1
|
Lei J, Zhang P, Li T, Cui C, Li M, Yang X, Peng X, Ren K, Yang J, Shi Y, Luo G, Yao Y, Tian B. Alternating bilateral sensory stimulation alleviates alcohol-induced conditioned place preference via a superior colliculus-VTA circuit. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114383. [PMID: 38923461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is the most widely used addictive substance, potentially leading to brain damage and genetic abnormalities. Despite its prevalence and associated risks, current treatments have yet to identify effective methods for reducing cravings and preventing relapse. In this study, we find that 4-Hz alternating bilateral sensory stimulation (ABS) effectively reduces ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice, while 4-Hz flash light does not exhibit therapeutic effects. Whole-brain c-Fos mapping demonstrates that 4-Hz ABS triggers notable activation in superior colliculus GABAergic neurons (SCGABA). SCGABA forms monosynaptic connections with ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons (VTADA), which is implicated in ethanol-induced CPP. Bidirectional chemogenetic manipulation of SC-VTA circuit either replicates or blocks the therapeutic effects of 4-Hz ABS on ethanol-induced CPP. These findings elucidate the role of SC-VTA circuit for alleviating ethanol-related CPP by 4-Hz ABS and point to a non-drug and non-invasive approach that might have potential for treating alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - Tongxia Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chi Cui
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xueke Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Kun Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Gangan Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woodruff E, Park J, Howard H, Gonzalez M, Jaber T. Feasibility and Efficacy of Addiction-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing in Adults with Substance Use Disorder. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK (2019) 2024; 21:282-299. [PMID: 37871138 DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2023.2271927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Addiction-focused eye movement desensitization reprocessing (AF-EMDR) is a viable add-on therapy to treat memories that drive addiction cravings. However, little research has explored AF-EMDR and its effects in people with substance abuse disorder (SUD). The purposes of this study were to determine the feasibility of conducting AF-EMDR and to test the preliminary efficacy of AF-EMDR on overall cravings experienced by persons with SUD, craving, perseverations associated with addiction, and irrational cognitions related to addiction. METHODS This pilot study used a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with an experimental group (AF-EMDR + cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]) and a control group (CBT Only). Thirty participants were recruited from a residential program or a partial hospitalization program in a recovery center in Florida, from October 2021 through January 2022 and randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). RESULTS All participants adhered to the four-session 60-min AF-EMDR intervention and post-intervention data collection; 98.33% completed all four sessions. Results indicated significant reductions in cravings, perseverative thoughts about substance of choice, and irrational cognitions among participants in both the experimental (AF-EMDR + CBT) and control (CBT Only) groups during the intervention; however, there was no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS The results showed positive trends in decreasing craving. However, more clinical trials with a larger sample are necessary to assess the efficacy and sustainability of such effects in persons with SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Woodruff
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Juyoung Park
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Heather Howard
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Manny Gonzalez
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Talib Jaber
- AION Health Group, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Allen A, McKillop N, Katsikitis M, Millear P. The effects of bilateral stimulation using eye movements on sexual fantasies with follow-up. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 79:101826. [PMID: 36521200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sexual fantasies represent a common aspect of human sexuality that can support sexual well-being but also contribute to psychopathology. The latter warrants intervention and bilateral stimulation with eye movements (EMs) may be a suitable intervention for impairing mental imagery of sexual fantasies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multiple rounds of EMs on sexual fantasies, gauge the effect over time with a one-week follow-up, and assess how impaired sexual imagery may influence behaviour and behavioural intention. METHODS Twenty-eight participants (14 male, Mage = 44.10, SDage = 9.77) selected a favoured sexual fantasy and engaged in five repeated rounds of an EM task, either face-to-face or via telehealth. Baseline phenomenological characteristics of sexual fantasies were compared against repeated measures after each round of EMs and at one-week follow-up, as well as hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of fantasy masturbation. RESULTS All sexual fantasy characteristics (e.g., vividness, sensations, arousal, believability) diminished progressively between each round of EMs. These characteristics increased from round five to follow-up. However, they remained significantly reduced compared to baseline. Participants' hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of masturbation associated with their sexual fantasies also reduced post-EM task. LIMITATIONS Use of self-report measures; participants' mental imagery could not be measured directly; and no comparison groups were included. CONCLUSIONS As an imagery impairing task, bilateral stimulation with EMs is effective for diminishing the phenomenological properties of sexual fantasies, extending upon extant literature. Collectively, the progressive research regarding EMs and sexual fantasies encourages replication in specific populations (e.g., individuals with problematic or harmful sexual fantasies).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Allen
- Sunshine Coast Mind & Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, Queensland, 4575, Australia; School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia.
