Barriers and Motivators to Opioid Treatment Among Suburban Women Who Are Pregnant and Mothers in Caregiver Roles

Factors Influencing Maternal Substance Use and Recovery in the Perinatal Period

BACKGROUND

Substance use disorders (SUD) in the perinatal period have risen dramatically over the past 2 decades. Substance use disorders can have deleterious effects on maternal-infant health. Recovery can improve quality of life but can be challenging for women with SUD in the perinatal period. It is important for health care providers to have an understanding of factors associated with maternal substance use and recovery.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this qualitative review was to identify factors influencing substance use and recovery in women with SUD in the perinatal period.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted using the databases of CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubMed along with a manual search of Google Scholar. The studies were assessed using criteria from the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research.

RESULTS

Findings from 16 qualitative studies were synthesized. Six descriptive subthemes identifying factors influencing substance use and recovery were revealed: (1) Infant Care, (2) Stigma, (3) Social Settings Involving Substance Use, (4) Internalized Stigma and Mental Health Symptoms, (5) Addiction Concerns, and (6) Coping Abilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants described external and internal factors that influenced their substance use and recovery. The findings suggest health care providers refer women to residential addiction treatment, use destigmatizing language, promote access to peer services, and provide trauma-informed care.

Internalized Shame Among Justice-Involved Women in Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Measurement Invariance and Changes During Treatment

Shame is one of the leading barriers to successful recovery in substance use treatment settings. This secondary analysis study examined measurement invariance of the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS) and explored changes in shame during treatment. Participants (N=105) in the parent study were recruited from a nonprofit residential treatment center for justice-involved women and were randomized to receive mindfulness-based relapse prevention or relapse prevention treatment. A series of confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess measurement invariance in a one-factor measurement model of the ISS. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine change in shame over time. Our findings support the assumption of measurement invariance across multiple time points and across treatment conditions, supporting comparisons of stigma scores across groups and over time. Although we observed significant reductions in shame from pre- to post-treatment, there were no differences across treatment conditions. Additional research is needed to determine how distinct treatment components relate to reductions in shame among individuals receiving treatment for a substance use disorder.

Women and opioid use disorder treatment: A scoping review of experiences, use of patient-reported experience measures, and integration of person-centred care principles

BACKGROUND

Patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) are an important aspect of assessing and improving women's experiences of person-centred care during treatment for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). This scoping review aimed to 1) examine the extent, type, and characteristics of evidence regarding women's OUD treatment experiences, and 2) describe the extent to which PREMs and person-centred care principles are incorporated within research methods.

METHODS

Following Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted a scoping review to identify peer-reviewed articles on women's OUD treatment experiences. Data were extracted from 39 included studies and synthesised based on study design, method of assessment/analysis (including use of PREMs), key findings, and the integration of person-centred care principles.

RESULTS

Analysis of included studies revealed a predominance of qualitative research focused on women's experiences of pharmacological OUD treatment (methadone and/or buprenorphine) in Western countries. Women in these studies reported predominantly negative or mixed experiences of treatment. Few studies used validated PREMs and there was a lack of direct assessment or focus on recognised person-centred care principles. However, common categories of outcomes/findings identified in results across studies broadly aligned with person-centred care principles (e.g., fast access to reliable healthcare, effective treatment by trusted professionals), emphasising their applicability to women's experiences of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there has been an increased focus on women's experiences of treatment for OUD in recent years, results highlighted room for improvement regarding the systematic and comprehensive assessment of women's experiences across different contexts. Given the often negative or mixed experiences reported by women, an increased focus on assessing service provision through a person-centred care lens (including utilising PREMs) may allow for service improvements or adaptations targeted towards the needs and experiences of women.

The Lived Experiences of Pregnant and Parenting Women in Recovery Toward Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder

BACKGROUND

Maternal misuse of prescription opioids and illicit drugs such as, heroin and non-pharmaceutical fentanyl analogs has increased in the last 2 decades and one in 5 women reported misuse of opioids. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are recommended for treating pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD). MOUD is effective in reducing cravings and negative outcomes, yet treatment is underutilized and varies in integration and intensity of resources across health systems. Exploring perceptions of MOUD delivery among pregnant/parenting women promises to uncover and address the underlying challenges to treatment, a perspective that may be different for providers and stakeholders. Therefore, our main purpose is to elicit patients' experiences and perceptions of MOUD, associated access to treatment, and availability of supportive resources during pregnancy/postpartum to inform OUD treatment.

METHODS

Through a qualitative research approach we gathered data from individual interviews/focus group discussions for this pilot study. Pregnant and postpartum parenting women (n = 17) responded to questions related to perceptions of MOUD, access to treatment, and availability of social and psychosocial resources. Data were collected, transcribed, and coded (by consensus) and emerging themes were analyzed using grounded theory methodology.

