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Jeffrey H, Yamagishi H. Identifying post-traumatic stress symptom typologies in clinical and non-clinical healthcare staff: a latent profile analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2351323. [PMID: 38753619 PMCID: PMC11100435 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2351323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been growing concern regarding increasing levels of post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms experienced by healthcare workers (HCW) in the UK, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic.Objectives: PTS symptom typologies have been investigated in other adult populations using person-centred latent variable approaches, revealing profiles showing differing symptom levels and patterns. We aimed to explore typologies among clinical and non-clinical healthcare staff to elucidate heterogeneity of presentation. Methods: This was a retrospective study using referral data from treatment-seeking healthcare staff in the North of England (N = 1600). We employed latent profile analysis using the PTSD International Trauma Questionnaire domains as profile indicators. We included covariates relating to role-type, depression, anxiety and mental health concerns before March of 2020. Results: A model with six profiles fit the data best. Profile names were given as follows: 'No symptom'; 'Low symptom'; 'Low symptom (moderate Sense of current threat (Th_dx) and Functional impairment (FI))'; 'Moderate symptom (low Th_dx and high Avoidance (Av_dx))'; 'Moderate symptom'; and 'High symptom'. Covariates were shown to have differential predictive power on profile membership. Conclusions: The finding of profiles with pattern differences suggests a need for both differential and specifically targeted treatments, as well as a consideration of early intervention for those individuals with subclinical PTS symptoms. As expected, anxiety and depression were both predictors of several of the symptomatic profiles, with anxiety producing a larger effect. Further research is required to fully understand the link between role-type and PTS symptom typologies among HCW. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Jeffrey
- The Humber and North Yorkshire Resilience Hub , York, UK
- NAViGO Health and Social Care CIC, Grimsby, UK
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Durham, UK
| | - Hina Yamagishi
- The Humber and North Yorkshire Resilience Hub , York, UK
- NAViGO Health and Social Care CIC, Grimsby, UK
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Durham, UK
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Ahmadi MH, Heidarzadeh M, Fathiazar A, Ajri-Khameslou M. Investigating the relationship between compassion fatigue and moral injury in nurses. Nurs Ethics 2024:9697330241247323. [PMID: 38676567 DOI: 10.1177/09697330241247323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Background: Compassion fatigue and professional quality of life are important in health and professional ethics. Aim: This study aimed to determine the relationship between compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and moral injury in nurses. Research design: This research is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The research community of this research was all the nurses of the teaching hospitals of Ardabil city. Three questionnaires on demographic characteristics, the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), and the Moral Injury Events Scale were used to collect data. SPSS (version 22) software was used for data analysis. Participants and research context: The study recruited 297 nurses randomly selected from five teaching hospitals in Ardabil city. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences ethics committee (with the code of ethics IR.ARUMS.REC.1401.198). Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Results: The results showed that the mean compassion satisfaction score of this study's participants was 37.61 ± 8.86, the mean compassion fatigue score of this study's participants was 28.73 ± 7.04, and the mean secondary traumatic stress score of this study's participants was 29.95 ± 7.84. The mean score of moral injury among nurses was 31.19 ± 8.54. The results showed a negative significant relationship between compassion satisfaction and moral injury (p < 0.001). Also, there is a positive significant relationship between compassion fatigue and secondary traumatic stress with moral injury (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study show a negative relationship between compassion satisfaction and moral injury. According to the results of the present study, nurse managers should implement educational interventions, create ethical processes, and clear ethical guidelines to reduce moral injury and increase compassion satisfaction.