| | - Nadine McKillop
- Sexual Violence Research and Prevention Unit, School of Law & Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Mary Katsikitis
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Prudence Millear
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sgualdini E, Favaro N, Dal Lago D, Cibin M, Chiamulera C. A randomized study to compare the effects of EMDR added to TAU on substance memory in a residential addiction setting. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2023.2166611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denise Dal Lago
- Department Diagnostic & Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brandtner A, Antons S, Cornil A, Brand M. Integrating Desire Thinking into the I-PACE Model: a Special Focus on Internet-Use Disorders. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This manuscript aims to propose an integration of desire thinking into the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model based on theoretical considerations within the Elaborated Intrusion Theory of Desire and Self-Regulatory Execution Function model and empirical evidence from the field of internet-use disorders.
Recent Findings
Theory and research on desire thinking in the context of internet-use disorders suggest considerable relations to craving, metacognitive beliefs, and emphasizes its nature when initiated as a reaction towards unpleasant triggers. Accordingly, we postulate that desire thinking may be located at the position for affective and cognitive reactions towards triggers within the I-PACE model.
Summary
The suggested integration of desire thinking into the I-PACE model specifically implies the assumption of a relief-oriented and pleasure-oriented entry pathway into desire thinking and a feedback loop between desire thinking and the experience of gratification and compensation. The model pathways proposed here may serve as a theoretical basis for future research and need further empirical verification.
Collapse
|
6
|
Brandtner A, Brand M. Fleeing through the mind's eye: Desire thinking as a maladaptive coping mechanism among specific online activities. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106957. [PMID: 33932838 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Desire thinking is defined as a voluntary cognitive activity aimed at imaginatively and verbally elaborating a future scenario of performing a desired behavior. Although not problematic per se, desire thinking can become dysfunctional if it is used to regulate negative mood states and due to its ability to induce craving. This study tests a mediation model where desire thinking is hypothesized to mediate the association between emotional reactivity and craving among specific online activities. METHODS The study comprised an online survey that was completed by 925 participants who indicated that their first-choice online activity was one out of social-networks use, shopping, gaming, gambling, or pornography viewing. In this sample, a structural equation model was tested where negative emotional reactivity, desire thinking, and craving were latently modelled in this serial order. RESULTS Results indicated that higher levels in negative emotional reactivity significantly predicted higher desire thinking tendencies, which in turn significantly predicted higher cravings for online activities. The direct path between negative reactivity and craving was not significant. Further, our results support the two-factorial structure of a German version of the Desire Thinking Questionnaire (Caselli & Spada, 2011). DISCUSSION The findings show that desire thinking might be initiated as an attempt to regulate negative affective states. This highlights its possible role as a maladaptive coping mechanism in the context of specific online activities due to the resulting craving responses, which in turn could promote the emergence of unwanted behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brandtner
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Investigating properties of imagery-induced flash-forwards and the effect of eye movements on the experience of desire and craving in gamers. Addict Behav 2020; 105:106347. [PMID: 32062335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vivid and emotionally laden imagery is a symptom across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Flash-forwards describe the mental simulation of anticipated future events which might also be relevant in the context of gaming disorder. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate flash-forwards and the experience of desires and craving in gamers, and to examine the effect of eye movements on their vividness and related desires. A sample of 77 gamers formed a mental picture of themselves gaming in the future and rated the vividness and emotionality of this imagination, and their current desire and craving for gaming. Thereafter, one half of the gamers conducted a dual task (i.e., horizontal eye movements while retrieving the picture), whereas the other half let their eyes rest on the middle of the computer screen while retrieving the picture (non-dual task). Vividness of the flash-forward and intensity of desire and craving were again measured after the dual or non-dual task. In the overall sample, more imagery-related desire correlated positively with associated positive affect and vividness of flash-forwards. However, in a subsample of problematic gamers, flash-forwards are experienced less vivid and less pleasurable with increasing symptom severity. Eye movements while retrieving the flash-forwards led to significantly decreased ratings of imagery-related desire intensity, which was not the case for the non-dual condition. Results suggest different properties of flash-forwards between recreational and problematic gamers. Moreover, an attention-demanding task taxing the working memory seems beneficial for reducing desires related to imagery-induced flash-forwards.
