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Zhu R, Wang D, Fan F, Fu F, Wei D, Tang S, Tian Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Wang L, Zhang X. Differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of depressive symptoms in male patients with methamphetamine and heroin use disorder in a Chinese Han population. Am J Addict 2024; 33:48-57. [PMID: 37644677 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Comorbidity of substance use disorders and depression is a common phenomenon. It is well known that opioid addiction is neurobiologically distinct from psychostimulant addiction. However, direct comparisons of comorbid depressive symptoms in patients with methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MAUD) and heroin use disorders (HUD) have been lacking until now. METHODS A total of 353 patients with methamphetamine use disorder, 76 patients with HUD, and 203 healthy controls were recruited. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-SF), the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) were used to measure participants' depressive symptoms, drug craving, and childhood abuse or neglect, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 35.41% (125/353) in MAUD and 56.57% (43/76) in MAUD, significantly higher than the 22.66% (46/203) in healthy controls. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the total BDI score between the MAUD and HUD groups (F = 5.02, df = 1, 372, p = .026). Among MAUD, years of education, history of incarceration, month of abstinence and negative reinforcement scores were associated with depressive symptoms (all p < .05). Among HUD, duration of drug use, childhood emotional abuse and sexual abuse were associated with depressive symptoms (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms differ between MAUD and HUD, adding to the existing literature. Therefore, treatment and intervention programs should be designed to address these unique correlates in HUD and MAUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fernández SD, Miranda JJF, Pastor FP, Muñoz FL. Gender and addiction and other mental disorders comorbidity: sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment differences. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:639-650. [PMID: 37540344 PMCID: PMC10491505 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of substance use disorders (SUD) and other mental disorders (OMD) is assumed to be high, but the details are uncertain in Spain. The objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of this comorbidity, as well as the pharmacological treatment, both in specific addiction treatment networks and in mental health networks, with a gender perspective. Observational, multicenter study, with a randomized sample, of patients under treatment for SUD or OMD in Spain (N = 1783). A specific questionnaire, collecting sociodemographic and clinical variables, diagnosed SUD and OMD, and prescribed psychotropic drugs, was completed by treating clinicians. Differences between females and males were searched. A high prevalence of OMD was found in those patients treated for their SUD (71%), and also of diagnoses of SUD (59%) in people treated for OMD. Significant relationships between addiction to certain substances and specific mental disorders were found (with no main differences between women and men). The treatments for OMD were very common in the addiction treatment networks, but that of SUDs in those patients treated in the mental health networks was less than expected. A high prescription of benzodiazepines was found. Women were less frequently diagnosed with cannabis, opioid, and especially cocaine use disorders, and they had fewer psychotic disorders and more affective, anxiety, sleep, and eating disorders, with the rest being the same, including personality disorders. Women had fewer treatments with agonists and more with antagonists, and more prescriptions of anxiolytics and antidepressants. This study provides preliminary information on the coexistence in routine clinical practice of addictive disorders and other mental disorders in Spain, and on the treatment provided, and shows differences in prevalence and clinical characteristics, and especially in treatment approaches between women and men. Thus, should be useful to adapt the treatment response with greater precision, and with a gender perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz Fernández
- Asturian Mental Health Service Area V- Hospital Univ. Cabueñes, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Gijón, Spain.
