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Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Khan N, Abdel-Rahman D, Leitner A, Everett WC, Gaba KL, Fisher WJ, McDonald CC, Winston FK, Rosin RM, Volpp KG, Barnett IJ, Wiebe DJ, Halpern SD, Delgado MK. A randomized trial of behavioral interventions yielding sustained reductions in distracted driving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320603121. [PMID: 39074277 PMCID: PMC11317589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320603121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Distracted driving is responsible for nearly 1 million crashes each year in the United States alone, and a major source of driver distraction is handheld phone use. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of interventions designed to create sustained reductions in handheld use while driving (NCT04587609). Participants were 1,653 consenting Progressive® Snapshot® usage-based auto insurance customers ages 18 to 77 who averaged at least 2 min/h of handheld use while driving in the month prior to study invitation. They were randomly assigned to one of five arms for a 10-wk intervention period. Arm 1 (control) got education about the risks of handheld phone use, as did the other arms. Arm 2 got a free phone mount to facilitate hands-free use. Arm 3 got the mount plus a commitment exercise and tips for hands-free use. Arm 4 got the mount, commitment, and tips plus weekly goal gamification and social competition. Arm 5 was the same as Arm 4, plus offered behaviorally designed financial incentives. Postintervention, participants were monitored until the end of their insurance rating period, 25 to 65 d more. Outcome differences were measured using fractional logistic regression. Arm 4 participants, who received gamification and competition, reduced their handheld use by 20.5% relative to control (P < 0.001); Arm 5 participants, who additionally received financial incentives, reduced their use by 27.6% (P < 0.001). Both groups sustained these reductions through the end of their insurance rating period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Ebert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ruiying A. Xiong
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Neda Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Dina Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Aaron Leitner
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | | | - Kristen L. Gaba
- Progressive Casualty Insurance Company, Mayfield Village, OH44143
| | | | - Catherine C. McDonald
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Flaura K. Winston
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Roy M. Rosin
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Kevin G. Volpp
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ian J. Barnett
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Douglas J. Wiebe
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Scott D. Halpern
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Mucio Kit Delgado
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Injury Science Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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Mroz EL, Schwartz AE, Valeika S, Oettingen G, Marottoli R, David D, Hagaman A, Fedus D, Monin JK. "WOOP is my safe haven": A qualitative feasibility and acceptability study of the Wish Outcome Obstacle Plan (WOOP) intervention for spouses of people living with early-stage dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 39:e6092. [PMID: 38687142 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As symptoms emerge and worsen in people living with dementia, their spouses can benefit from behavioral interventions to support their adjustment as a care partner. The Wish Outcome Obstacle Plan (WOOP) intervention improves the well-being of spouses of people living with dementia early in the disease course, but intervention mechanisms and opportunities for improvement are unclear. The present study gave voice to spouses who participated in a trial of WOOP, describing how WOOP was incorporated into their lives and how it could be improved for future implementation. METHOD For this qualitative study, we conducted longitudinal semi-structured interviews among 21 spouses of people living with dementia (three interviews over three months; 63 interviews total). Codebook thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS Three meta-themes were derived: (1) assessing baseline strengths and limitations of WOOP, (2) learning from experience, and (3) fine-tuning and sustaining WOOP. Participants described how WOOP addressed their interpersonal and emotional stressors, their responses to behaviors of the person living with dementia, and their relationship quality. Considerations for future intervention delivery (e.g., solo vs. in group settings) and instructions (e.g., encouraging writing vs. thinking through the four steps of WOOP) were identified as areas of improvement. CONCLUSIONS WOOP was described as a practical, feasible, and desirable intervention for spouses at the early stages of their partner's dementia. Participants made WOOP easier to incorporate in their everyday lives by adapting the design into a mental exercise that they used as needed. Suggestions from participants specified how to make the everyday use of WOOP more feasible, sustainable, and applicable in a variety of contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov HIC 2000021852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Mroz
- Department of Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Have, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna E Schwartz
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Have, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Valeika
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Have, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Richard Marottoli
- Department of Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Have, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel David