Collapse
|
8
|
Markus W, Hornsveld HK, Burk WJ, de Weert-van Oene GH, Becker ES, DeJong CAJ. Addiction-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy as an Adjunct to Regular Outpatient Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:272-283. [PMID: 31758556 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of addiction-focused eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (AF-EMDR) treatment, as an add-on intervention to treatment as usual (TAU). METHODS Adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) (N = 109) who already received or had just started with TAU (Community Reinforcement Approach) were recruited at 6 outpatient addiction care facilities. They were randomly assigned to either TAU + 7 weekly 90-minute sessions of AF-EMDR (N = 55) or TAU-only (N = 54). Assessments were made at baseline, after AF-EMDR therapy (+ 8 weeks in the TAU-only group), and at 1- and 6-month follow-up. The primary outcomes were changes in drinking behavior as reported by the participant and biomarker indices. RESULTS Data were analyzed as intent-to-treat with linear mixed models. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed. No group or interaction effects were found for any of the outcome variables. Only limited change over time was seen with regard to indices of personal and societal recovery and in some secondary indices of clinical recovery (craving, desire thinking, and rumination). Reliable Change Index calculations showed that more TAU-only participants showed clinical improvement with regard to alcohol consumption while a somewhat higher proportion of participants in the TAU + AF-EMDR group experienced less craving. The acceptability, safety, and feasibility of the treatments received in both groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS There was no add-on effect of AF-EMDR on TAU with regard to drinking behavior in outpatients with an AUD. Possible explanations are discussed. Future studies should first establish proof of principle regarding the potential of AF-EMDR therapy to disrupt operant learning and habits relevant in addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebren Markus
- IrisZorg, Institute for Addiction Care and Sheltered Housing, Arnhem, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - William J Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A J DeJong
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstinence Following a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy Intervention for Heroin Dependence: A Three-year Follow-up Result of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:472-482. [PMID: 31209821 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (n=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=0.033) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Mental imagery refers to the experience of perception in the absence of external sensory input. Deficits in the ability to generate mental imagery or to distinguish it from actual sensory perception are linked to neurocognitive conditions such as dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. However, the importance of mental imagery to psychiatry extends beyond neurocognitive impairment. Mental imagery has a stronger link to emotion than verbal-linguistic cognition, serving to maintain and amplify emotional states, with downstream impacts on motivation and behavior. As a result, anomalies in the occurrence of emotion-laden mental imagery has transdiagnostic significance for emotion, motivation, and behavioral dysfunction across mental disorders. This review aims to demonstrate the conceptual and clinical significance of mental imagery in psychiatry through examples of mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidality, and addiction. We contend that focusing on mental imagery assessment in research and clinical practice can increase our understanding of the cognitive basis of psychopathology in mental disorders, with the potential to drive the development of algorithms to aid treatment decision-making and inform transdiagnostic treatment innovation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Engelhard IM, McNally RJ, van Schie K. Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418807728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review recent research that is relevant to three controversies concerning memory for trauma. First, we briefly review the debate about recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, summarizing a third interpretation distinct from both the repression and false-memory accounts. Second, we address new findings related to claims that memories of trauma, especially in people with posttraumatic stress disorder, are especially fragmented and disorganized. Third, we discuss research designed to test whether eye movements in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy are effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin van Schie
