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de Miranda Rohlfs ICP, Noce F, Wilke C, Terry VR, Parsons-Smith RL, Terry PC. Prevalence of Specific Mood Profile Clusters among Elite and Youth Athletes at a Brazilian Sports Club. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:195. [PMID: 39058086 PMCID: PMC11280759 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Those responsible for elite and youth athletes are increasingly aware of the need to balance the quest for superior performance with the need to protect the physical and psychological wellbeing of athletes. As a result, regular assessment of risks to mental health is a common feature in sports organisations. In the present study, the Brazil Mood Scale (BRAMS) was administered to 898 athletes (387 female, 511 male, age range: 12-44 years) at a leading sports club in Rio de Janeiro using either "past week" or "right now" response timeframes. Using seeded k-means cluster analysis, six distinct mood profile clusters were identified, referred to as the iceberg, surface, submerged, shark fin, inverse iceberg, and inverse Everest profiles. The latter three profiles, which are associated with varying degrees of increased risk to mental health, were reported by 238 athletes (26.5%). The prevalence of these three mood clusters varied according to the response timeframe (past week > right now) and the sex of the athletes (female > male). The prevalence of the iceberg profile varied by athlete sex (male > female), and age (12-17 years > 18+ years). Findings supported use of the BRAMS as a screening tool for the risk of psychological issues among athletes in Brazilian sports organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Cristina Provenza de Miranda Rohlfs
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; (R.L.P.-S.); (P.C.T.)
- Unified Center for the Identification and Development of Performance Athletes (CUIDAR), Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro 22430-041, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (F.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Franco Noce
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (F.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Carolina Wilke
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (F.N.); (C.W.)
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St. Mary’s University, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Victoria R. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia;
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
| | - Renée L. Parsons-Smith
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; (R.L.P.-S.); (P.C.T.)
| | - Peter C. Terry
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; (R.L.P.-S.); (P.C.T.)
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia;
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Houison RJ, Lamont-Mills A, Kotiw M, Terry PC. Strike 3 … Out! Investigating Pre-Game Moods, Performance, and Mental Health of Softball Umpires. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38393270 PMCID: PMC10892394 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mood research in sports typically focuses on athletes, with sports officials being largely overlooked. In the current study, mood profiling was used to determine if softball umpires reported an identifiable and consistent mood profile and if mood was predictive of umpiring performance and/or reflective of positive mental health. Eleven male and five female participants aged 25-68 years (M = 48.5 ± 15.5 years) each completed the Brunel Mood Scale on multiple occasions prior to officiating games at the 2020 U18 National Softball Championships. A total of 185 mood profiles were analysed. Performance was assessed using Softball Australia's official umpire assessment tool. Overall, participants reported an iceberg mood profile, which tends to be associated with positive mental health and good performance. Umpiring performances (pass/fail) were correctly classified in 75.0% of cases from tension, depression, and confusion scores (p = 0.003). Participant sex explained 25.7% of the variance in mood scores (p < 0.001); age, 25.8% of the variance (p < 0.001); position on the diamond, 10.5% of the variance (p = 0.003); and accreditation level, 14.3% of the variance (p < 0.001). Australian softball umpires typically reported mood profiles associated with positive mental health, and none reported profiles associated with risk of mental ill-health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Houison
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia;
| | - Andrea Lamont-Mills
- Academic Affairs Administration, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia;
| | - Michael Kotiw
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich 4305, Australia;
| | - Peter C. Terry
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia;
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Vlachopoulos SP, Lane AM, Terry PC. A Greek Translation of the Brunel Mood Scale: Initial Validation among Exercise Participants and Inactive Adults. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:234. [PMID: 38133101 PMCID: PMC10748169 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to provide initial validity evidence of a Greek translation of the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale, referred to as the BRUMS-Greek, a measure of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. Data were collected from 1417 Greek adult exercise participants and 369 physically inactive adults, totaling 1786 adults (male = 578, female = 1208) aged 18-64 years (M = 34.73 ± 11.81 years). Given the large univariate and multivariate non-normality, a confirmatory factor analyses treating responses as ordered categorical variables was conducted which supported the hypothesised six-correlated factor measurement model. The internal consistency reliability of the BRUMS-Greek subscales was supported via Cronbach alpha coefficients. The