Sensory Stimulation of Oxytocin Release Is Associated With Stress Management and Maternal Care

Oxytocin Protects Against Corticosterone-Induced DA Dysfunction: An Involvement of the PKA/CREB Pathway

Chronic stress disrupts dopamine (DA) transmission, adversely affecting mood and contribution to neuropsychiatric disorders like ADHD, autism, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a key role in social cognition, bonding, attachment, and parenting behaviors. In addition, OXT can modulate the activity of the HPA axis, counteracting the effects of stress, and alleviating fear and anxiety. However, whether OXT can mitigate stress-induced DA dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of OXT on corticosterone (CORT) induced DA dysfunction in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. The results revealed that CORT decreases the levels of intracellular signaling molecules associated with DA function, including phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase (pTH), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), and protein kinase A (PKA). Interestingly, pretreatment with OXT mitigated CORT-induced DA dysfunction through its potent PKA activator properties. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of OXT was abolished by atosiban (an OXT receptor antagonist) or H89 (a PKA inhibitor). Our results suggest that OXT protects dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells from CORT-induced DA dysfunction, potentially through the involvement of oxytocin receptors and the PKA/CREB signaling pathway. These findings contribute to the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stress resilience and highlight potential pathways for developing targeted treatments that leverage the neuroprotective properties of OXT to address disorders characterized by DA dysregulation and impaired stress responses.

Oxytocin in growth, reproduction, restoration and health

This article summarizes my scientific work and describes some personal experiences during this period. After my basal medical training (MD) (1971), I obtained a PhD in pharmacology (1976) and ended up as a professor of Physiology. My initial studies were within the field of gastroenterology. I showed that the gastrointestinal hormone gastrin, which stimulates HCL secretion in the stomach, was released in response to stimulation of the vagal nerve. Later I showed that the entire endocrine system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that promotes digestion and anabolic metabolism and growth was under vagal nerve control. I also showed that activation of the vagal nerve inhibits the function of the inhibitory substance somatostatin. 10 years later, after some big changes in my personal life, my research focus changed. I became interested in female physiology, particularly the role of oxytocin. In addition, I became aware of the situation of female scientists and started to work with questions regarding equality between women and men. I gathered a group of interested female medical students and midwives around me. We demonstrated that breastfeeding and touch (e.g., between mother and baby), via stimulation of sensory nerves in the skin, activated the endocrine system of the GI tract and, thereby, anabolic processes and growth. The effects were exerted via a vagal mechanism and involved activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We also showed that the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin stimulated the release of oxytocin in a calorie-dependent way via an afferent vagal mechanism. In summary, there is a bidirectional, vagally mediated connection between the endocrine system of the GI tract and the oxytocin producing neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus.1. Oxytocinergic neurons from the PVN enhances the activity of the endocrine system of the GI tract and thereby growth and regeneration. The effect is exerted via efferent vagal fibers which inhibit the release of somatostatin. 2. Food in the duodenum triggers a release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which via a vagal afferent mechanism stimulates the release and function of oxytocin. This mechanism is not activated in the absence of food intake. Administration of oxytocin induces a multitude of actions, i.e., anxiolytic and sedative effects, increased pain threshold, lowering of cortisol and blood pressure and an increased activity of the endocrine system of the GI tract. Repeated administration of oxytocin may induce long-term effects and "secondary" mechanisms such as an increased activity of alpha-2- adrenoceptors are involved. Oxytocin released by suckling during breastfeeding or by touch during social interaction will induce a similar effect spectrum. Activation of the parvocellular neurons will stimulate some aspects of social behavior, induce calm and well-being, and decrease levels of fear, stress, and pain. In addition, vagal functions and the activity of the endocrine system of the GI tract will be stimulated. Together, these effects are consistent with the oxytocin-mediated calm and connection response and, in a long-term perspective, with the promotion of well-being and health. A second period of professional difficulties occurred in the late 1990s. I moved to the Swedish University of Agriculture, where I started to investigate the role of oxytocin in interactions between humans and pets, as this type of interaction had been shown to promote health. I continued to study the role of oxytocin in female reproduction, in particular, the role of oxytocin during labor and birth and in the peripartum period. In addition, I started to write books about different aspects of oxytocin. I also wanted to establish a role for oxytocin in the treatment of vaginal atrophy. Several clinical studies show that local intravaginal application of oxytocin in women with vaginal atrophy increases the regeneration of vaginal mucosal cells and function.