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen JY, Cao JP, Wang YC, Li SQ, Wang ZZ. A New Measure for Assessing the Intensity of Addiction Memory in Illicit Drug Users: The Addiction Memory Intensity Scale. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120467. [PMID: 30469500 PMCID: PMC6306924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupting the process of memory reconsolidation could be a promising treatment for addiction. However, its application may be constrained by the intensity of addiction memory. This study aimed to develop and initially validate a new measure, the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS), for assessing the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users. Two studies were conducted in China for item analysis (n = 345) and initial validation (n = 1550) of the AMIS. The nine-item AMIS was found to have two factors (labelled Visual Clarity and Other Sensory Intensity), which accounted for 64.11% of the total variance. The two-factor structure provided a reasonable fit for sample data and was invariant across groups of different genders and different primary drugs of use. Significant correlations were found between scores on the AMIS and the measures of craving. The AMIS and its factors showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.72⁻0.89) and test-retest reliability (r: 0.72⁻0.80). These results suggest that the AMIS, which demonstrates an advantage as it is brief and easy to administer, is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users, and has the potential to be useful in future clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jie-Pin Cao
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Yun-Cui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Shuai-Qi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zeng-Zhen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bartels RM, Harkins L, Harrison SC, Beard N, Beech AR. The effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:107-114. [PMID: 29331440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bilateral eye-movements (EMs) and visual mental imagery both require working memory resources. When performed together, they compete for these resources, which can cause various forms of mental imagery to become impaired (e.g., less vivid). This study aimed to examine whether EMs impair sexual fantasies (a form of mental imagery) in the same manner. METHODS Eighty undergraduates (40 males, 40 females) took part in four counterbalanced conditions: (1) EMs and an experience-based sexual fantasy; (2) EMs and an imagination-based sexual fantasy; (3) experience-based sexual fantasy only; and (4) imagination-based sexual fantasy only. In each condition, the vividness, emotionality, and arousability of the sexual fantasy were rated pre- and post-task. All three variables were predicted to decrease in the EM conditions. RESULTS Sexual fantasies were reported as less vivid, positive, and arousing after performing concurrent EMs relative to fantasising only, for both memory- and imagination-based sexual fantasies. There were no gender differences. Demand did not appear to account for the effects. LIMITATIONS Self-report measures were used rather than objective measures. Working memory taxation and capacity were not directly assessed. Also, negatively appraised sexual fantasies were not targeted and a 'no intervention' control was not included. CONCLUSIONS Bilateral EMs were effective at impairing the phenomenological properties of sexual mental imagery, extending the literature on EM effects. Given the potential clinical implications, future research should focus on validating and extending these results, for example, by targeting negatively appraised sexual fantasies (including problematic and offense-related) and incorporating a 'no intervention' condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Bartels
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Leigh Harkins
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Nikki Beard
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Anthony R Beech
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaag AM, Goudriaan AE, De Vries TJ, Pattij T, Wiers RW. A high working memory load prior to memory retrieval reduces craving in non-treatment seeking problem drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:695-708. [PMID: 29181814 PMCID: PMC5847068 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconsolidation-based interventions have been suggested to be a promising treatment strategy for substance use disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a working memory intervention to interfere with the reconsolidation of alcohol-related memories in a sample of non-treatment seeking heavy drinkers. METHODS Participants were randomized to one of the two conditions that underwent a 3-day intervention: in the experimental condition, a 30-min working memory training was performed immediately after a 15-min memory retrieval session (i.e., within the memory reconsolidation time-window), whereas in the control condition, the working memory training was performed prior to a memory retrieval session. RESULTS In contrast to our original hypothesis, a high working memory load after memory retrieval did not interfere with the reconsolidation of those memories while a high working memory load prior to memory retrieval (the original control condition) strongly reduced retrieval-induced craving and craving for alcohol at follow-up. CONCLUSION Whereas the neurocognitive mechanism behind this effect needs to be further investigated, the current findings suggest that, if replicated, working memory training prior to addiction-related memory retrieval has the potential to become an effective (adjunctive) intervention in the treatment of substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marije Kaag
