where neutrophil activation and production of filamentous (F)-actin expressing MPs result in a persistent feed-forward neuroinflammatory cycle and functional deficits lasting for at least 12 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid R Bhat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Awadhesh K Arya
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Veena M Bhopale
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Su Xu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Dilara Bedir
- Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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2
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Bosco G, Giacon TA, Paolocci N, Vezzoli A, Noce CD, Paganini M, Agrimi J, Garetto G, Cialoni D, D'Alessandro N, Camporesi EM, Mrakic-Sposta S. Dopamine/BDNF loss underscores narcosis cognitive impairment in divers: a proof of concept in a dry condition. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:143-158. [PMID: 36214902 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Divers can experience cognitive impairment due to inert gas narcosis (IGN) at depth. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rules neuronal connectivity/metabolism to maintain cognitive function and protect tissues against oxidative stress (OxS). Dopamine and glutamate enhance BDNF bioavailability. Thus, we hypothesized that lower circulating BDNF levels (via lessened dopamine and/or glutamate release) underpin IGN in divers, while testing if BDNF loss is associated with increased OxS. METHODS To mimic IGN, we administered a deep narcosis test via a dry dive test (DDT) at 48 msw in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber to six well-trained divers. We collected: (1) saliva samples before DDT (T0), 25 msw (descending, T1), 48 msw (depth, T2), 25 msw (ascending, T3), 10 min after decompression (T4) to dopamine and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; (2) blood and urine samples at T0 and T4 for OxS too. We administered cognitive tests at T0, T2, and re-evaluated the divers at T4. RESULTS At 48 msw, all subjects experienced IGN, as revealed by the cognitive test failure. Dopamine and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reached a nadir at T2 when ROS emission was maximal. At decompression (T4), a marked drop of BDNF/glutamate content was evidenced, coinciding with a persisting decline in dopamine and cognitive capacity. CONCLUSIONS Divers encounter IGN at - 48 msw, exhibiting a marked loss in circulating dopamine levels, likely accounting for BDNF-dependent impairment of mental capacity and heightened OxS. The decline in dopamine and BDNF appears to persist at decompression; thus, boosting dopamine/BDNF signaling via pharmacological or other intervention types might attenuate IGN in deep dives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
- ATIP Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Della Noce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Danilo Cialoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
- ATIP Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Dan Europe Foundation, Research Division, Roseto degli Abbruzzi, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy.
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Rosén A, Gennser M, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Sandström G, Seeman-Lodding H, Simrén J, Zetterberg H. Protein tau concentration in blood increases after SCUBA diving: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:993-1005. [PMID: 35142945 PMCID: PMC8926952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is speculated that diving might be harmful to the nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if established markers of neuronal injury were increased in the blood after diving. Methods Thirty-two divers performed two identical dives, 48 h apart, in a water-filled hyperbaric chamber pressurized to an equivalent of 42 m of sea water for 10 min. After one of the two dives, normobaric oxygen was breathed for 30 min, with air breathed after the other. Blood samples were obtained before and at 30–45 and 120 min after diving. Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament light, and tau proteins were measured using single molecule array technology. Doppler ultrasound was used to detect venous gas emboli. Results Tau was significantly increased at 30–45 min after the second dive (p < 0.0098) and at 120 min after both dives (p < 0.0008/p < 0.0041). Comparison of matching samples showed that oxygen breathing after diving did not influence tau results. There was no correlation between tau concentrations and the presence of venous gas emboli. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased 30–45 min after the first dive but at no other point. Neurofilament light concentrations did not change. Conclusions Tau seems to be a promising marker of dive-related neuronal stress, which is independent of the presence of venous gas emboli. Future studies could validate these results and determine if there is a quantitative relationship between dive exposure and change in tau blood concentration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Oscarsson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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Attentive Processes and Blood Lactate in the Sambo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031113. [PMID: 35162138 PMCID: PMC8834330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sambo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in the Soviet Union. There are two main stiles, Sport Sambo and Combat Sambo which resembles modern mixed martial arts. Very little literature is available about physiological aspects of Sambo and, in particular, on the possible effects on cognitive domains. The purpose of the present research was to determine if there is a correlation between a blood lactate increase and the intensity and/or selectivity of attentions. METHODS Sixteen male athletes practicing Sambo for at least 5 years participated voluntarily in the study. Each athlete had to sustain, with an interval of one week, both a Sport Sambo match and a Combat Sambo match, each lasting 5 min. Blood lactate levels as well as attentive