RESULTS

Emerging themes revealed positive uptake and perceptions of MOUD, continuing gaps in knowledge, negative impact of stigmatization, and limited access to programs and resources. Supportive relationships from family, peers, healthcare providers and child welfare staff, and co-located services were perceived as positive motivators to recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the unique lenses of women with lived experience, this study revealed several themes that can be transformative for women. Overall perceptions of MOUD were positive and likely to facilitate uptake and promote positive recovery outcomes. Bridging knowledge gaps will reduce anxieties, fears about neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and adverse maternal outcomes. Additionally, a deeper understanding of stigmatization and relationships can inform an integrated patient-centered approach to OUD treatment.

Sex-related differences in the prevalence of substance use disorders, treatment, and overdose among parents with young children

Introduction

Risk factors and treatment rates for substance use disorders (SUDs) differ by sex. Females often have greater childcare and household responsibilities than males, which may inhibit SUD treatment. We examined how SUD, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) receipt, and overdose rates differ by sex among parents with young children (<5 years).

Methods

Using deidentified national administrative healthcare data from Optum's Clinformatics® Data Mart Database version 8.1 (2007-2021), we identified parents aged 26-64 continuously enrolled in commercial insurance for ≥ 30 days and linked to ≥ 1 dependent child < 5 years from January 1, 2016-February 29, 2020. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the average predicted prevalence of SUD diagnosis, MOUD receipt after opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis, and overdose by parent sex in any month, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, state of residence, enrollment month, and mental health conditions.

Results

From 2016 to 2020, there were 2,241,795 parents with a dependent child < 5 years, including 1,155,252 (51.5%) females and 1,086,543 (48.5%) males. Male parents had a higher average predicted prevalence of an SUD diagnosis (11.1% [11, 11.16]) than female parents (5.5% [5.48, 5.58]). Among parents with OUD, the average predicted prevalence of receiving MOUD was 27.4% [26.1, 28.63] among male and 19.7% [18.34, 21.04] among female parents, with no difference in overdose rates by sex.

Conclusion

Female parents are less likely to be diagnosed with an SUD or receive MOUD than male parents. Removing policies that criminalize parental SUD and addressing childcare-related barriers may improve SUD identification and treatment.

"The Problem's Bigger than We Are": Understanding How Local Factors Influence Child Welfare Responses to Substance Use in Pregnancy, A Qualitative Study

State eligibility for certain federal child welfare funding requires a gubernatorial assurance that infants affected by substances receive plans of safe care (POSC). We conducted 18 interviews with state and county child welfare staff to understand how POSC has been implemented and found variability in practice driven by vague policy, challenges of cross-system collaboration, and a lack of knowledge about substance use disorder. Policy improvements should align requirements with POSC practice and create shared accountability with key partners.

Taking Care of Business in a Male - Dominated Drug Economy: Income Strategies, Risks, and Opportunities of Women Who Use Drugs

BACKGROUND

Street level drug economies are often described as hierarchical and gender-segregated arenas where men hold high positions and control the supply of drugs, and where women are confined to marginal and low-level positions. Few studies have explored income strategies, risks and opportunities of women who use drugs within drug economies in the Nordic countries.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to analyze women's stories about "taking care of business"-making money and securing drugs-in a local drug economy. The study focuses on the women's gender enactments, the strategies they use to achieve success, and the barriers and risks they face in their everyday endeavors.

METHODS

This article draws on informal conversations and in-depth qualitative interviews with 27 female drug users in Malmö, Sweden during periods of fieldwork between 2009 and 2012.

RESULTS

The interviewed women had established themselves as entrepreneurs in the local drug economy, working hard for their money. However, only a few held middle or high positions, and all women described encountering gendered obstacles and risks in their efforts to take care of business. The patriarchal and sexualized nature of the drug economy meant special prerequisites for the women's income strategies and gender enactments. Three main income strategies were distinguished in the women's stories: (1) using femininity and sexuality, (2) proving tough and dangerous by using street masculinity, and (3) establishing trust, being professional, and keeping a low profile. These strategies involved different advantages and disadvantages, as well as different types of risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that it is possible for women to achieve success in male-dominated drug economies, but that this is associated with major challenges. Gendered social hierarchies, structures and norms seem to influence the women's gender enactments, opportunities and risks. However, factors such as type of drug use, degree of drug dependence and social position, was also decisive for their possibility of taking care of business. This points to the importance of combining a focus on gender with a focus on other determants of power relations and vulnerabilities, when studying the everyday lives of people who use drugs.