1
|
Freinhofer D, Schwartenbeck P, Thon N, Aichhorn W, Lenger M, Wurst FM, Kronbichler M. Loss, gain and choice difficulty in gambling patients: Neural and behavioural processes. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13396. [PMID: 38733092 PMCID: PMC11087675 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Impaired decision-making is often displayed by individuals suffering from gambling disorder (GD). Since there are a variety of different phenomena influencing decision-making, we focused in this study on the effects of GD on neural and behavioural processes related to loss aversion and choice difficulty. Behavioural responses as well as brain images of 23 patients with GD and 20 controls were recorded while they completed a mixed gambles task, where they had to decide to either accept or reject gambles with different amounts of potential gain and loss. We found no behavioural loss aversion in either group and no group differences regarding loss and gain-related choice behaviour, but there was a weaker relation between choice difficulty and decision time in patients with GD. Similarly, we observed no group differences in processing of losses or gains, but choice difficulty was weaker associated with brain activity in the right anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex in patients with GD. Our results showed for the first time the effects of GD on neural processes related to choice difficulty. In addition, our findings on choice difficulty give new insights on the psychopathology of GD and on neural processes related to impaired decision-making in GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freinhofer
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of PsychologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Philipp Schwartenbeck
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of PsychologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Neuroscience InstituteChristian‐Doppler Medical CentreParacelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the BrainNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Natasha Thon
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsChristian‐Doppler Medical CentreParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Wolfgang Aichhorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsChristian‐Doppler Medical CentreParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of PsychologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Department for Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Friedrich M. Wurst
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsChristian‐Doppler Medical CentreParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Medical Faculty and Psychiatric University HospitalUniversity BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of PsychologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Neuroscience InstituteChristian‐Doppler Medical CentreParacelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye Y, Wang Y. Multivariate analysis differentiates intertemporal choices in both value and cognitive control network. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1037294. [PMID: 36925738 PMCID: PMC10011120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1037294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choices between immediate smaller reward and long-term larger reward are referred to as intertemporal choice. Numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated the neural substrates of intertemporal choice via conventional univariate analytical approaches, revealing dissociable activations of decisions involving immediately available rewards and decisions involving delayed rewards in value network. With the help of multivariate analyses, which is more sensitive for evaluating information encoded in spatially distributed patterns, we showed that fMRI activity patterns represent viable signatures of intertemporal choice, as well as individual differences while controlling for age. Notably, in addition to value network, regions from cognitive control network play prominent roles in differentiating between different intertemporal choices as well as individuals with distinct discount rates. These findings provide clear evidence that substantiates the important role of value and cognitive control networks in the neural representation of one's intertemporal decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ye
- Institute of Psychology, School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Relationships between Personality Traits and Brain Gray Matter Are Different in Risky and Non-risky Drivers. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:1775777. [PMID: 35422888 PMCID: PMC9005327 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1775777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits such as impulsivity or sensitivity to rewards and punishments have been associated with risky driving behavior, but it is still unclear how brain anatomy is related to these traits as a function of risky driving. In the present study, we explore the neuroanatomical basis of risky driving behavior and how the level of risk-taking influences the relationship between the traits of impulsivity and sensitivity to rewards and punishments and brain gray matter volume. One hundred forty-four participants with different risk-taking tendencies assessed by real-life driving situations underwent MRI. Personality traits were assessed with self-report measures. We observed that the total gray matter volume varied as a function of risky driving tendencies, with higher risk individuals showing lower gray matter volumes. Similar results were found for volumes of brain areas involved in the reward and cognitive control networks, such as the frontotemporal, parietal, limbic, and cerebellar cortices. We have also shown that sensitivity to reward and punishment and impulsivity are differentially related to gray matter volumes as a function of risky driving tendencies. Highly risky individuals show lower absolute correlations with gray matter volumes than less risk-prone individuals. Taken together, our results show that risky drivers differ in the brain structure of the areas involved in reward processing, cognitive control, and behavioral modulation, which may lead to dysfunctional decision-making and riskier driving behavior.
