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Eicher SC, Wilhelm J, Mauz E, Junker S, Hölling H, Schmid L, Thom J. [A Continuous Literature Review for Mental Health Surveillance during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Germany - Method, Selected Results and Lessons Learned]. PSYCHIATRISCHE PRAXIS 2024; 51:178-188. [PMID: 38552640 DOI: 10.1055/a-2241-4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In order to provide an up-to-date overview on changes in population's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, a continuous literature review was conducted. Building on a rapid review, systematic and hand searches were conducted monthly until December 31, 2022. Studies were assessed for observation periods, risk of bias and outcomes. Trends in depressive symptoms in adults were summarized by vote counting. 102 publications were included from 62 studies in the adult population. Studies declined over the course of the pandemic. Overall, 37% of the studies and 56% of the publications can assess trends in the population reliably. Among evidence for changes in depressive symptoms deteriorations predominated at last. The heterogeneity of results published by the end of 2022 limits evidence syntheses. Evidence of deterioration requires further surveillance. A continuous review can indicate evidence gaps at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Wilhelm
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
| | - Elvira Mauz
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
| | - Stephan Junker
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
| | - Heike Hölling
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
| | - Lorenz Schmid
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
| | - Julia Thom
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch - Institut, Berlin
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Wong VWH, Yiu EKL, Ng CH, Sarris J, Ho FYY. Unraveling the associations between unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and mental health in the general adult Chinese population: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:583-595. [PMID: 38176449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the cumulative risk of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and the associations between overall lifestyle and common mental disorders (CMDs), insomnia, stress, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and functional impairment. Additionally, the treatment preferences for managing CMDs and insomnia were examined. METHODS A survey was conducted on 1487 Chinese Hong Kong adults, assessing their lifestyle behaviors (i.e., diet and nutrition, substance use, physical activity, stress management, restorative sleep, social support, and environmental exposures), mental health-related outcomes, and treatment preferences via a vignette. RESULTS The findings revealed significant additive relationships between the number of 'worse' lifestyle domains and the risk of all outcomes. A healthier overall lifestyle was significantly associated with reduced risks of all outcomes (AORs = 0.88 to 0.93). Having healthier practices in diet and nutrition, substance use, stress management, restorative sleep, and social support domains were significantly associated with lower risks of all outcomes (AORs = 0.93 to 0.98), except that substance use was not significantly associated with stress. Physical activity was inversely associated with only depressive symptoms (AOR = 0.98), anxiety symptoms (AOR = 0.99), and stress (AOR = 0.99). Environmental exposures were not significantly associated with functional impairment but with all other outcomes (AORs = 0.98 to 0.99). Besides, lifestyle interventions (55 %) were significantly more preferred for managing CMDs and insomnia relative to psychotherapy (35.4 %) and pharmacotherapy (9.6 %). CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of considering lifestyle factors when managing CMDs, insomnia, stress, HRQOL, and functional impairment, with a particular emphasis on adopting a multicomponent treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Kwok-Lun Yiu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic and St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- Western Sydney University, NICM Health Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Yan-Yee Ho
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Oakes-Cornellissen A, Morton D, Rankin P, Renfrew M. Efficacy of a multimodal lifestyle intervention (The Lift Project) for improving the mental health of individuals with an affective mood disorder living in South Africa. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1127068. [PMID: 36760459 PMCID: PMC9905116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Affective disorders are becoming more pervasive worldwide, including in Southern Africa, where treating patients with these conditions is challenging due to social and financial constraints. A variety of non-pharmacological approaches including lifestyle medicine (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep) and positive psychology practices (e.g., gratitude, service), are effective for treating mental health (MH) conditions. Methods Twenty-six individuals from South Africa with a diagnosed MH condition participated in a 10-week multimodal intervention incorporating a diverse range of non-pharmacological strategies for improving MH. MH metrics were assessed pre-and post-intervention, including general MH, vitality/energy (VIT), depression, anxiety, stress, and satisfaction with life. MH and VIT were also measured weekly. Results Improvements were observed in all mental metrics from pre-to post-intervention: MH (59%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = 1.36), VIT (110%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = 1.71), depression (-46%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = -1.06), anxiety (-48%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = -1.21), stress (-36%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = -1.08) and life satisfaction (23%, p < 0.001, Cohen's D = 0.66). Significant improvements in MH and VIT were observed after only 1 week of the intervention and progressively increased until the seventh week, after which further improvements were not statistically significant. Conclusion The findings of this cohort study indicate that a multimodal intervention that incorporates lifestyle and positive psychology practices may benefit individuals living with an affective disorder. Non-pharmacological, multimodal interventions might offer a stigma-free way of providing MH promotion and treatment at a population level.