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Hagaman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Have, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donna Fedus
- Borrow My Glasses, Madison, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joan K Monin
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Have, Connecticut, USA
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O'Driscoll C, Singh A, Chichua I, Clodic J, Desai A, Nikolova D, Yap AJ, Zhou I, Pilling S. An Ecological Mobile Momentary Intervention to Support Dynamic Goal Pursuit: Feasibility and Acceptability Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e49857. [PMID: 38506904 PMCID: PMC10993123 DOI: 10.2196/49857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals can experience difficulties pursuing their goals amid multiple competing priorities in their environment. Effective goal dynamics require flexible and generalizable pursuit skills. Supporting successful goal pursuit requires a perpetually adapting intervention responsive to internal states. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a flexible intervention that can adapt to an individual's changing short to medium-term goals and be applied to their daily life and (2) examine the feasibility and acceptability of the just-in-time adaptive intervention for goal pursuit. METHODS This study involved 3 iterations to test and systematically enhance all aspects of the intervention. During the pilot phase, 73 participants engaged in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) over 1 month. After week 1, they attended an intervention training session and received just-in-time intervention prompts during the following 3 weeks. The training employed the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework for goal setting, along with mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII). Subsequent prompts, triggered by variability in goal pursuit, guided the participants to engage in MCII in relation to their current goal. We evaluated feasibility and acceptability, efficacy, and individual change processes by combining intensive (single-case experimental design) and extensive methods. RESULTS The results suggest that the digital intervention was feasible and acceptable to participants. Compliance with the intervention was high (n=63, 86%). The participants endorsed high acceptability ratings relating to both the study procedures and the intervention. All participants (N=73, 100%) demonstrated significant improvements in goal pursuit with an average difference of 0.495 units in the outcome (P<.001). The results of the dynamic network modeling suggest that self-monitoring behavior (EMA) and implementing the MCII strategy may aid in goal reprioritization, where goal pursuit itself is a driver of further goal pursuit. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of a just-in-time adaptive intervention among a nonclinical adult sample. This intervention used self-monitoring of behavior, the COM-B framework, and MCII strategies to improve dynamic goal pursuit. It was delivered via an Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI) procedure. Future research should consider the utility of this approach as an additional intervention element within psychological interventions to improve goal pursuit. Sustaining goal pursuit throughout interventions is central to their effectiveness and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán O'Driscoll
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aneesha Singh
- UCL Interaction Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iya Chichua
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Clodic
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali Desai
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dara Nikolova
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Jie Yap
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Zhou
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Pilling
- CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tamim M, Wang G, Gai X, Ma Y. Causality orientations and spontaneous mental contrasting. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38369743 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2317240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mental contrasting is a motivational behavior change strategy necessary for strong goal commitment. Meanwhile, general causality orientations are motivational patterns that represent individuals' motivation for behavior change and the reason for their goal commitment. The current study explored whether causality orientations predict spontaneous mental contrasting in Chinese university students. Study 1 investigated whether academic autonomy, control, and amotivated orientations correlate with spontaneous mental contrasting about an important academic goal. The findings of Study 1 reveal that autonomy orientation did not correlate with mental contrasting, whereas control and amotivated orientations were negatively correlated with mental contrasting. Study 2 investigated whether priming autonomy and control orientations, in addition to the neutral condition, would induce spontaneous mental contrasting about an academic goal related to the students' research topic. The results of Study 2 revealed that the autonomy condition orientation did not differ significantly from the controlled orientation condition. However, when compared to the neutral condition, the autonomy condition significantly predicted mental contrasting, whereas the controlled orientation condition did not show any significant difference. In Study 2, the autonomy-oriented participants generated more spontaneous mental contrast than the control orientation and neutral conditions. The findings show that controlled and amotivated orientations predicted negative mental contrasting. As a result, controlled and amotivated students must learn how to use mental contrasting to achieve high levels of goal commitment and achievement. Lastly, the study discussed its implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research.