- Asturian Institute on Health Research (Instituto para la Investigación Sanitaria del P° de Asturias-ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan José Fernandez Miranda
- Asturian Mental Health Service Area V- Hospital Univ. Cabueñes, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Gijón, Spain
- Asturian Institute on Health Research (Instituto para la Investigación Sanitaria del P° de Asturias-ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Pascual Pastor
- Unidad de conductas adictivas, Servicio Valenciano de Salud (SVS), Alcoi, Spain
- PREVENGO, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Francisco López Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Obeng P, Sambah F, Sarfo JO, Srem-Sai M, Gbordzoe NI, Sorkpor RS, Hagan JE. Prevalence and Predictors of Alcohol Use among School-Going Adolescents in Panama: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050891. [PMID: 37238439 DOI: 10.3390/children10050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of alcohol use among school-going-age adolescents in Panama. Using a national school-based cross-sectional survey, data from a proportionate sample of school-going adolescents aged 13-17 years were obtained from the 2018 Panama Global School-based Student Health Survey [GSHS]. Data were analysed with a Pearson's Chi-square test and weighted binary logistic regression. The results were reported with their corresponding adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and level of significance set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents in Panama was 30.6%. The odds of alcohol use were lower among adolescents in a lower grade than those in upper grades, and lower in those who did not eat from a restaurant than those who ate from a restaurant. Further, the likelihood of alcohol use was significantly high among those who engaged in physical fights, were seriously injured, were mostly worried, and whose parents used any form of tobacco. Other results showed that the odds of alcohol use were high among sedentary respondents, those who had multiple sexual partners and those who used amphetamines. Based on the present findings, a collaborative approach (i.e., stakeholders- the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Education- community-individual levels) towards the development and adherence of appropriate interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use is required in Panama. Specific preventive interventions would be fundamental in promoting a positive school climate to help reduce adolescents' alcohol use and, perhaps, other anti-social behaviours (e.g., physical fights and bullying).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Obeng
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana
| | - Francis Sambah
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana
| | - Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana
| | - Medina Srem-Sai
- Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Sports, University of Education, Winneba P.O. Box 25, Ghana
| | | | - Richmond Stephen Sorkpor
- Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Sports, University of Education, Winneba P.O. Box 25, Ghana
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana
- Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Meyer C, Schoettner K, Amir S. The effects of circadian desynchronization on alcohol consumption and affective behavior during alcohol abstinence in female rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1044783. [PMID: 36620855 PMCID: PMC9813852 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1044783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of circadian rhythmicity distorts physiological and psychological processes and has major consequences on health and well-being. A chronic misalignment within the internal time-keeping system modulates alcohol consumption and contributes to stress-related psychiatric disorders which are known to trigger alcohol misuse and relapse. While there is growing evidence of the deleterious impact of circadian disruption on male physiology and behavior, knowledge about the effect in females remains limited. The present study aims to fill the gap by assessing the relationship between internal desynchronization and alcohol intake behavior in female rats. Female Wistar rats kept under standard 24-h, 22-h light-dark conditions, or chronic 6-h advanced phase shifts, were given intermittent access to 20% alcohol followed by an extended alcohol deprivation period. Alcohol consumption under altered light-dark (LD) conditions was assessed and emotional behavior during alcohol abstinence was evaluated. Internally desynchronization in female rats does not affect alcohol consumption but alters scores of emotionality during alcohol abstinence. Changes in affective-like behaviors were accompanied by reduced body weight gain and estrous irregularities under aberrant LD conditions. Our data suggest that internal desynchronization caused by environmental factors is not a major factor contributing to the onset and progression of alcohol abuse, but highlights the need of maintaining circadian hygiene as a supportive remedy during alcohol rehabilitation.
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Icick R, Bloch V, Prince N, Karsinti E, Lépine JP, Laplanche JL, Mouly S, Marie-Claire C, Brousse G, Bellivier F, Vorspan F. Clustering suicidal phenotypes and genetic associations with brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with substance use disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:72. [PMID: 33479229 PMCID: PMC7820499 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide attempts (SA), especially recurrent SA or serious SA, are common in substance use disorders (SUD). However, the genetic component of SA in SUD samples remains unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) alleles and levels have been repeatedly involved in stress-related psychopathology. This investigation uses a within-cases study of BDNF and associated factors in three suicidal phenotypes ('any', 'recurrent', and 'serious') of outpatients seeking treatment for opiate and/or cocaine use disorder. Phenotypic characterization was ascertained using a semi-structured interview. After thorough quality control, 98 SNPs of BDNF and associated factors (the BDNF pathway) were extracted from whole-genome data, leaving 411 patients of Caucasian ancestry, who had reliable data regarding their SA history. Binary and multinomial regression with the three suicidal phenotypes were further performed to adjust for possible confounders, along with hierarchical clustering and compared to controls (N = 2504). Bayesian analyses were conducted to detect pleiotropy across the suicidal phenotypes. Among 154 (37%) ever suicide attempters, 104 (68%) reported at least one serious SA and 96 (57%) two SA or more. The median number of non-tobacco SUDs was three. The BDNF gene remained associated with lifetime SA in SNP-based (rs7934165, rs10835210) and gene-based tests within the clinical sample. rs10835210 clustered with serious SA. Bayesian analysis identified genetic correlation between 'any' and 'serious' SA regarding rs7934165. Despite limitations, 'serious' SA was shown to share both clinical and genetic risk factors of SA-not otherwise specified, suggesting a shared BDNF-related pathophysiology of SA in this population with multiple SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Icick
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France. .,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France.