construct validity of the scales was supported (a) via correlations in the hypothesised direction with trait positive and negative affect, (b) with more positive and less negative moods reported immediately after participation in a single exercise class compared to pre-exercise mood, and (c) with exercise participants reporting more positive and less negative mood states compared to physically inactive adults. Women reported higher tension and lower vigour scores than men. Tension scores were higher and confusion scores lower among younger participants (≤35 years) than older participants (≥36 years). Participants with obesity reported higher negative mood scores than those who were underweight or normal weight. In sum, the BRUMS-Greek demonstrated acceptable psychometric characteristics, and is proposed to be a suitable measure for use with exercise participants, physically inactive adults, and other Greek populations to explore research questions related to mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon P. Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Social Research on Physical Activity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece;
| | - Andrew M. Lane
- School of Psychology, Psychological Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK
| | - Peter C. Terry
- School of Psychology & Wellbeing, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
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Lew PCF, Parsons-Smith RL, Lamont-Mills A, Terry PC. Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malaysian Mood Scale and Tests of Between-Group Mood Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3348. [PMID: 36834041 PMCID: PMC9959200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mood measures have been shown to have utility for monitoring risks to mental health and to predict performance among athletes. To facilitate use in a Malaysian context, we tested a Malay-language version of the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), referred to as the Malaysian Mood Scale (MASMS). Following a thorough translation-back-translation process, the 24-item MASMS was administered to 4923 Malay-speaking respondents (2706 males, 2217 females; 2559 athletes, 2364 non-athletes), ranging in age from 17 to 75 years (M = 28.2 years, SD = 9.4 years). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor MASMS measurement model (CFI = 0.950, TLI = 0.940, RMSEA = 0.056 [CI 0.055, 0.058]). Convergent and divergent validity of the MASMS were supported via relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress measures. Significant differences in mood scores were found between athletes and non-athletes, males and females, and younger and older participants. Tables of normative data and profile sheets for specific groups were generated. We propose that the MASMS is a valid measure that can be used to monitor mental health status among athletes and non-athletes and that facilitates future mood-related research in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Chun Foong Lew
- Sport Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Renée L. Parsons-Smith
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
- Pearson Online Learning Services, Pearson, Melbourne, VIC 3008, Australia
| | - Andrea Lamont-Mills
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
- Academic Affairs Division, Ipswich Campus, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Peter C. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
- Graduate Research School, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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5
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Rossiter A, Comyns TM, Sherwin I, Nevill AM, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD. Effects of long-haul transmeridian travel on physiological, sleep, perceptual and mood markers in Olympic team support staff. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1640-1655. [PMID: 36367300 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2139186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to holistically examine the impact of long-haul transmeridian travel (LHTT) on perceptual, mood, sleep and physiological markers in Olympic team support staff travelling to Japan for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. An observational descriptive study design was used. Nine support staff members of the Irish Olympic team (2 M/7 F; age 34.3 ± 8.3 y (mean ±SD)) embarked on a long-haul (LH) eastward flight across eight time-zones from Ireland to Japan (approx. 24 h total travel time), to work at the Irish Team's 2020 Summer pre-Olympic Games camp, postponed to July 2021 due to Covid-19 pandemic. Perceived jet lag and travel fatigue symptoms, mood states and salivary markers for circadian rhythm and stress were assessed in the morning and evening during the week prior to travel as baseline (BL) measures and on days 1 to 8 (C1-C8) and day 15 (C15) post-travel. Night-time sleep (duration and quality) was monitored via actigraphy monitors and self-report sleep diaries. Participants perceived themselves to be significantly jet lagged for six days post-travel (p < .05). Morning sCort decreased by 66% on C1 and remained significantly lower than BL until C6 (p ≤ .03). On arrival participants perceived sleep to be worse than BL on arrival (C1, C2, C4, C5; p ≤ .04), with significantly shorter sleep duration (C2, C3, C6; p ≤ .01) and lower sleep efficiency (C2, C6; p ≤ .04) recorded by actigraphy, all normalizing by C7. Negative changes in mood states were evident in the evening time following LHTT, with significant elevations in confusion (C2, C3, p ≤ .02), fatigue (C2, C3; p ≤ .03) and depression (C3, C7; p < .05) and reduction in vigour (C2, C6, C7; p < .05). Following LHTT in an eastward direction across eight time-zones, it took seven days for perceived jet lag, physiological markers for circadian rhythm and sleep to normalize in Olympic team support staff. Despite alleviation of jet lag and fatigue and return of sleep to normal by C15, vigor remained low, indicating a "submerged" mood profile in these Olympic team support staff. These findings highlight the need to put strategies in place before and after LHTT for the Olympic Games to assist Olympic team support staff to maximize sleep, minimize stress and assist with expediating recovery from jet lag and travel fatigue, allowing them to perform optimally in supporting Olympic athletes in their final preparations for the Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rossiter
- Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian Sherwin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Faculty for Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mark J Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Lero, SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles D Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Parsons-Smith RL, Barkase S, Lovell GP, Vleck V, Terry PC. Mood profiles of amateur triathletes: Implications for mental health and performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:925992. [PMID: 36452384 PMCID: PMC9703086 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moods have been shown to be predictive of athletic performance and a reflection of mental health status. The aims of our study were (a) to compare pre-race mood scores of triathletes with population norms; (b) to compare pre-race mood scores of triathletes grouped by gender and age bands; (c) to explore whether six distinct mood profile clusters reported in the literature were evident among triathletes and their respective prevalence; (d) to determine if pre-race mood scores predicted triathlon performance; and (e) to interpret our findings in terms of the risk of mental health issues for triathletes. Participants were 592 age-group triathletes (also referred to as recreational or amateur triathletes) who completed the Brunel Mood Scale pre-race and recorded their time goal for the race. Mean mood scores deviated significantly from population norms, with Tension and Vigor scores at the 55th and 54th percentile, respectively, and Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion scores between the 42nd and 46th percentile. Females reported higher Tension scores than males (p < 0.001), and those in the 18-25 years and 26-35 years age bands reported higher Tension scores than those in the 46-55 years age band (p < 0.008). Using k-means cluster analysis, six distinct mood profiles were identified, the distribution of which approximated the general population, except for a low prevalence of very negative profiles. Mean scores for Depression and Anger were exceptionally low and only 1.5% of triathletes, compared to the normal prevalence of ~5%, reported an "inverse Everest" profile, which is associated with elevated risk of psychopathology. Mood scores did not predict triathlon performance, assessed by finish time as a percentage of time goal. Results showed an association between triathlon participation and psychological well-being. Findings will inform future investigations of mood responses among triathletes and provide a relevant point of reference for applied practitioners who work with triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée L. Parsons-Smith
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Sherry Barkase
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Geoff P. Lovell
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Veronica Vleck
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Peter C. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Terry PC, Skurvydas A, Lisinskiene A, Majauskiene D, Valanciene D, Cooper S, Lochbaum M. Validation of a Lithuanian-Language Version of the Brunel Mood Scale: The BRUMS-LTU. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4867. [PMID: 35457734 PMCID: PMC9030022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mood can be considered as a diffuse and global emotional state, with both valence and arousal characteristics, that is not directed towards a specific object. Investigation of moods in specific language and cultural contexts relies on the availability of appropriately validated measures. The current study involved the translation and validation of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) from English into Lithuanian. The 24-item, 6-factor scale, referred to as the BRUMS-LTU, was administered to 746 participants who were fluent in Lithuanian (nmen = 199 (26.7%), nwomen = 547 (73.3%); age range = 17-78 years, M = 41.8 years, SD = 11.4 years). Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit of the hypothesized measurement model to the data (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0 .944, RMSEA = 0 .060 [CI 0.056, 0.064], SRMR = 0.070) and multi-sample analysis supported configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across genders. Concurrent measures (i.e., Perceived Stress Scale, Big Five Personality Test) correlated with subscale scores in line with theoretical predictions, supporting both convergent and divergent validity. Internal consistency coefficients of the six subscales were satisfactory. Mood scores varied significantly by gender, with men generally reporting more positive moods than women. Findings support the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the BRUMS-LTU. Thus, the scale can be recommended for use in further psychological studies of mood in Lithuania and may also be useful for applied practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Terry
- Division of Research & Innovation, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Lisinskiene
- Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Daiva Majauskiene
- Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Dovile Valanciene
- Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Sydney Cooper
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.M.); (D.V.)