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Schollaert E, Mertens S, Anseel F, Kluijtmans T, Servaes M, Crucke S. Tackling upcoming projects: The development and efficacy of event previews an experimental study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293271. [PMID: 38109319 PMCID: PMC10727432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional performance management systems are increasingly seen as ill-conceived for today's dynamic organizational landscape. Researchers and practitioners advocate for agile PM systems that emphasize continuous monitoring, learning, and feedback. We present the 'event preview', a novel approach that is designed to address several shortcomings of traditional performance management practices. Event previews consist of five fixed questions, which are discussed among team members before an event, instigating a detailed reflection and mental simulation of upcoming events or projects in order to achieve the desired outcomes. In doing so, event previews support teams to utilize their projects as learning opportunities. This study provides the theoretical basis for the event preview and empirically tests its effectiveness. A sample of 119 teams participated in the experiment in which they were asked to solve as many puzzles as possible within a fixed time frame. One condition conducted an event preview beforehand, the other condition did not. Our findings, which were based on a comparison of the averages of the two conditions, suggest that the event preview holds promise for improving team performance and communication. As such, the event preview presents an additional instrument to the changing performance management landscape. This simple practice can be incorporated in the performance management cycle, emphasizing adaptability and continuous improvement in organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Schollaert
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shana Mertens
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Anseel
- UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tom Kluijtmans
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Servaes
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia Crucke
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Xu L, Pinxten W, Vandereyt F, Falter M, Scherrenberg M, Kizilkilic SE, Van Erum H, Dendale P, Kindermans H. Motivational communication skills to improve motivation and adherence in cardiovascular disease prevention: A narrative review. Clin Cardiol 2023; 46:1474-1480. [PMID: 37675783 PMCID: PMC10716351 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle optimization is one of the most essential components of cardiovascular disease prevention. Motivational counseling provided by health care professionals could promote lifestyle modification. The purpose of the review is to identify possible evidence-based psychological principles that may be applicable to motivational counseling in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. These motivational communication skills promote behavioral change, improved motivation and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention. A personal collection of the relevant publications. The review identified and summarized the previous evidence of implementation intentions, mental contrasting, placebo effect and nocebo effects and identity-based regulations in behavior change interventions and proposed their potential application in cardiovascular disease prevention. However, it is challenging to provide real support in sustainable CVD-risk reduction and encourage patients to implement lifestyle changes, while avoiding being unnecessarily judgmental, disrespectful of autonomy, or engaging patients in burdensome efforts that have little or no effect on the long run. Motivational communication skills have a great potential for effectuating sustainable lifestyle changes that reduce CVD-related risks, but it is also surrounded by ethical issues that should be appropriately addressed in practice. It is key to realize that motivational communication is nothing like an algorithm that is likely to bring about sustainable lifestyle change, but a battery of interventions that requires specific expertise and long term joint efforts of patients and their team of caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Xu
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
- Heart Centre HasseltJessa HospitalHasseltBelgium
- School of NursingJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wim Pinxten
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
| | | | - Maarten Falter
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
- Heart Centre HasseltJessa HospitalHasseltBelgium
- Department of Cardiology, KULeuvenFaculty of MedicineLeuvenBelgium
| | - Martijn Scherrenberg
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
- Heart Centre HasseltJessa HospitalHasseltBelgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesAntwerp UniversityAntwerpBelgium
| | - Sevda Ece Kizilkilic
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
- Heart Centre HasseltJessa HospitalHasseltBelgium
| | - Hanne Van Erum
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Paul Dendale
- UHasseltFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesDiepenbeekBelgium
- Heart Centre HasseltJessa HospitalHasseltBelgium
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Kirk MA, Nolet JM, Adrian AL, Knust SK. Systematic Improvements to the Army's Deployment Cycle Resilience Training Using a Comprehensive, Iterative Process. Mil Med 2023; 188:246-254. [PMID: 37948235 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To support soldier readiness and mitigate the mental health consequences of deployments, Army regulation mandates soldiers to receive Deployment Cycle Resilience Training (DCRT) throughout their deployment cycle. A recent evaluation revealed several issues with the existing version that threatened the relevancy and usefulness of the training. The present article details the systematic approach taken by the Research Transition Office at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research to revise the DCRT curriculum and presents the revision updates that are now included in DCRT version 3. METHOD Curriculum developers (n = 2) with subject matter expertise relevant to the project followed an iterative process that was critical to the efficacy of the revisions. Developers used the existing DCRT modules as the curriculum framework and utilized several materials to inform the revisions to include Army doctrine, data from the quality improvement evaluation conducted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and the current research related to the deployment cycle, resilience, and behavior change. Internal and external stakeholders (n = 31) provided iterative feedback to ensure each of the six modules met DCRT revision objectives. RESULTS The revised DCRT curriculum was implemented in August 2021. The resulting revisions included an increase in inclusivity, an emphasis on growth opportunities, an integrative approach to the deployment cycle phases, and greater practical application. Additionally, the curriculum incorporates best practices found to enhance the delivery of resilience-based psychoeducational interventions, specifically within high-risk occupational settings like the military. CONCLUSIONS The revisions outlined in this article enhance the training quality and potential effectiveness of DCRT, which can positively influence soldier and family readiness and mission success. Furthermore, the deliberate and iterative curriculum revision process can serve as a guide to other curriculum development projects, specifically within the military context. Implementation considerations and potential limitations are provided, and future directions are discussed to include the ongoing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kirk