Comfort evaluation and physiological effects/autonomic nervous system response of inflatable deep pressure vest in reducing anxiety

Background

Deep pressure therapy treats anxiety by triggering physiological responses and promoting calmness. Moreover, measuring user comfort can improve product quality.

Objective

To investigate the physiological effects and subjective comfort level of inflatable deep pressure vests to enhance their calming effect.

Methods

Experimental research was conducted with a one-group pretest-posttest design for physiological effects using pulse oximetry for peripheral pulse rate and a one-shot case study for three subscale parameters that help evaluate comfort (pressure, touch, and mobility) using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Deep pressure intervention using the Inflatable Vest was performed for three sessions, each lasting 5 min.

Results

This study was conducted with 46 participants (24 males, 22 females) aged 17-20 (19.52 ± 0.78). Although pulse rate consistently decreased in all sessions, session 1 showed a significant decrease (p = 0.014*, d = 0.379), whereas sessions 2 (p = 0.274, d = 0.163) and 3 (p = 0.597, d = 0.078) demonstrated non-significant decreases with small effect sizes. The pressure comfort subscale showed that 87.0 %, 4.3 %, and 8.7 % of the participants, and the touch comfort subscale test revealed that 82.6 %, 8.7 %, and 73.9 % of the participants rated it as comfortable, very comfortable, and less comfortable, respectively. The mobility subscale test showed that 73.9 % of the participants rated no limitation, 17.4 % rated somewhat limited, and only 8.7 % rated limitation. Decreased pulse rate and pressure comfort were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.282**, p < 0.01), whereas touch pressure and mobility were not (r = 0.160, p > 0.05; and r = 0.121, p > 0.05, respectively). Decreased pulse rate was also positively correlated with the overall score for the three aspects (r = 0.201*, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

A comfortable inflatable deep pressure vest provides a physiologically calming effect for therapeutic modalities.

Touch medicine: bridging the gap between recent insights from touch research and clinical medicine and its special significance for the treatment of affective disorders

Interpersonal touch represents the primal sensory experience between humans, fostering social bonding from the cradle to the death bed. In recent decades "affective touch" has been intensely studied, stimulated by the discovery of a population of mechanosensitive unmyelinated C-tactile afferents in mammalian skin. A lack of touch in childhood is associated with negative consequences for psychosocial and physical health and the benefits of professional touch techniques in the prevention and treatment of various diseases have been shown over and over again in clinical studies. However, its application in mainstream clinical applications remains limited. To bridge the gap between recent discoveries in touch research and clinical medicine, we propose the establishment of a new discipline: 'Touch Medicine'. Here, we unfold the potential of Touch Medicine by focusing on the treatment of depression, which in our view is primarily a disorder of the lived body. Controlled studies and systematic reviews have demonstrated the antidepressant, anxiolytic and analgesic effects of specific massage techniques. Underlying mechanisms of action are currently under investigation, ranging from interoceptive, endocrinological, to stress-related or psychological underpinnings. Touch Medicine represents a novel interdisciplinary field connected to various medical specialities such as neonatology, pediatrics, pain medicine, neurology, psychiatry, and geriatrics - but also clinical psychology and psychosomatic medicine might benefit from the integration of these findings into their daily practice.

The Influence of Social Dynamics on Biological Aging and the Health of Historically Marginalized Populations: A Biopsychosocial Model for Health Disparities

Historically marginalized populations are susceptible to social isolation resulting from their unique social dynamics; thus, they incur a higher risk of developing chronic diseases across the course of life. Research has suggested that the cumulative effect of aging trajectories per se, across the lifespan, determines later-in-life disease risks. Emerging evidence has shown the biopsychosocial effects of social stress and social support on one's wellbeing in terms of inflammation. Built upon previous multidisciplinary findings, here, we provide an overarching model that explains how the social dynamics of marginalized populations shape their rate of biological aging through the inflammatory process. Under the framework of social stress and social support theories, this model aims to facilitate our understanding of the biopsychosocial impacts of social dynamics on the wellbeing of historically marginalized individuals, with a special emphasis on biological aging. We leverage this model to advance our mechanistic understanding of the health disparity observed in historically marginalized populations and inform future remediation strategies.

Intranasal oxytocin suppresses seizure-like behaviors in a mouse model of NGLY1 deficiency

NGLY1 deficiency is a genetic disease caused by biallelic mutations of the Ngly1 gene. Although epileptic seizure is one of the most severe symptoms in patients with NGLY1 deficiency, preclinical studies have not been conducted due to the lack of animal models for epileptic seizures in NGLY1 deficiency. Here, we observed the behaviors of male and female Ngly1-/- mice by video monitoring and found that these mice exhibit spontaneous seizure-like behaviors. Gene expression analyses and enzyme immunoassay revealed significant decreases in oxytocin, a well-known neuropeptide, in the hypothalamus of Ngly1-/- mice. Seizure-like behaviors in Ngly1-/- mice were transiently suppressed by a single intranasal administration of oxytocin. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of oxytocin for epileptic seizure in patients with NGLY1 deficiency and contribute to the clarification of the disease mechanism.

