1
|
Pérez JC, Aldoney D, Vivanco-Carlevari A, Coo S, Guzmán EJ, Silva JR. Adapting to Adversity: Effects of COVID-19 on Parenting in Chile. Front Psychol 2022; 13:868817. [PMID: 35865694 PMCID: PMC9294446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak in March 2020 and its associated sanitary regulations and restrictions triggered an abrupt and significant change for society in general and for families' organization in particular. In Chile, the Santiago Metropolitan District was under a strict lockdown that involved the closure of the entire educational system. From a systemic-family stress perspective, the impact of these changes might have consequences not only for each individual family member, but for the parental dynamic and, consequently, for children's well-being. This paper presents the results of a follow-up study showing changes in self-reported parental depression and the perceived home organization of mothers and fathers assessed at three different moments: before the pandemic, at the initial outbreak, and after 1 month of strict lockdown. Relevant moderators were explored using linear mixed models to understand the within-subject changes in mothers' and fathers' self-reports across the different assessment times. Financial strain, personality traits of self-criticism and dependency, previous parent-child quality interaction, recent major stressful events, and number of children are highlighted as relevant factors that moderate changes in home chaos and parental mental health perception. Significant risks and protective factors are described for fathers and mothers. The use of pre-pandemic measures as baseline levels enabled the identification of personal and family characteristics that were related to better outcomes. The results help increase our understanding of the sanitary regulations' impacts on the family system and identify vulnerability indicators that should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Carola Pérez
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Aldoney
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Sociedad Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anastassia Vivanco-Carlevari
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Soledad Coo
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Sociedad Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio J. Guzmán
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime R. Silva
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Sociedad Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marfoli A, Viglia F, Di Consiglio M, Merola S, Sdoia S, Couyoumdjian A. Anaclitic-sociotropic and introjective-autonomic personality dimensions and depressive symptoms: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:53. [PMID: 34915926 PMCID: PMC8680331 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociotropy (anaclitic) and autonomy (introjective) are conceptualised as two personality dimensions that confer vulnerability to depression. According to Blatt and Beck's theories, sociotropic individuals exhibit distinctive patterns of symptoms such as prominent anxiety, depressed mood, helplessness, crying and somatic concerns, while self-critical ones seem to exhibit a pattern of symptoms including prominent guilt, hopelessness, feelings of failure and worthlessness and other cognitive symptoms.This systematic review was performed with the aim of investigating whether and to what extent psychological dimensions of anaclitic-sociotropic and introjective-autonomy are related to a specific core of depressive symptoms. The search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus) and 27 articles were selected.Results showed a weak association between somatic symptoms and dependent personality traits, while the relationship between self-criticism and cognitive symptomatology was significantly higher. These findings are discussed in the context of future research, necessary to corroborate the existence of a form of depression characterised by somatic features usually ignored by diagnostic criteria, essential to direct psychological treatments to these depressive personality differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Marfoli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Viglia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Micaela Di Consiglio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Sheila Merola
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sdoia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Couyoumdjian
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palacios-García I, Silva J, Villena-González M, Campos-Arteaga G, Artigas-Vergara C, Luarte N, Rodríguez E, Bosman CA. Increase in Beta Power Reflects Attentional Top-Down Modulation After Psychosocial Stress Induction. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:630813. [PMID: 33833671 PMCID: PMC8021732 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.630813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention depends on goal-directed and stimulus-driven modulatory factors, each relayed by different brain rhythms. Under certain circumstances, stress-related states can change the balance between goal-directed and stimulus-driven factors. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. In this study, we explored how psychosocial stress can modulate brain rhythms during an attentional task and a task-free period. We recorded the EEG and ECG activity of 42 healthy participants subjected to either the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a controlled procedure to induce stress, or a comparable control protocol (same physical and cognitive effort but without the stress component), flanked by an attentional task, a 90 s of task-free period and a state of anxiety questionnaire. We observed that psychosocial stress induced an increase in heart rate (HR), self-reported anxiety, and alpha power synchronization. Also, psychosocial stress evoked a relative beta power increase during correct trials of the attentional task, which correlates positively with anxiety and heart rate increase, and inversely with attentional accuracy. These results suggest that psychosocial stress affects performance by redirecting attentional resources toward internal threat-related thoughts. An increment of endogenous top-down modulation reflected an increased beta-band activity that may serve as a compensatory mechanism to redirect attentional resources toward the ongoing task. The data obtained here may contribute to designing new ways of clinical management of the human stress response in the future and could help to minimize the damaging effects of persistent stressful experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Palacios-García
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Silva
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Villena-González
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Campos-Arteaga
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Artigas-Vergara
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Luarte
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Conrado A Bosman
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reyes G, Vivanco-Carlevari A, Medina F, Manosalva C, de Gardelle V, Sackur J, Silva JR. Hydrocortisone decreases metacognitive efficiency independent of perceived stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14100. [PMID: 32839468 PMCID: PMC7445749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute stress produces negative effects on high level cognitive functions. However, these effects could be due to the physiological components of the stress response (among which cortisol secretion is prominent), to its psychological concomitants (the thoughts generated by the stressor) or to any combination of those. Our study shows for the first time that the typical cortisol response to stress is sufficient to impair metacognition, that is the ability to monitor one's own performance in a task. In a pharmacological protocol, we administered either 20 mg hydrocortisone or placebo to 46 male participants, and measured their subjective perception of stress, their performance in a perceptual task, and their metacognitive ability. We found that hydrocortisone selectively impaired metacognitive ability, without affecting task performance or creating a subjective state of stress. In other words, the single physiological response of stress produces a net effect on metacognition. These results inform our basic understanding of the physiological bases of metacognition. They are also relevant for applied or clinical research about situations involving stress, anxiety, depression, or simply cortisol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Reyes
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Av. La Plaza 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Franco Medina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Av. La Plaza 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Jérôme Sackur
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives Et Psycholinguistique (EHESS/CNRS/ENS), PSL Research University, École Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
- École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Jaime R Silva
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo (UDD), Av. La Plaza 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile.
- Instituto Milenio para la Investigación en Depresión y Personalidad (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|