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Gamvrouli M, Karanikola MNK, Paschali A, Giannakopoulou M. Reliability of Moral Distress Scale, Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, and Jefferson Scale of Empathy Among Greek Nurses: A Pilot Study. J Nurs Meas 2024; 32:18-27. [PMID: 37348889 DOI: 10.1891/jnm-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Moral distress (MD), secondary traumatic stress (STS), and empathy are of particular interest to the nursing profession. The availability of validated tools for the assessment of these parameters is of high importance. The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the reliability of the Greek version of the MD Scale or the revised version (MDS-R), the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professionals (JSE-HP), and the STS Scale (STSS) in Greek nurses working in open and psychiatric wards. Methods: To assess the reliability of scales, internal consistency (coefficient alphas) and test-retest (interclass correlation coefficients [ICCs]) were calculated. Results: A total of 38 nurses took part in the study. All scales and subscales presented excellent stability (.876 ≤ ICC ≤ .963, p < .0001) and acceptable to excellent internal consistency reliability (first measurement, .796 ≤ coefficient alpha ≤ .959; second measurement, .794 ≤ coefficient alpha ≤ .956). Conclusions: The Greek version of MDS-R, STSS, and JSE-HP may be proposed for the assessment of relevant variables in Greek nursing staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gamvrouli
- General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus "Agios Panteleimon" 20, Nikaia, Attica, Greece
| | - Maria N K Karanikola
- Associate Professor in Mental Health Nursing, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Antonia Paschali
- Associate Professor in Health Psychology, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Giannakopoulou
- Professor in Fundamentals of Nursing, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Yao J, Zhou X, Xu D, Liu T, Gui Y, Huang Y. Current Status and Influencing Factors of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Emergency and Intensive Care nurses:A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:567-576. [PMID: 38379635 PMCID: PMC10876876 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s444205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is stress caused by helping or wanting to help someone who has suffered a traumatic event. STS has adverse effects on nurses and their work, such as reduced career achievement, an increased staff turnover rate, inability to complete work, avoidance of contact with patients, mental exhaustion, negative emotions which seriously affect the quality of their work and life. The study to investigate secondary traumatic stress in emergency and intensive care nurses and analyze factors that influence it. Material and Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey. Convenience sampling was used to select hospital emergency and intensive care department nurses (n=434) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from August to October 2021 to participate in this study. They provided demographic data and completed measures of secondary traumatic stress, emotional intelligence, anxiety and depression. Data analysis included independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results Almost one-third (30.7%) of participants were at moderate risk for Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale or above, with high average scores on measures of anxiety (GAD-7 average = 6.05 ± 4.13), and depression (PHQ-9 average = 6.35 ± 4.85). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the average daily amount of sleep in the past week, the number of night shifts in the past month, emotional intelligence, anxiety, and depression influenced secondary traumatic stress, explaining 70.8% of the variance. Conclusion The STS of emergency and intensive care nurses in Changzhou is at a high level. Sleep time, number of night shifts and emotional intelligence are related to secondary traumatic stress and anxiety and depression significantly predicted the degree of secondary traumatic stress. Nurses need to master effective treatment methods for secondary traumatic stress, to improve their work efficiency and nursing quality and ensure nursing safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xindie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Gui
- Department of Psychogeriatric Intensive Care Medicine, Xianlin Campus, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hauenstein EJ, Schimmels J. Providing Gender Sensitive and Responsive Trauma-Informed Psychiatric Nursing Care. How Hard Can It Be? Issues Ment Health Nurs 2024; 45:202-216. [PMID: 38412453 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2024.2310663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This paper addresses the challenge of providing gender sensitive and responsive trauma-informed care (TIC) in psychiatric nursing practice. Gender identity, gender subordination, and gender-related trauma history are examined as three key individual-level factors that affect nurses' capacity to engage therapeutically to provide gender sensitive and responsive TIC. Using Peplau's Interpersonal Theory and building on a shared trauma and resilience model, gender-sensitive and responsive TIC is situated within interpersonal science and the ability of the psychiatric nurse to attune to her own and her patient's gender ideologies. Strategies for transforming practice including self-reflection, self-compassion, and peer and supervisor support are reviewed. Noting the import of the practice environment, several observations of changes needed at the level of the unit, organization, and society to effect gender equitable policies that enable the implementation of gender-sensitive and responsive TIC are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hauenstein