The Yin and Yang of the oxytocin and stress systems: opposites, yet interdependent and intertwined determinants of lifelong health trajectories

During parturition and the immediate post-partum period there are two opposite, yet interdependent and intertwined systems that are highly active and play a role in determining lifelong health and behaviour in both the mother and her infant: the stress and the anti-stress (oxytocin) system. Before attempting to understand how the environment around birth determines long-term health trajectories, it is essential to understand how these two systems operate and how they interact. Here, we discuss together the hormonal and neuronal arms of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the oxytocinergic systems and how they interact. Although the HPA axis and glucocorticoid stress axis are well studied, the role of oxytocin as an extremely powerful anti-stress hormone deserves more attention. It is clear that these anti-stress effects depend on oxytocinergic nerves emanating from the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and project to multiple sites at which the stress system is regulated. These, include projections to corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons within the PVN, to the anterior pituitary, to areas involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous control, to NA neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), and to CRH neurons in the amygdala. In the context of the interaction between the HPA axis and the oxytocin system birth is a particularly interesting period as, for both the mother and the infant, both systems are very strongly activated within the same narrow time window. Data suggest that the HPA axis and the oxytocin system appear to interact in this early-life period, with effects lasting many years. If mother-child skin-to-skin contact occurs almost immediately postpartum, the effects of the anti-stress (oxytocin) system become more prominent, moderating lifelong health trajectories. There is clear evidence that HPA axis activity during this time is dependent on the balance between the HPA axis and the oxytocin system, the latter being reinforced by specific somatosensory inputs, and this has long-term consequences for stress reactivity.

Therapeutic Peptides, Proteins and their Nanostructures for Drug Delivery and Precision Medicine

Peptide and protein nanostructures with tunable structural features, multifunctionality, biocompatibility and biomolecular recognition capacity enable development of efficient targeted drug delivery tools for precision medicine applications. In this review article, we present various techniques employed for the synthesis and self-assembly of peptides and proteins into nanostructures. We discuss design strategies utilized to enhance their stability, drug-loading capacity, and controlled release properties, in addition to the mechanisms by which peptide nanostructures interact with target cells, including receptor-mediated endocytosis and cell-penetrating capabilities. We also explore the potential of peptide and protein nanostructures for precision medicine, focusing on applications in personalized therapies and disease-specific targeting for diagnostics and therapeutics in diseases such as cancer.

Acupuncture's long-term impact on depression prevention in primary dysmenorrhea: A 19-year follow-up of a Taiwan cohort with neuroimmune insights

BACKGROUND

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological condition causing depression. Acupuncture is an effective option for PD management but its effects on PD-associated depression remain unclear.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study involving 35,099 propensity score-matched pairs of acupuncture users and non-users with PD was conducted using data from Taiwan's Longitudinal Generation Tracking Database 2000. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate depression risk, and bioinformatics analyses were performed to uncover underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

The risk of developing depression was reduced by 64 % in acupuncture users compared with non-acupuncture users during the 19-year follow-up period. The decrease was dose-dependent. Bioinformatics analyses identified 34 co-expressed targets for acupuncture, PD, and depression; and eight hub genes (coding for interleukin 6 and 1B, tumor necrosis factor, albumin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, C-reactive protein, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) potentially involved in the therapeutic effects of acupuncture. Several molecular pathways were found to be involved, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, serotonergic synapse, and estrogen signaling pathway.

LIMITATIONS

Bias in the selection of participants could have been introduced as a consequence of the retrospective nature of the study. Data were derived from a single national database, and acupuncture treatment details were unavailable.

CONCLUSION

Acupuncture may protect against the development of depression in patients with PD. This study provides insight into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of acupuncture in PD management and depression prevention.

Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Hypothalamic‒Pituitary‒Adrenal Axis Dysfunction Induced by Surgical Trauma in Mice Through the Hypothalamic Oxytocin System

Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively reduce surgical stress reactions and promote postoperative recovery, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aims to examine the effects of EA on the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal (HPA) axis and investigate its potential mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to partial hepatectomy (HT). The results showed that HT increased the concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticosterone (CORT), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the peripheral blood and upregulated the expression of CRH and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) proteins in the hypothalamus. EA treatment significantly inhibited the hyperactivity of the HPA axis by decreasing the concentration of CRH, CORT, and ACTH in peripheral blood and downregulating the expression of CRH and GR in the hypothalamus. Moreover, EA treatment reversed the HT-induced downregulation of oxytocin (OXT) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of the OXTR antagonist atosiban blocked the effects of EA. Thus, our findings implied that EA mitigated surgical stress-induced HPA axis dysfunction by activating the OXT/OXTR signaling pathway.

Activation of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Area Postrema Inhibits Food Intake via Glutamatergic and GABAergic Signaling Pathways

SCOPE

A high-protein diet has become a popular way to lose weight. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is activated by amino acids in addition to calcium ions. CaSR shows dense expression in the area postrema (AP), which participates in feeding regulation. The effect of CaSR in the AP on food intake and the potential mechanism involved is investigated.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Male C57BL/6 mice are used to observe the effect of R568 (agonist of CaSR) on food intake. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence staining, and chemogenetics are used to explore the neural signaling involved. CaSR activation in the AP inhibited acute feeding; R568 increases the content of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the AP, whereas only glutamatergic neurons mediate the effect of R568. GABA-A receptor and ionic glutamate receptor (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor [NMDAR]) in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) are involved in the effect of R568. Promotion of oxytocin (OT) synthesis in the PVN also participates in the effect of R568, and this mechanism is mediated by NMDAR in the PVN.

CONCLUSION

CaSR activation in the AP suppresses feeding, and AP-PVN glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling pathways are involved.

Affective touch in the context of development, oxytocin signaling, and autism

Touch represents one of our most important senses throughout life and particularly in the context of our social and emotional experiences. In this review, we draw on research on touch processing from both animal models and humans. Firstly, we briefly describe the cutaneous touch receptors and neural processing of both affective and discriminative touch. We then outline how our sense of touch develops and summarize increasing evidence demonstrating how essential early tactile stimulation is for the development of brain and behavior, with a particular focus on effects of tactile stimulation in infant animals and pediatric massage and Kangaroo care in human infants. Next, the potential mechanisms whereby early tactile stimulation influences both brain and behavioral development are discussed, focusing on its ability to promote neural plasticity changes and brain interhemispheric communication, development of social behavior and bonding, and reward sensitivity through modulation of growth factor, oxytocin, and opioid signaling. Finally, we consider the implications of evidence for atypical responses to touch in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and discuss existing evidence and future priorities for establishing potential beneficial effects of interventions using massage or pharmacological treatments targeting oxytocin or other neurochemical systems.

Feeding and Manual Brushing Influence the Release of Oxytocin, ACTH and Cortisol Differently During Milking in Dairy Cows

Aim

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding or abdominal brushing on the release of the hormones oxytocin, ACTH and cortisol during milking in dairy cows.

Methods

Twelve cows in early lactation were used (2 × 2 factorial experimental design), testing the effects of two types of sensory stimulation during milking over a 3 day period; feeding concentrate or manual abdominal brushing (1 stroke/s). Blood samples for hormone analyses were collected at time at −15, −1, 0 (onset of cluster), every min for 8 min, at 10, 12, 14, 16, 30, and 60 min. Hormone levels were assayed and AUC was calculated.

Results

Milking was associated with an immediate and significant rise of oxytocin. When milking was combined with feeding, significantly higher levels of oxytocin were observed at 2 and 4 mins (p < 0.05). No effect of brushing on oxytocin levels was observed. Milking alone was associated with a significant rise of ACTH levels. Feeding in connection with milking reduced the immediate rise of ACTH levels (p < 0.05) and AUC (p < 0.02), whereas no effects of brushing were found. Milking caused a progressive rise of cortisol levels. Concomitant feeding did not influence cortisol levels, whereas brushing significantly decreased cortisol levels at 1, 5 and 14 mins after onset of milking (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Feeding increases oxytocin release in response to milking and decreases ACTH levels. Abdominal brushing did not influence these variables, but decreased cortisol levels. These data demonstrate that activation of afferent vagal nerve fibres and of cutaneous sensory nerves originating from the abdominal skin in front of the udder influence milking related hormone release differently.