Collapse
|
4
|
Weinsztok S, Brassard S, Balodis I, Martin LE, Amlung M. Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:786358. [PMID: 34899207 PMCID: PMC8661136 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Steep delay discounting, or a greater preference for smaller-immediate rewards over larger-delayed rewards, is a common phenomenon across a range of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Non-substance behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, food addiction) are of increasing interest in delay discounting research. Individual studies have reported steeper discounting in people exhibiting various behavioral addictions compared to controls or significant correlations between discounting and behavioral addiction scales; however, not all studies have found significant effects. To synthesize the published research in this area and identify priorities for future research, we conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (following PRISMA guidelines) of delay discounting studies across a range of behavioral addiction categories. The final sample included 78 studies, yielding 87 effect sizes for the meta-analysis. For studies with categorical designs, we found statistically significant, medium-to-large effect sizes for gambling disorder (Cohen’s d = 0.82) and IGD (d = 0.89), although the IGD effect size was disproportionately influenced by a single study (adjusted d = 0.53 after removal). Categorical internet/smartphone studies were non-significant (d = 0.16, p = 0.06). Aggregate correlations in dimensional studies were statistically significant, but generally small magnitude for gambling (r = 0.22), internet/smartphone (r = 0.13) and food addiction (r = 0.12). Heterogeneity statistics suggested substantial variability across studies, and publication bias indices indicated moderate impact of unpublished or small sample studies. These findings generally suggest that some behavioral addictions are associated with steeper discounting, with the most robust evidence for gambling disorder. Importantly, this review also highlighted several categories with notably smaller effect sizes or categories with too few studies to be included (e.g., compulsive buying, exercise addiction). Further research on delay discounting in behavioral addictions is warranted, particularly for categories with relatively few studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weinsztok
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sarah Brassard
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States
| | - Laura E Martin
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael Amlung
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michalska P, Chatton A, Penzenstadler L, Izdebski P, Jeannot E, Simon O, Dufour M, Rochat L, Lischer S, Khazaal Y. Perspective of Internet Poker Players on Harm-Reduction Strategies: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239054. [PMID: 33291669 PMCID: PMC7730654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Internet gambling may increase rates of gambling harm. This current study aimed to assess Internet poker players’ views on various harm-reduction (HR) strategies. It also examined differences in these views according to the games played (poker only vs. poker plus other gambling activities), indebtedness, and problem gambling severity. Methods: Internet poker players (n = 311; 94.2% Male) recruited online between 2012 and 2014 were included in the analyses and completed a survey on indebtedness, problem gambling severity index, and ten statements regarding HR features. Results: Among the whole sample, the most frequently endorsed HR strategy was setting money limits, specialized online help, and peer support forums. People who play poker only (70%) are less prone to endorse the utility of information on excessive gambling and specialized healthcare centers. No differences were found between those people with debt versus those without regarding HR assessment. Participants with severe problem gambling were more skeptical about HR strategies based on information on specialized healthcare centers. Conclusion: Setting money limits, online help, and peer support forums are the most commonly endorsed strategies. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of online harm reduction strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Michalska
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Anne Chatton
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Louise Penzenstadler
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Paweł Izdebski
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Emilien Jeannot
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva University, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Olivier Simon
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magali Dufour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, CP 8888, Canada;
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Suzanne Lischer
- Institute for Social Management, Social Policy and Prevention, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland;
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raimo S, Cropano M, Trojano L, Santangelo G. The neural basis of gambling disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:279-302. [PMID: 33275954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous imaging studies suggested that impairments of prefrontal-striatal and limbic circuits are correlated to excessive gambling. However, the neural underpinnings of gambling disorder (GD) continue to be the topic of debate. The present study aimed to identify structural changes in GD and differentiate the specific brain activity patterns associated with decision-making and reward-processing. We performed a systematic review complemented by Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses on morphometric and functional studies on neural correlates of GD. The ALE meta-analysis on structural studies revealed that patients with GD showed significant cortical grey-matter thinning in the right ventrolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to healthy subjects. The ALE meta-analyses on functional studies revealed that patients with GD showed a significant hyperactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex and in the right ventral striatum during decision-making and gain processing compared to healthy subjects. These findings suggest that GD is related to an alteration of brain mechanisms underlying top-down control and appraisal of gambling-related stimuli and provided indications to develop new interventions in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Raimo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Cropano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Szerman N, Ferre F, Basurte-Villamor I, Vega P, Mesias B, Marín-Navarrete R, Arango C. Gambling Dual Disorder: A Dual Disorder and Clinical Neuroscience Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:589155. [PMID: 33329137 PMCID: PMC7732481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several behaviors, including compulsive gambling, have been considered non-substance-related addictive disorders. Categorical mental disorders (e.g., DSM-5) are usually accompanied by very different symptomatic expressions (affective, behavioral, cognitive, substance abuse, personality traits). When these mental disorders occur with addictive disorders, either concomitantly or sequentially over the life span, this clinical condition is called a dual disorder. Gambling disorder (GD) has been associated with other categorical psychiatric diagnoses: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, social anxiety, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder; and dimensional symptoms including higher impulsivity, poorer emotional wellbeing, cognitive distortion, psychosis, deficient self-regulation, suicide, poorer family environment, and greater mental distress. We are calling this clinical condition Gambling Dual Disorder. From a clinical perspective, it is clear that Gambling Dual Disorder is not the exception but rather the expectation, and this holds true not just for GD, but also for other mental disorders including other addictions. Mental disorders are viewed as biological disorders that involve brain circuits that implicate specific domains of cognition, emotion, and behavior. This narrative review presents the state of the art with respect to GD in order to address current matters from a dual disorder, precision psychiatry, and clinical neuroscience perspective, rather than the more subjective approach of symptomatology and clinical presentation. This review also presents Gambling Dual Disorder as a brain and neurodevelopmental disorder, including from the perspectives of evolutionary psychiatry, genetics, impulsivity as an endophenotype, the self-medication hypothesis, and sexual biological differences. The wide vision of the disease advances a paradigm shift, highlighting how GD and dual disorders should be conceptualized, diagnosed, and treated. Rethinking GD as part of a dual disorder is crucial for its appropriate conceptualization from the perspective of clinical neuroscience and precision psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Szerman
- WADD WPA Section Dual Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ferre
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Basurte-Villamor
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Vega
- Institute of Addictions, Madrid Salud, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Celso Arango
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|