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Lykins AB, Seroka NW, Mayor M, Seng S, Higgins JT, Okoli CTC. Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Nursing Staff at an Academic Medical Center: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2024; 30:63-73. [PMID: 34931579 DOI: 10.1177/10783903211066125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have recently described compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO), and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in nurses, few to date have examined these issues across nursing specialties. Such examination is needed to inform future nursing-subspecialty tailored interventions. AIMS To examine (1) differences in CS, BO, and STS across nursing specialties and (2) differences associated with demographic, work-related, and behavioral factors among nurses. METHOD A secondary analysis of survey responses from nurses (N = 350) at an academic medical center. Demographic, behavioral, work-related, and professional quality of life variables were analyzed using hierarchical regression analyses. RESULTS CS, BO, and STS scores significantly varied across specialties with emergency nurses experiencing significantly elevated rates of BO and STS, and lowest rates of CS; scores were also differentially associated with demographic, work-related, behavioral, and workplace violence variables. CONCLUSIONS Key differences in CS, BO, and STS by nursing specialty suggests the importance of tailoring BO and STS mitigative interventions. BO and STS risk factors should be assessed in nurses (e.g., behavioral health problems and poor sleep quality) and specialty-specific interventions (e.g., reducing workplace violence exposure in emergency settings) may be considered to improve CS while reducing BO and STS among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Lykins
- Amanda B. Lykins, DNP, RN, UK Healthcare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Mark Mayor
- Mark Mayor, MSN, BSc, BA, RN, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sarret Seng
- Sarret Seng, BSN, BA, RN, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jacob T Higgins
- Jacob T. Higgins, PhD, BSN, RN, CCRN-K, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chizimuzo T C Okoli
- Chizimuzo T. C. Okoli, PhD, MPH, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-BC, FAAN University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Yehene E, Asherman A, Goldzweig G, Simana H, Brezner A. Secondary traumatic stress among pediatric nurses: Relationship to peer-organizational support and emotional labor strategies. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 74:92-100. [PMID: 38029691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the cost of caring is acknowledged in multiple helping professions, research into secondary traumatic stress in pediatric nursing remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among pediatric nurses and examine its correlation with demographics, perceived organizational support, peer support, and emotional labor strategies. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 186 nurses working in a pediatric hospital completed questionnaires addressing secondary traumatic stress, perceived organizational support, peer support, and emotional labor strategies. Through correlational and mediation analyses, we explored the relationships between the study variables. RESULTS Approximately 77.8% of the pediatric nurses surveyed exhibited moderate to severe secondary traumatic stress. Notably, the level of secondary traumatic stress did not correlate with demographic variables. Increased peer support was significantly associated with a heightened use of all emotional labor strategies (surface acting, deep acting, and natural expression) and with elevated levels of secondary traumatic stress. However, surface acting was the sole mediator of this relationship. Conversely, greater perceived organizational support correlated with decreased levels of surface acting and secondary traumatic stress, with surface acting serving as the mediator. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric nurses are greatly impacted by secondary traumatic stress. Enhancing organizational support and carefully assessing peer support can reduce this, by decreasing nurses' need to suppress or feign genuine emotions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To enhance nurses' psychological well-being, healthcare institutions should raise awareness of secondary traumatization and foster a supportive organizational environment that prioritizes effective team emotional support and evaluates collegial emotional labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Yehene
- School of Behavioral Sciences, the Academic College of Tel Aviv - Yaffo, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Adi Asherman
- School of Behavioral Sciences, the Academic College of Tel Aviv - Yaffo, Israel
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- School of Behavioral Sciences, the Academic College of Tel Aviv - Yaffo, Israel
| | - Hadar Simana
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Amichai Brezner
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