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Prince
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Emily Karsinti
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,ED139, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lépine
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mouly
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-Claire
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- grid.494717.80000000115480420Inserm UMR-1107, Neuro-Dol, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis–Lariboisière–Fernand Widal, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1144, “Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology”, Paris, France ,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S1144, Paris, France
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Epidemiologic Characteristics of Suicide in Panama, 2007–2016. Medicina (B Aires) 2020; 56:medicina56090442. [PMID: 32878148 PMCID: PMC7559330 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: We aim to describe the demographic characteristics associated with suicide in Panama, to estimate the suicide mortality rate and years of potential life lost (YPLL) to suicide, and to explore the correlation of suicide rates with the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). We present a descriptive retrospective epidemiological report of suicide-related mortality (Panama, 2007–2016). Materials and Methods: Data were matched-merged to calculate unadjusted suicide mortality rates (overall, and by sex, age groups, and administrative region), YPLL, and coefficients (r) for the correlation of MPI and suicide rates. Results: There were 1475 deaths by suicide (86% among men, 47% between 20 and 39 years). The average mortality rate was estimated at 3.91 per 100,000 population with an average YPLL rate of 3.79 per 1000 population. There was a statistically significant trend to reduce YPLL over time (r = −0.93; p< 0.001). Exploratory analyses did not show a significant correlation between the MPI and suicide rates. Our study showed a 6:1 male-to-female ratio of suicide, mostly affecting the age groups of 20–29 and over 80 years. Conclusions: Exploratory analyses on the correlation of the MPI and the suicide rates did not achieve statistical significance, and alternative explanations, such as access to pesticides and alcohol, were further explored to inform potential interventions.
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Huang H, Zhu Z, Chen H, Ning K, Zhang R, Sun W, Li B, Jiang H, Wang W, Du J, Zhao M, Yi Z, Li J, Zhu R, Lu S, Xie S, Wang X, Fu W, Gao C, Hao W. Prevalence, Demographic, and Clinical Correlates of Comorbid Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Psychiatric Patients With Alcohol Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32581875 PMCID: PMC7283605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are common among psychiatric patients with alcohol dependence (AD). However, the prevalence and clinical correlates of comorbid depressive symptoms are less well studied in Chinese Han patients. METHODS In this hospital-based survey, we recruited 378 psychiatric patients diagnosed with AD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). All patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to evaluate depressive symptoms and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to assess the severity of drinking. RESULTS Compared to patients without depressive symptoms, 48.9% (185/378) of the patients with comorbid depressive symptoms were younger, had a more unstable marital status, had a higher AUDIT total score, and had a higher adverse consequences subscore (all P < 0.05). Further logistic regression analysis showed that unstable marital status (Odds ratios [OR] = 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.99) and AUDIT total score (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate high comorbidity between AD and depressive symptoms in Chinese psychiatric patients. Moreover, some variables are correlates of comorbid depressive symptoms. Particular attention should be paid to the early detection and intervention for this comorbid condition and its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigan Zhu
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxian Chen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Kui Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital , Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital , Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuiping Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Chengge Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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