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health Care & Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Pattij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Effects of β-Adrenergic Blockade on the Degrading Effects of Eye Movements on Negative Autobiographical Memories. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:587-593. [PMID: 28456330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. During EMDR, patients make horizontal eye movements (EMs) while simultaneously recalling a traumatic memory, which renders the memory less vivid and emotional when it is later recalled again. Recalling highly emotional autobiographical memories enhances noradrenergic neurotransmission. Noradrenaline (NA) strengthens memory (re)consolidation. However, memories become less vivid after recall+EMs. Therefore, NA might either play no significant role or serve to strengthen memories that are degraded by EMs. The present study was designed to test the latter hypothesis. We predicted that blocking NA would abolish the memory degrading effects of EMs. METHODS Fifty-six healthy participants selected three negative autobiographical memories. One was then recalled while making EMs, one was recalled without EMs, and one was not recalled. Vividness and emotionality of the memories as well as heart rate and skin conductance level during memory retrieval were measured before, directly after, and 24 hours after the EM task. Before the task, participants received a placebo or the noradrenergic β-receptor blocker propranolol (40 mg). RESULTS There were no effects of EMs on memory emotionality or psychophysiological measures in the propranolol and placebo groups. However, in the placebo group, but not in the propranolol group, memory vividness significantly decreased from pretest to posttest and follow-up after recall+EMs relative to the control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Blocking NA abolished the effects of EMs on the vividness of emotional memories, indicating that NA is crucial for EMDR effectiveness and possibly strengthens the reconsolidation of the degraded memory.
Collapse
|
16
|
Littel M, van Schie K, van den Hout MA. Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1328954. [PMID: 29038685 PMCID: PMC5632774 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1328954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Recalling a memory while simultaneously making eye movements (EM) decreases a memory's vividness and/or emotionality. It has been argued that non-specific factors, such as treatment expectancy and experimental demand, may contribute to the EMDR's effectiveness. Objective: The present study was designed to test whether expectations about the working mechanism of EMDR would alter the memory attenuating effects of EM. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of pre-existing (non-manipulated) knowledge of EMDR in participants with and without prior knowledge. In Experiment 2, we experimentally manipulated prior knowledge by providing participants without prior knowledge with correct or incorrect information about EMDR's working mechanism. Method: Participants in both experiments recalled two aversive, autobiographical memories during brief sets of EM (Recall+EM) or keeping eyes stationary (Recall Only). Before and after the intervention, participants scored their memories on vividness and emotionality. A Bayesian approach was used to compare two competing hypotheses on the effects of (existing/given) prior knowledge: (1) Prior (correct) knowledge increases the effects of Recall+EM vs. Recall Only, vs. (2) prior knowledge does not affect the effects of Recall+EM. Results: Recall+EM caused greater reductions in memory vividness and emotionality than Recall Only in all groups, including the incorrect information group. In Experiment 1, both hypotheses were supported by the data: prior knowledge boosted the effects of EM, but only modestly. In Experiment 2, the second hypothesis was clearly supported over the first: providing knowledge of the underlying mechanism of EMDR did not alter the effects of EM. Conclusions: Recall+EM appears to be quite robust against the effects of prior expectations. As Recall+EM is the core component of EMDR, expectancy effects probably contribute little to the effectiveness of EMDR treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Littel