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Maddigan J, Brennan M, McNaughton K, White G, Snow N. The Prevalence and Predictors of Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Registered Nurses in an Eastern Canadian Province: A Cross-Sectional Study. Can J Nurs Res 2023; 55:425-436. [PMID: 36694930 PMCID: PMC10619188 DOI: 10.1177/08445621221150297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of Registered Nurses' worklife is impacting nurses' mental health, and the standard of care received by clients. Contributing factors to nurses' stress are the trauma of continuous caring for those in great suffering, and adverse working conditions. OBJECTIVES i) to explore the prevalence of work-related stress in a provincial sample of Registered Nurses; ii) to compare the levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress reported by nurses in hospital, community, non-direct care settings, and, iii) to identify factors that predict levels of nursing work stress. METHODS A descriptive, predictive study with a self-report survey containing demographic questions and the Professional Quality of Life Scale was emailed to over 3,300 Registered Nurses. The scale measured the prevalence of three worklife indicators, compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Multiple linear regression identified factors that predicted the levels of the three indicators. A subgroup analysis explored the quality of worklife based on three practice environments. FINDINGS Nurses (n = 661) reported moderate compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. The strongest predictor, satisfaction with one's current job, predicted high compassion satisfaction and lower burnout and secondary stress. The subgroup analysis identified hospital nurses as having the most work-related stress and the lowest level of compassion satisfaction. CONCLUSION Innovative, collaborative action can transform nurses' practice environments. Organizational support is essential to bring about needed improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Maddigan
- Faculty of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Maureen Brennan
- Organizational Development, Eastern Regional Health Authority, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kelly McNaughton
- Peer Support and Trauma Response Program, Toronto Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gerry White
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Nicole Snow
- Faculty of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Secondary traumatic stress (STS) results in detrimental effects in healthcare professionals, impacting the safety of patients and their care. There are multiple instruments being used to measure STS, reflecting the uncertainty on how to best measure STS. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the state of measurement of STS. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched using the terms "secondary traumatic stress" and "measurement." Results: The search resulted in nine applicable articles and four instruments used to measure STS. Utility and psychometric properties of the instruments are examined. Conclusions: The secondary traumatic stress scale is most appropriate to measure STS given that it is the only instrument intended to measure only STS, but psychometric testing with nurses is needed.
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Allowh SN, Malak MZ, Alnawafleh AH, Ta'Amnha M. The relationship between perceived management commitment to safety, psychological empowerment, and safety performance among emergency nurses in Jordan. Int Emerg Nurs 2023; 70:101343. [PMID: 37708793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nurses are susceptible to unfavorable effects of workplace accidents and injuries, therefore, perceived management commitment to safety and psychological empowerment can help nurses to participate in safety measures and adhere to safety performance. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived management commitment to safety, psychological empowerment, and safety performance among emergency nurses in Jordan. METHODS A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design was used and 306 registered nurses working in the emergency department in Jordanian governmental hospitals were recruited. A self-structured questionnaire consisting of the perceived management commitment to safety scale, psychological empowerment scale, and safety performance scale was used to collect data during the period from July 2022 to August 2022. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the levels of study variables revealed as follows: the perceived management commitment to safety mean was 3.1 (SD = 0.66) out of 5, which indicated an acceptable level, the mean score of psychological empowerment was 5.37 (SD = 0.94) out of 7, which reflected that the nurses perceived the work environment to be psychologically empowered, and the mean score for safety performance was 4.02 (SD = 0.56) out of 5, which indicated an acceptable level of safety performance among the participants, and the mean for subscales (safety compliance and participation) was 4.07 (SD = 0.57) and 3.93 (SD = 0.69) out of 5, respectively. Also, there was a positive correlation between safety performance and perceived management commitment to safety (r = 0.334, p < 0.001), and psychological empowerment (r = 0.592, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION It is necessary to implement continuous interventions centered on empowering emergency nurses psychologically, which has a positive effect on safety performance. Given management's commitment to safety as a priority topic of discussion at group meetings creating a work environment that encourages nurses' safety performance should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos N Allowh
- Adult Health Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Malakeh Z Malak
- Associate Professor, Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad H Alnawafleh
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, AlKarak, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ta'Amnha
- Assistant Professor, Bussiness School, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