capacities were evaluated at three different times: at rest, i.e., 5 min before the start of the session (pre), at end of the session and 15 min after its conclusion. Reaction time protocol was used to evaluate the intensity of attention, whereas divided attention was assessed for analyzing the selectivity of attention together with errors and omissions. RESULTS Concerning Sport Sambo, blood lactate was 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session, reached a mean value of 3.40 mmol/L (±0.45 SD) at the end of the session (end) and returned to values similar to initial ones (a mean value of 1.98 mmol/L (±0.37 SD) after 15 min (15-end). None of the attentive parameters examined, showed statistically significant differences. Conversely, for Combat Sambo, it was found a significant increase in blood lactate levels that went from 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session (pre), to 4.76 mmol/L (±0.60 SD) at the end (end) and then back to values similar to those observed before the session 15 min after its conclusion (15-end), i.e., 1.97 mmol/L (±0.37 SD); however, after a Combat Sambo session increases in blood lactate were associated with significant worsening of attentional mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in all the participants, the worsening of attentional mechanisms was observed only after the Combat Sambo session in which blood lactate values exceeded 4 mmol/L. This figure, also known as the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), is commonly used to determine the anaerobic threshold.
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Kohshi K, Morimatsu Y, Nishikiori H, Kondo T, Tamaki H, Ishitake T. [The Japanese Law Regulating Underwater and Caisson Work: Current Issues and Future Developments]. J UOEH 2022; 44:359-372. [PMID: 36464310 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.44.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Japan "Ordinance on Safety and Health of Work under High Pressure", which is the law regulating health conditions for workers under high pressure environments, was amended in 2014. The revised regulations have highlighted other difficulties and new problems, but they have not yet written an appropriate amendment based on the aspect of occupational and environmental health. Health management for occupational divers and caisson workers in accordance with the new regulations has not determined the best approach to reducing related disorders and will cause other legal problems. This paper presents some issues in the new regulations for hyperbaric workers, which directly or indirectly involve occupational health physicians. Health checkups and work limitations should be done in consideration of the occupational characteristics of the undersea and hyperbaric environment. Regular examinations using specific studies are useful to diagnose the early stages of chronic conditions for workers, and are also useful for determining the hiring suitability for hyperbaric workers. Work limitations should be decided by the conditions that induce serious accidents or disorders that result from exposure to hyperbaric environments, and depend on the obstacles for work due to sequelae of decompression sickness. The new regulations need to be properly revised, based on scientific evidence, to include health management for workers in undersea and hyperbaric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kohshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Nishinihon Hospital, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto 861-8034, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Morimatsu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hideharu Nishikiori
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
- Diving Engineering Department, Chugoku Diving Company Limited, Iwakuni 740-0032, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kondo
- Corporate Planning Department, 2nd team, Oriental Shiraishi Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0061, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamaki
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
- Division of Surgery and General Medicine, Tamaki Hospital, Hagi 758-0071, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishitake
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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Tseng WS, Tzeng NS, Lin KH, Huang NC, Huang MY, Kang BH. Effect of Long-Term Diving Exposure on Sleep of Male Occupational Divers in Southern Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:649-658. [PMID: 33511395 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Divers with a history of decompression sickness may be at high risk for sleep problems. However, limited studies have investigated the relationship between diving exposure and sleep problems of occupational divers. This study investigated the association between diving exposure and sleep quality and quantity among male occupational divers in southern Taiwan. METHODS This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 52 occupational divers and 121 non-divers recruited from southern Taiwan in 2018. Survey data were collected using the Taiwanese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and a self-report questionnaire that included demographic variables, diving exposure/protocols, and factors associated with sleep quality. RESULTS Among all participants examined, occupational divers were significantly more likely to have both poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48-6.06; P = 0.002) and excessive daytime sleepiness (adjusted OR = 4.49; 95% CI = 2.12-9.52; P < 0.001). The diving exposure time, depth, ascent rate, and decompression table use showed no significant associations between poor and good sleepers in the divers group. However, a history of decompression sickness was associated with poor sleep quality among divers (adjusted OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.07-4.54; P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that occupational divers had poor sleep quality and more excessive sleepiness than non-divers. Decompression sickness likely contributes to poor sleep quality. Prevention and early detection of decompression sickness-related sleep problems should be an occupational health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shih Tseng