Oxytocin and love: Myths, metaphors and mysteries

Oxytocin is a peptide molecule with a multitude of physiological and behavioral functions. Based on its association with reproduction - including social bonding, sexual behavior, birth and maternal behavior - oxytocin also has been called "the love hormone." This essay specifically examines association and parallels between oxytocin and love. However, many myths and gaps in knowledge remain concerning both. A few of these are described here and we hypothesize that the potential benefits of both love and oxytocin may be better understood in light of interactions with more ancient systems, including specifically vasopressin and the immune system. Oxytocin is anti-inflammatory and is associated with recently evolved, social solutions to a variety of challenges necessary for mammalian survival and reproduction. The shared functions of oxytocin and love have profound implications for health and longevity, including the prevention and treatment of excess inflammation and related disorders, especially those occurring in early life and during periods of chronic threat or disease.

Multisensory stimulation as a non-pharmacological intervention for neonates undergoing painful procedures: A scoping review

AIM

The aim of this review is to identify available evidence on MSS practices as a pain-relieving intervention among neonates undergoing a repetitive painful procedure.

METHODS

Searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed/ MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro). A total of eight studies were identified, among them; studies related to MSS in relieving neonatal procedural pain were conducted only in three countries only.

RESULTS

Data collected from the identified studies were extracted by two independent reviewers, and were synthesized quantitatively, and qualitatively. Eight studies involving six hundred and eighty-six neonates in three countries were identified in the search. Among them, six were randomized controlled trials, and two were observational studies. The study results highlighted that implementation of MSS as a non-pharmacological pain-relieving intervention follows a similar protocol among the reviewed articles, but varies by who administers MSS (Physiotherapists/ Nurses/Mothers) in neonates undergoing repetitive painful procedures.

INTERPRETATION

Standardized MSS protocol should be followed globally along with its implementation for reducing procedural pain among neonates and also to promote good clinical practice in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings. Future research could determine the effects of standardized MSS protocol either with or without other non-pharmacological interventions among neonates undergoing painful procedures.

Neural correlates of product attachment to cosmetics

The neurobiological basis of brand and product attachment has received much attention in consumer neuroscience research, although it remains unclear. In this study, we conducted functional MRI experiments involving female users of famous luxury brand cosmetics as participants, based on the regions of interest involved in human attachment and object attachment. The results showed that the left ventral pallidum (VP), which is involved in positive reward, and the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), which is involved in self-concept, a key concept in object attachment, are the core regions in cosmetic attachment. Moreover, the performed psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that VP-temporoparietal junction connectivity positively correlated with activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and PCC-anterior hippocampus (aHC) connectivity positively correlated with subjective evaluation of attachment. The former suggests that object attachment is a human-like attachment and a stronger tendency of anthropomorphism is associated with stronger feelings of security. The latter suggests that the individual's concept of attachment as well as the relationships with the attached cosmetics are represented in the aHC, and the PCC-aHC associations produce subjective awareness of the attachment relationships. These associations between memory and reward systems have been shown to play critical roles in cosmetic attachment.

[Touch Medicine - a complementary therapeutic approach exemplified by the treatment of depression]

Haut-zu-Haut-Berührung stellt die ursprünglichste Sinneserfahrung von Mensch und Tier dar. Ein Mangel an Berührung in der Kindheit ist mit negativen Folgen für die psychosoziale und körperliche Gesundheit verbunden. Für die Entdeckung von Rezeptoren für Temperatur und Berührung im Körper wurde 2021 der Medizin-Nobelpreis verliehen. Klinische Studien belegen den Nutzen von professionellen Berührungstechniken zur Prävention und Therapie verschiedener Erkrankungen. Der breiten Anwendung einer professionellen Berührungstherapie gilt jedoch bis heute nur ein geringes klinisches Interesse. Wir schlagen eine neue Fachdisziplin der „Berührungsmedizin“ vor und spannen nachstehend einen Bogen zwischen den Erkenntnissen moderner Berührungsforschung und der klinischen Medizin. Exemplarisch steht dabei die Behandlung der primär als Leibkrankheit konzipierten Depression im Vordergrund. Kontrollierte Studien und systematische Übersichten belegen die antidepressive, anxiolytische sowie analgetische Wirksamkeit spezieller Massagetechniken in dieser Indikation. Auch für die Neonatologie, Pädiatrie, Schmerzmedizin, Onkologie und Geriatrie konnte die Wirksamkeit heilsamer Berührung gezeigt werden. Die jeweiligen Wirkmechanismen werden auf verschiedenen Konstrukt-Ebenen diskutiert. Im Vordergrund des internationalen Forschungsinteresses stehen derzeit das Interozeptionskonzept, zum anderen endokrinologische, z. B. oxytocinerge Effekte und die Aktivierung sog. CT-Afferenzen.