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Grandi A, Rizzo M, Colombo L. Secondary traumatic stress and work ability in death care workers: The moderating role of vicarious posttraumatic growth. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289180. [PMID: 37498900 PMCID: PMC10374133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Death care work consists of dealing with traumatic events frequently, if not daily. This type of exposure is considered characteristic of the profession and can lead to significant negative consequences such as secondary traumatic stress. However, sometimes positive changes can occur as a result of experiencing trauma, which is referred to as vicarious posttraumatic growth. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG) in the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and work ability (WA) in a sample of 231 death care workers in northern Italy. Regression analysis with interaction was performed using PROCESS. The results showed a negative association between STS and WA and a positive association between VPTG and WA. The interaction between STS and VPTG was also statistically significant. The moderating role of VPTG was partially confirmed by the analysis: at low and moderate VPTG levels, the conditional effect was negative and statistically significant, while at high VPTG, STS exposure had no significant and negative effect on WA, as if VPTG had some kind of protective role against STS. These results provide new insights into the role of VPTG in work environments with daily trauma exposure, such as death care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Rizzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lara Colombo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Naegle MA, Kelly LA, Embree JL, Valentine N, Sharp D, Grinspun D, Hines-Martin VP, Crawford CL, Rosa WE. American Academy of Nursing consensus recommendations to advance system level change for nurse well-being. Nurs Outlook 2023; 71:101917. [PMID: 36736029 PMCID: PMC9889942 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has required close examination of workforce-related stressors that over decades have contributed to widespread burnout, negative health outcomes, including mental health outcomes, and the loss of the well-educated professionals who are the future of the nursing profession. In the United States and globally, evidence points to factors known to diminish well-being, including inequities, issues of minority status, persistent discrimination, and demanding work environments. The American Academy of Nursing (AAN), dedicated to organizational excellence, nursing leadership and evidence-based policy, develops statements reflecting its mission and those of its nursing affiliates and corporate member, The American Nurses Association. Within nursing, despite the efforts of its members toward advancement, professional fulfillment is often constrained by the systems in which nurses practice and workplace factors over which they have little control. Action by key organizations to initiate changes at systems levels in workplace safety, to increase professional mobility, and propel policies that increase access to health care resources could improve nurse well-being. This paper proposes recommendations from the AAN Expert Panels on Building Health Care System Excellence, Psychiatric Mental Health and Substance Use, and Global Health Expert Panels for the American Academy of Nursing to leverage related policy in the arenas of government and professional/healthcare organizations. Transforming health care work environments and advancing nurse well-being and equity can be accomplished through key, innovative policy changes. These will be achieved through collaboration among associations, organizations, nonprofit groups, and with the public and the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A Naegle
- Psychiatric Mental Health and Substance Use Expert Panel, New York, NY.
| | - Lesly A Kelly
- Building Health Care Systems Excellence Expert Panel
| | | | | | - Daryl Sharp
- Psychiatric Mental Health and Substance Use Expert Panel, New York, NY
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Chan CP, Li KK, Tang A, Wong SYS, Wei WI, Lee SS, Kwok KO. Effect of prior outbreak work experience to future outbreak responses for nurses in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional study. Collegian 2022; 29:612-620. [PMID: 35221754 PMCID: PMC8858083 DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background During the early phase of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, health care workers had elevated levels of psychological distress. Historical exposure to disease outbreak may shape different pandemic responses among experienced health care workers. Aim Considering the unique experience of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, this study examined the association between prior epidemic work experience and anxiety levels, and the mediating role of perceived severity of COVID-19 and SARS in nurses. Methods In March 2020, a cross-sectional survey targeting practising nurses in Hong Kong was conducted during the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic. The interrelationships among participants' work experience during the SARS outbreak, perceived severity of SARS and COVID-19, and anxiety level were elucidated using structural equation model (SEM). Findings Of 1,061 eligible nurses, a majority were female (90%) with a median age of 39 years (IQR = 32-49). A significant and negative indirect association was identified between SARS experience and anxiety levels (B=-0.04, p=0.04) in the SEM with a satisfactory fitness (CFI=0.95; RMSEA=0.06). SARS-experienced nurses perceived SARS to be less severe (B=-0.17, p=0.01), translated an equivalent perception to COVID-19 (B=1.29, p<0.001) and resulted in a lower level of anxiety (B=0.19, p<0.001). Conclusions The less vigorous perception towards the severity of SARS and COVID-19 may explain SARS-experienced nurses' less initial epidemic-induced anxiety. The possible role of outbreak-experienced nurses in supporting outbreak-inexperienced nurses, both emotionally and technically, should be considered when an epidemic commences. Interventions aiming to facilitate the understanding of emerging virus should also be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Pok Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin Kit Li