- Research Transition Office, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jason M Nolet
- Research Transition Office, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Amanda L Adrian
- Research Transition Office, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Susannah K Knust
- Research Transition Office, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Keeler AR, Nydegger LA, Crano WD. Combatting negative bias: a mental contrasting and implementation intentions online intervention to increase help-seeking among individuals with elevated depressive symptomatology. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1145969. [PMID: 37397325 PMCID: PMC10310967 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are many reasons why individuals with depression may not seek help. Among those with elevated depressive symptomatology, some previous interventions aimed at increasing help-seeking have unintentionally decreased help-seeking intentions. Beck's cognitive theory of depression posits that individuals with elevated depressive symptomatology process information differently from those without depression (i.e., increased cognitive errors, negative bias); potentially explaining the iatrogenic results of previous interventions. Mental contrasting and implementation intentions (MCII; a self-regulatory strategy) interventions have successfully influenced physical and mental health behaviors. However, MCII has not been used specifically for initiating help-seeking for depression. The goal of this research was to ascertain whether an online MCII intervention could increase actual help-seeking or the intention to seek help for depression. Method Two online randomized pre-post experiments were conducted to measure the primary outcome measures 2 weeks post-intervention (Study 1 collected Summer 2019: information-only control ["C"], help-seeking MCII intervention ["HS"], and comparison MCII intervention ["E"]; Study 2 collected Winter 2020: "C" and "HS"). At Time 1, adults recruited from MTurk had a minimum Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) score of 14 (mild depressive symptoms) and were not seeking professional help. Results Study 1 (N = 74) indicated that the intervention was feasible, provided preliminary support, and clarified intervention components for Study 2. Study 2 (N = 224) indicated that the HS group reported greater intentions to seek help and actual help-seeking than the C group. Proportionally, actual help-seeking was more likely among individuals who received the HS intervention and either did not perceive themselves as depressed at Time 2 or had BDI-II scores indicating that their depressive symptomatology decreased from Time 1. Limitations Participation was limited to US residents who self-reported data. Discussion These studies indicate that a brief online MCII intervention to encourage help-seeking is feasible and preliminarily successful. Future studies should consider using ecological momentary assessment measurements to establish the temporal precedence of intervention effects and whether MCII is effective for encouraging help-seeking among individuals prone to experiencing cognitive errors who may not be experiencing negative bias (e.g., bipolar disorder or anxiety). Clinicians may find this method successful in encouraging ongoing treatment engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Keeler
- Penn State Primary Care Research Laboratory, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Depression and Persuasion Research Laboratory, School of Social Science, Policy and Evaluation, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
- Mood Disorder Research Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Liesl A. Nydegger
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - William D. Crano
- Institute of Health Psychology and Prevention Science, School of Social Science, Policy and Evaluation, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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Schunk D, Berger EM, Hermes H, Winkel K, Fehr E. Teaching self-regulation. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1680-1690. [PMID: 36229604 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Children's self-regulation abilities are key predictors of educational success and other life outcomes such as income and health. However, self-regulation is not a school subject, and knowledge about how to generate lasting improvements in self-regulation and academic achievements with easily scalable, low-cost interventions is still limited. Here we report the results of a randomized controlled field study that integrates a short self-regulation teaching unit based on the concept of mental contrasting with implementation intentions into the school curriculum of first graders. We demonstrate that the treatment increases children's skills in terms of impulse control and self-regulation while also generating lasting improvements in academic skills such as reading and monitoring careless mistakes. Moreover, it has a substantial effect on children's long-term school career by increasing the likelihood of enroling in an advanced secondary school track three years later. Thus, self-regulation teaching can be integrated into the regular school curriculum at low cost, is easily scalable, and can substantially improve important abilities and children's educational career path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schunk
- Department of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Eva M Berger
- German Council of Economic Experts, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Henning Hermes
- DICE (Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics), Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kirsten Winkel
- School of Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ernst Fehr
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tamim M, Gai X, Wang G, Ma Y. The Relationship Between Predominant Promotion Focus and Spontaneous Mental Contrasting. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Previous research found mental contrasting to be an effective self-regulatory strategy. This study explored whether motivational features such as regulatory focus, as promotion focus and prevention focus, could affect people’s spontaneous use of a mental contrasting strategy. The present study hypothesized that promotion focus positively predicts spontaneous mental contrasting. Across the correlational (Study 1) and experimental (Study 2) designs, predominantly promotion-focused university students spontaneously employed more mental contrasting strategies. The implications and suggestions for future research have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhaned Tamim
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gai
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Northeast Normal University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxia Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Riddell H, Sedikides C, Gucciardi DF, Ben J, Thøgersen‐Ntoumani C, Ntoumanis N. Goal motives and mental contrasting with implementation intentions facilitate strategic goal persistence and disengagement. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Riddell
- Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jackson Ben
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Cecilie Thøgersen‐Ntoumani
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Curtin School of Population Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Curtin School of Population Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
- School of Health and Welfare Halmstad University Halmstad Sweden
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