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Van Wijk C, Majola PZ. Mood responses to COVID-19: Implications for family practice in South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2021; 63:e1-e4. [PMID: 34342481 PMCID: PMC8335792 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v63i1.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the mood responses of individuals is an important indicator of how society is coping with the pandemic. Characterising mood responses in a South African sample could prepare clinicians for possible presentations of mental health concerns in general practice. This study described mood responses during COVID-19 Alert Level 1. The sample of 641 participants who completed the Brunel Mood State Scale during November 2020 was drawn from primary healthcare and family medicine clinics and practices in Cape Town. Their mood response profile was described and compared with pre-COVID-19 norms. The mood profile represented an inverse iceberg profile, with mean scores deviating significantly from pre-COVID-19 norms across all six mood dimensions measured. The inverse iceberg profile had been associated with a range of psychopathologies, suggesting an increased risk of psychological disorders. The current profile of mood responses could alert clinicians to the possibility of increased mental health needs of patients. Patient reports of prolonged anxiety and fatigue, particularly when combined with low mood and low vigour, could signal the need for intervention or referral for further mental health support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Van Wijk
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Maritime Medicine, Simon's Town, South Africa; and, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town.
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9
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Abstract
Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over time often involves periodic mood assessment using a standardized measure, a process referred to as mood profiling. Comparison of observed mood scores against relevant normative data is central to effective mood profiling. The primary purpose of our study was to improve existing norms for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) using a large internet sample. The secondary purpose was to discuss how mood profiling can be used to promote sustainable mental health primarily among athletes but also with relevance to non-athletes. The BRUMS was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. Significant differences between observed mean scores and existing normative data were evident for all six mood dimensions, prompting norm refinement. Specific group norms were generated to address sex differences in mood responses and differences by athlete/nonathlete status. The revised tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be used by researchers in future investigations of mood responses and by applied practitioners seeking to monitor mood responses as an indicator of mental health status. Applications of mood profiling with elite athletes are exemplified, along with recommendations for using mood profiling in the pursuit of sustainable mental health.
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10
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Roberts RJ, Lane AM. Mood Responses and Regulation Strategies Used During COVID-19 Among Boxers and Coaches. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624119. [PMID: 33746844 PMCID: PMC7973043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented changes to daily life and in the first wave in the UK, it led to a societal shutdown including playing sport and concern was placed for the mental health of athletes. Identifying mood states experienced in lockdown and self-regulating strategies is useful for the development of interventions to help mood management. Whilst this can be done on a general level, examination of sport-specific effects and the experience of athletes and coaches can help develop interventions grounded in real world experiences. The present study investigated perceived differences in mood states of boxers before and during COVID-19 isolation in the first lockdown among boxers. Boxing is an individual and high-contact sport where training tends to form a key aspect of their identity. Boxers develop close relationships with their coach and boxing. Hence boxers were vulnerable to experiencing negative mood, and support via the coach was potentially unavailable. Participants were 58 experienced participants (44 boxers, male n = 33, female n = 11; 14 boxing coaches, male n = 11, female n = 3). Boxers completed the Brunel Mood Scale to assess mood before COVID-19 using a retrospective approach and during COVID-19 using a "right now" time frame. Boxers responded to open-ended questions to capture mood regulation strategies used. Coaches responded to open ended questions to capture how they helped regulate boxer's mood. MANOVA results indicated a large significant increase in the intensity of unpleasant moods (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension) and reduction in vigor during COVID-19 (d = 0.93). Using Lane and Terry (2000) conceptual framework, results showed participants reporting depressed mood also reported an extremely negative mood profile as hypothesized. Qualitative data indicated that effective mood-regulation strategies used included maintaining close coach-athlete contact and helping create a sense of making progress in training. When seen collectively, findings illustrate that mood state responses to COVID-19 were severe. It is suggested that that active self-regulation and self-care should be a feature of training programmes to aid coaches and boxers in regulating mood when faced with severe situational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece J Roberts