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Ang WHD, Chew HSJ, Ong YHN, Zheng ZJ, Shorey S, Lau Y. Becoming More Resilient during COVID-19: Insights from a Process Evaluation of Digital Resilience Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12899. [PMID: 36232196 PMCID: PMC9564846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Resilience training is gaining attention as a strategy to build students' resistance to adversity and promote their mental well-being. However, owing to inconsistencies and variations in the content and delivery of resilience training, more work is needed to examine students' experiences and preferences to address issues relating to intervention fidelity. This study adopted a qualitative approach in exploring students' experience of synchronous and asynchronous versions of a digital resilience training program. Seventeen students were interviewed using a semi-structured virtual face-to-face interview via Zoom. The thematic analyses unveiled four themes: embarking on a journey toward resilience, discovering strategies to develop resilience, finding a balance to benefit from resilience skill enhancement, and instilling resilience in the everyday. Future resilience training should consider students' workload and interactivity to enhance their engagement. As being resilient is associated with better mental well-being, the findings of this study may support the development of future wellness programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei How Darryl Ang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Han Shi Jocelyn Chew
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - Zhongjia James Zheng
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Ying Lau
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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Rickard NS, Kurt P, Meade T. Systematic assessment of the quality and integrity of popular mental health smartphone apps using the American Psychiatric Association's app evaluation model. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:1003181. [PMID: 36246848 PMCID: PMC9561256 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.1003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phones are playing an increasingly important role in supporting mental health, by providing confidential, accessible and scalable support for individuals who may not seek or have means of accessing professional help. There are concerns, however, that many apps claiming to support mental health do not meet professional, ethical or evidence-based standards. App store search algorithms favour popularity (reviews and downloads) and commercial factors (in-app purchases), with what appears to be low prioritisation of safety or effectiveness features. In this paper, the most visible 100 apps for “depression”, “anxiety” and/or “mood” on the Google Play and Apple App stores were selected for assessment using the American Psychiatric Association App Evaluation model. This model systematically assesses apps across five broad steps: accessibility, integrity, clinical and research evidence base, user engagement and interoperability. Assessment is hierarchical, with the most fundamental requirements of apps assessed first, with apps excluded at each step if they do not meet the criteria. The relationship between app quality and app store visibility was first analysed. App quality was also compared across four different app function types: mental health promotion or psychoeducation; monitoring or tracking; assessment or prevention; and intervention or treatment. Of the 92 apps assessed (after eight failed to meet inclusion criteria), half failed to meet the first criterion step of accessibility, and a further 20% of the remaining apps failed to meet the second criterion step of security and privacy. Only three of the 10 apps most visible on app stores met the criteria for research/clinical base and engagement/ease of use, and only one app fulfilled all five criterion steps of the evaluation model. Quality did not differ significantly across app function type. There was no significant correlation between app quality and app store visibility, which presents a potential risk to vulnerable consumers. The findings of this review highlight the need for greater accountability of app developers to meet, and report, at least minimum quality and integrity standards for their apps. Recommendations are also provided to assist users and clinicians to make informed choices in their selection of reputable and effective mental health apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki S. Rickard
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Correspondence: Nikki Rickard
| | - Perin Kurt
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanya Meade
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rico-Bordera P, Falcó R, Vidal-Arenas V, Piqueras JA. Do healthy habits regulate the relationship between psychosocial dysfunction by COVID-19 and bidimensional mental health? J Health Psychol 2022; 28:462-476. [PMID: 36000211 PMCID: PMC10076176 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected mental health and well-being. Lifestyles are relevant to understand the impact of psychosocial dysfunctions. The objective was to examine the role of healthy habits in the relations between psychosocial dysfunction and psychological well-being/distress during COVID-19. Participants completed measures of psychosocial dysfunction, healthy habits, life satisfaction, well-being, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Psychosocial dysfunction was associated with distress symptoms, while health habits were associated with well-being. Healthy habits were mediators: greater psychosocial dysfunction was associated with less healthy habits, which in turn were associated with lower overall well-being, and greater depression. Programs addressing healthy habits can be of great utility.