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin van Schie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coates JM, Gullo MJ, Feeney GFX, Kavanagh DJ, Young RM, Dingle GA, May J, Andrade J, Statham DJ, Connor JP. The Mini Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire: Development and Clinical Application. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 41:156-164. [PMID: 28019645 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized alcohol craving scales are rarely used outside of research environments despite recognized clinical utility. Scale length is a key barrier to more widespread application. A brief measure of alcohol craving is needed to improve research and treatment of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Grounded in the Elaborated Intrusion Theory of Desire, the Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) Questionnaire comprises two 11-item self-report scales that assess past-week frequency and maximum strength of alcohol craving. This study aimed to create a brief version of the ACE while maintaining psychometric integrity and clinical utility. METHODS Patients attending a university hospital alcohol and drug outpatient service for the treatment of AUD completed the ACE as part of a questionnaire battery. Three patient samples were utilized: 519 patients with pretreatment and outcome data, 228 patients with pretreatment data, and 66 patients who completed the ACE at treatment sessions 1 and 2. RESULTS The Frequency scale of the ACE possessed greater clinical utility and predictive validity than the Strength scale. Revision of the Frequency measure produced a 5-item "Mini Alcohol Craving Experience" (MACE) Questionnaire. Satisfactory validity (construct, predictive, concurrent, convergent, and incremental) and reliability (internal and test-retest) were maintained. A 1 standard deviation increase in pretreatment MACE score was associated with a 54 percentage increase in the odds of patient lapse or dropout. CONCLUSIONS The MACE provides a brief, theoretically, and psychometrically robust measure of alcohol craving suitable for use with AUD populations in time-limited clinical and research settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Coates
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gullo
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerald F X Feeney
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Kavanagh
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Genevieve A Dingle
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon May
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Dixie J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P Connor
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gerhardt A, Leisner S, Hartmann M, Janke S, Seidler GH, Eich W, Tesarz J. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs. Treatment-as-Usual for Non-Specific Chronic Back Pain Patients with Psychological Trauma: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:201. [PMID: 28066274 PMCID: PMC5167699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)-an evidence-based approach to eliminate emotional distress from traumatic experiences-was recently suggested for the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this study was to estimate preliminary efficacy of a pain-focused EMDR intervention for the treatment of non-specific chronic back pain (CBP). DESIGN Randomized controlled pilot study. METHODS 40 non-specific CBP (nsCBP) patients reporting previous experiences of psychological trauma were consecutively recruited from outpatient tertiary care pain centers. After baseline assessment, patients were randomized to intervention or control group (1:1). The intervention group received 10 sessions standardized pain-focused EMDR in addition to treatment-as-usual (TAU). The control group received TAU alone. The primary outcome was preliminary efficacy, measured by pain intensity, disability, and treatment satisfaction from the patients' perspective. Clinical relevance of changes was determined according to the established recommendations. Assessments were conducted at the baseline, posttreatment, and at a 6-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analysis with last observation carried forward method was used. Registered with http://ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01850875). RESULTS Estimated effect sizes (between-group, pooled SD) for pain intensity and disability were d = 0.79 (CI95%: 0.13, 1.42) and d = 0.39 (CI95%: -0.24, 1.01) posttreatment, and d = 0.50 (CI95%: 0.14, 1.12) and d = 0.14 (CI95%: -0.48, 0.76) at 6-month follow-up. Evaluation on individual patient basis showed that about 50% of the patients in the intervention group improved clinically relevant and also rated their situation as clinically satisfactory improved, compared to 0 patients in the control group. CONCLUSION There is preliminary evidence that pain-focused EMDR might be useful for nsCBP patients with previous experiences of psychological trauma, with benefits for pain intensity maintained over 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerhardt
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sabine Leisner
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pain Medicine, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hartmann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Susanne Janke
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Günter H Seidler
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jonas Tesarz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|