- Research Centre for Sports Exercise Performance, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Research Centre for Sports Exercise Performance, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
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11
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Terry PC, Parsons-Smith RL, King R, Terry VR. Influence of sex, age, and education on mood profile clusters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245341. [PMID: 33529196 PMCID: PMC7853457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the iceberg, inverse iceberg, inverse Everest, shark fin, surface, and submerged profiles. We investigated if the prevalence of the six mood profiles varied by sex, age, and education among a large heterogeneous sample. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. A seeded k-means cluster analysis was used to confirm the six profiles, and discriminant function analysis was used to validate cluster classifications. Significant variations in the prevalence of mood profiles by sex, age, and education status were confirmed. For example, females more frequently reported negative mood profiles than males, and older and more highly educated participants had a higher prevalence of the iceberg profile than their younger and lesser educated counterparts. Findings suggest that refinement of the existing tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Renée L. Parsons-Smith
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel King
- School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria R. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Samełko A, Guszkowska M, Kuk A. Subjective Rank of the Competition as a Factor Differentiating Between the Affective States of Swimmers and Their Sport Performance. Front Psychol 2021; 11:615746. [PMID: 33424728 PMCID: PMC7786452 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.615746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to establish the differences in affective states of swimmers depending on the subjective rank of the competition and the relationship between affective states and performance in sports competitions of low, medium and high subjectively perceived rank. Methods The respondents (n = 31) aged from 15 to 23 years (18.1 ± 2.397) were studied using the psychological questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Profile of Mood State (POMS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) during sports events. 362 measurements using POMS and 232 measurements using PANAS before the starts were collected. The significance of intergroup differences was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the emotional predictors of sports results. Results Subjective rank of sports competition differentiated significantly anger (chi 2 = 6.826; p = 0.033), confusion (chi 2 = 11.345; p = 0.003), depression (chi 2 = 10.2; p = 0.006), fatigue (chi 2 = 49.394; p ≤ 0.001), vigour (chi 2 = 11.345; p ≤ 0.001), positive emotions (chi2 = 51.233; p ≤ 0.001), and negative emotions (chi2 = 11.552; p = 0.003). Regression analysis showed the influence of mood states and positive emotions on the sports result. Conclusion The swimmers' affective state changed depending on the subjective rank of the competition. Depression and positive emotional state made it possible to predict the result in medium- and high-rank competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Samełko
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of Physical Culture, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Guszkowska
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kuk
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of Physical Culture, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Terry PC, Parsons-Smith RL, Terry VR. Mood Responses Associated With COVID-19 Restrictions. Front Psychol 2020; 11:589598. [PMID: 33312153 PMCID: PMC7703436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in more than half the world's population being placed in lockdown to stem the spread of the virus. The severe restrictions imposed in many nations had the potential to significantly influence the physical and psychological well-being of those affected. The aim of the current study was to investigate mood responses during the period of restrictions from March to June, 2020. Mood responses of 1,062 participants (386 male, 676 female) were collected using the Brunel Mood Scale, hosted on the In The Mood website www.moodprofiling.com. The mean pattern of mood responses reflected an inverse iceberg profile, characterized by significantly elevated scores for tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion, and below average scores for vigor; a profile associated with increased risk of mental health issues. Females reported more negative mood scores than males. Participants in the ≤25 age group reported the most negative profiles whereas those in the ≥56 age group reported the least negative profiles. Mood differences related to education status were also evident. Finally, mood scores fluctuated over time, with profiles being most negative during April and June. Overall, results confirmed significant mood disturbance during the period of COVID-19 restrictions, representing increased risk of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Renée L. Parsons-Smith
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Victoria R. Terry
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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