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Theurel A, Witt A, Shankland R. Promoting University Students' Mental Health through an Online Multicomponent Intervention during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610442. [PMID: 36012078 PMCID: PMC9407816 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mental health of university students is a serious public health issue. The alarming trend of high levels of untreated psychological distress observed during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for prevention programs. Digital tools are a promising means of delivering such programs. Web-based programs are acceptable and effective at improving mental health problems and general mental well-being. However, the usefulness of such digital prevention approaches to address the multiple issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic needs to be tested. The current study assessed the effectiveness of an 8-week online intervention, integrating a variety of evidence-based strategies for improving French university students' mental health. Students were assigned to: (1) the online self-help program ETUCARE (n = 53), or (2) the control condition (n = 50). All the participants completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires that assessed mental health problems and psychological well-being. The findings revealed that, compared to the control group, participation in the online program was associated with higher levels of psychological well-being post-test and fewer clinical symptoms of psychological distress, anxiety, and alcohol consumption. These preliminary findings suggest that the ETUCARE program is a promising multicomponent intervention to buffer the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in French university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Theurel
- Instance Régionale D’éducation et de Promotion de la Santé, 21000 Dijon, France
- LEAD-CNRS (UMR 5022), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Arnaud Witt
- LEAD-CNRS (UMR 5022), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Rebecca Shankland
- Laboratory DIPHE, Department of Psychology, Education and Vulnerabilities, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 69676 Bron, France
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Zech JM, Steele R, Foley VK, Hull TD. Automatic rating of therapist facilitative interpersonal skills in text: A natural language processing application. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:917918. [PMID: 36052318 PMCID: PMC9425293 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.917918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWhile message-based therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a range of mood disorders, it is critical to ensure that providers are meeting a consistently high standard of care over this medium. One recently developed measure of messaging quality–The Facilitative Interpersonal Skills Task for Text (FIS-T)–provides estimates of therapists’ demonstrated ability to convey psychotherapy's common factors (e.g., hopefulness, warmth, persuasiveness) over text. However, the FIS-T's scoring procedure relies on trained human coders to manually code responses, thereby rendering the FIS-T an unscalable quality control tool for large messaging therapy platforms.ObjectiveIn the present study, researchers developed two algorithms to automatically score therapist performance on the FIS-T task.MethodsThe FIS-T was administered to 978 messaging therapists, whose responses were then manually scored by a trained team of raters. Two machine learning algorithms were then trained on task-taker messages and coder scores: a support vector regressor (SVR) and a transformer-based neural network (DistilBERT).ResultsThe DistilBERT model had superior performance on the prediction task while providing a distribution of ratings that was more closely aligned with those of human raters, versus SVR. Specifically, the DistilBERT model was able to explain 58.8% of the variance (R2 = 0.588) in human-derived ratings and realized a prediction mean absolute error of 0.134 on a 1–5 scale.ConclusionsAlgorithms can be effectively used to ensure that digital providers meet a consistently high standard of interactions in the course of messaging therapy. Natural language processing can be applied to develop new quality assurance systems in message-based digital psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Zech
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Research & Development, Talkspace, New York, NY, United States
- Correspondence: James M. Zech
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Research & Development, Talkspace, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Victoria K. Foley
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas D. Hull
- Department of Research & Development, Talkspace, New York, NY, United States
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Przybylko G, Morton D, Morton J, Renfrew M. The Influence of Gender and Age on the Outcomes of and Adherence to a Digital Interdisciplinary Mental Health Promotion Intervention in an Australasian Nonclinical Setting: Cohort Study. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e29866. [PMID: 34762058 PMCID: PMC8663468 DOI: 10.2196/29866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of mental health disorders is at a crisis point, particularly in the wake of COVID-19, prompting calls for the development of digital interdisciplinary mental health promotion interventions (MHPIs) for nonclinical cohorts. However, the influence of gender and age on the outcomes of and adherence to MHPIs is not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of gender and age on the outcomes of and adherence to a 10-week digital interdisciplinary MHPI that integrates strategies from positive psychology and lifestyle medicine and utilizes persuasive systems design (PSD) principles in a nonclinical setting. METHODS This study involved 488 participants who completed the digital interdisciplinary MHPI. Participants completed a pre and postintervention questionnaire that used: (1) the "mental health" and "vitality" subscales from the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey; (2) the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and (3) Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWL). Adherence to the digital interdisciplinary MHPI was measured by the number of educational videos the participants viewed and the extent to which they engaged in experiential challenge activities offered as part of the program. RESULTS On average, the participants (N=488; mean age 47.1 years, SD 14.1; 77.5% women) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all mental health and well-being outcome measures, and a significant gender and age interaction was observed. Women tended to experience greater improvements than men in the mental health and well-being measures, and older men experienced greater improvements than younger men in the mental health and vitality subscales. Multiple analysis of variance results of the adherence measures indicated a significant difference for age but not gender. No statistically significant interaction between gender and age was observed for adherence measures. CONCLUSIONS Digital interdisciplinary MHPIs that utilize PSD principles can improve the mental health and well-being of nonclinical cohorts, regardless of gender or age. Hence, there may be a benefit in utilizing PSD principles to develop universal MHPIs such as that employed in this study, which can be used across gender and age groups. Future research should examine which PSD principles optimize universal digital interdisciplinary MHPIs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619000993190; http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377889 and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001009101; http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619001009101.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Przybylko
- Lifestyle Medicine and Health Research Centre, Avondale University, Cooranbong, Australia
| | - Darren Morton
- Lifestyle Medicine and Health Research Centre, Avondale University, Cooranbong, Australia
| | - Jason Morton
- Faculty of Education, Business and Science, Avondale University, Cooranbong, Australia
| | - Melanie Renfrew
- Lifestyle Medicine and Health Research Centre, Avondale University, Cooranbong, Australia
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Meraya AM, Syed MH, Yasmeen A, Mubaraki AA, Kariry HD, Maabouj W, Moraya D, Makeen HA. COVID-19 related psychological distress and fears among mothers and pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256597. [PMID: 34428225 PMCID: PMC8384198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study objectives were to investigate maternal psychological distress, mothers' fear of their children contracting COVID-19, mothers' perceptions of the information available regarding children and COVID-19, changes in children's behavior during lockdown, and concerns of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study surveyed women aged 18 years and older who either had children under 10 years of age or were pregnant at the time of the survey. The outcomes included psychological distress, mothers' fear of their children contracting COVID-19, change in children's behaviors during COVID-19 lockdown and pregnant women's concerns. Multivariable ordinary least squares regression models were employed to examine the adjusted associations between sociodemographic factors and psychological distress, as well as fear of COVID-19. RESULTS Of 628 women, 11.8% (n = 74) were pregnant at the time of survey. Most of the pregnant women (89.2%, n = 66) had some degree of concerns about their unborn babies getting infected during delivery in the hospital. Among mothers of children under 10 years of age (n = 564), half (n = 282) reported change in their children's behavior during the lockdown. Most mothers and pregnant women (94.9%, n = 569) had some degree of psychological distress. Mothers and pregnant women with a college degree had significantly lower psychological distress (β = -1.346; p = 0.014) than women with a high school education or less. Similarly, mothers and pregnant women with monthly family income ≥ US$ 1,333 had lower psychological distress than those with < US$ 1,333. Women with pre-existing chronic physical (β = 2.424; p < 0.001) or mental (β = 4.733; p < 0.001) conditions had higher psychological distress than those without these conditions. Having children in the house was a contributory factor for higher psychological distress. For example, mothers with one child (β = 2.602; p = 0.007) had significantly higher psychological distress compared to expectant mothers without children in the house. CONCLUSIONS Most mothers and expectant mothers in our study had moderate to high levels of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Education, family income and chronic mental and physical conditions were associated with high psychological distress in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamoon H. Syed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Yasmeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A. Mubaraki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Dhafer Kariry
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Maabouj
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhaifallah Moraya
- Mohammed bin Nasser Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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