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hung Lin
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chieh Huang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Man-Yuan Huang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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[What is the Best Therapeutic Strategy for Decompression Illness? First Aid Oxygen Inhalation and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy]. J UOEH 2021; 43:243-254. [PMID: 34092769 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.43.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decompression illness (DCI), a syndrome following inadequate reduction in environmental pressure, has two forms: decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism after pulmonary barotrauma. Recompression therapy using oxygen, a kind of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, has been considered the gold standard treatment for DCI, although there is no randomized controlled trial evidence for its use. We evaluated the effectiveness of recompression therapy in treating DCI by reviewing the reported therapeutic results of serious DCI, especially neurological disorders. Early or ultra-early recompression therapy did not dramatically improve clinical recovery from DCI symptoms, including spinal cord disorders. In contrast, early first aid normobaric oxygen inhalation highly improved or stabilized clinical conditions of DCI. Based on these clinical results, the international committee for hyperbaric and diving medicine has stated that cases of mild DCI may be managed without recompression therapy. Further work is needed to clarify the clinical utility of recompression therapy for spinal injury as a common symptom of DCI. We also point out that the Japanese decree "Ordinance on Safety and Health of Work under High Pressure", which describes work under hyperbaric environments, has some serious issues and should be amended on the basis of scientific evidence.
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Garrido MA, Mark L, Parra M, Nowak D, Radon K. Executive Function among Chilean Shellfish Divers: A Cross-Sectional Study Considering Working and Health Conditions in Artisanal Fishing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115923. [PMID: 34073026 PMCID: PMC8199200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about professional diving-related risk factors for reduced executive function is limited. We therefore evaluated the association between decompression illness and executive functioning among artisanal divers in southern Chile. The cross-sectional study included 104 male divers and 58 male non-diving fishermen from two fishing communities. Divers self-reported frequency and severity of symptoms of decompression illness. Executive function was evaluated by perseverative responses and perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Age, alcohol consumption, and symptoms of depression were a-priori defined as potential confounders and included in linear regression models. Comparing divers and non-divers, no differences in the executive function were found. Among divers, 75% reported a history of at least mild decompression sickness. Higher frequency and severity of symptoms of decompression illness were associated with reduced executive function. Therefore, intervention strategies for artisanal divers should focus on prevention of decompression illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Astrid Garrido
- Center for International Health@Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (L.M.); (M.P.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-78783908
| | - Lorenz Mark
- Center for International Health@Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (L.M.); (M.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Manuel Parra
- Center for International Health@Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (L.M.); (M.P.); (K.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Atacama 1532297, Chile
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katja Radon
- Center for International Health@Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (L.M.); (M.P.); (K.R.)
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Coco M, Buscemi A, Cavallari P, Massimino S, Rinella S, Tortorici MM, Maci T, Perciavalle V, Tusak M, Di Corrado D, Perciavalle V, Zappalà A. Executive Functions During Submaximal Exercises in Male Athletes: Role of Blood Lactate. Front Psychol 2020; 11:537922. [PMID: 33192780 PMCID: PMC7661740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out among 20 healthy young male athletes to determine whether aerobic exercise performed at two different intensities is able to affect executive functions. For this purpose, we used the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) to evaluate the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and the Trail Making Test (TMT) to assess organized visual search, set shifting, and cognitive flexibility. Simple Reaction Time (RT), as a measure of perception and response execution, was also evaluated. The experimental protocol included the measure of blood lactate levels with the aim of assessing possible relations between lactate blood values and selected executive functions after a 30-min steady-state test performed at 60% and at 80% of VO2max. The results showed that a 30-min aerobic exercise is not associated with a worsening of executive functions as long as the blood lactate levels stay within the 4 mmol/l threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Study Center of Italian Osteopathy, Catania and Horus Social Cooperative, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Rinella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Maria Tortorici
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Maci
- Alzheimer’s and Psychogeriatrics Center, Mental Health Department, ASP, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Matej Tusak
- Department of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Sport at Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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