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Arthur Tang
- Sungkyunkwan University College of Software, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Samuel Yeung Shan Wong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wan In Wei
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shui Shan Lee
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin On Kwok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Sawyer AT, Bailey AK. Beyond Clinical Competence: Prioritizing and Supporting Nurses' Mental and Spiritual Health. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2022; 60:3-5. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20220705-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Ebren G, Demircioğlu M, Çırakoğlu OC. A neglected aspect of refugee relief works: Secondary and vicarious traumatic stress. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:891-900. [PMID: 35201632 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The literature demonstrates evidence that secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious traumatic stress (VTS) may adversely affect the well-being of refugee relief workers and, thus, the quality of their services. The present review offers an exploration of (a) the theoretical background of STS and VTS, (b) their appearance among refugee relief workers, (c) intervention studies available, (d) common points among intervention studies and guidelines on STS and VTS released by local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and (e) the potential problems that can be associated with the insufficiency of standardized intervention programs as assessed in effectiveness studies. This review may help mental health professionals in countries that host large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers, such as Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, to design more effective intervention programs targeting STS and VTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Ebren
- Stress Management Application and Research Center, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Ariapooran S, Ahadi B, Khezeli M. Depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in nurses with and without symptoms of secondary traumatic stress during the COVID-19 outbreak. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2022; 37:76-81. [PMID: 35337442 PMCID: PMC8938317 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses tend to experience a lot of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) during the outbreak of the COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of STS and comparing depression, anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation (SI) in nurses with and without STS symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHOD The research method of this study was descriptive-comparative. The statistical sample consisted of 315 nurses working in hospitals of Malayer city, western Iran, selected through census method. Data were collected using the STS Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-13), Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and SI scale. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). RESULTS This study showed that 161 nurses (51.11%) had symptoms of STS. The prevalence of STS symptoms in nurses in emergency, ICU/CCU, medical emergencies, and other wards was 62.27%, 62.02%, 51.61%, and 26.32%, respectively. The results of the MANCOVA showed that the nurses with STS symptoms received higher scores in depression, anxiety, and SI than the ones without STS symptoms (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Hospital authorities and nursing psychiatrists should pay more attention to the STS symptoms in nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak, and its effects on depression, anxiety, and SI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Batool Ahadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khezeli
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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17
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He Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, Yao J, Xiao H, Wan H. Validity and Reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese Version. Front Surg 2022; 9:882712. [PMID: 35433816 PMCID: PMC9010506 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.882712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo test the validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version in clinical nurses.MethodsAccording to the translation principles of the Brislin Scale, the original scale was translated, back translated and cross-culturally adapted to form the Chinese version of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Nurses in three general hospitals in Changsha, Hunan province were surveyed by convenient sampling method from July 2020 to September 2021. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity and criterion validity was used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Internal consistency Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale.ResultsA total of 678 nurses were included in the study. There were 460 people in sample 1 and 218 people in sample 2. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. The cumulative contribution was 65.560%. The two-factor structure model was good (χ2/df = 3.137, CFI = 0.928, IFI = 0.929, GFI = 0.842, TLI = 0.917, RMSEA = 0.099). The I-CVI of the scale was 0.8–1.0. The S-CVI/Ave was 0.94. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.956. The broken half reliability is 0.920. The retest reliability is 0.910.ConclusionThis study identified two components of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version, which has 2 dimensions and 17 items. With good validity and reliability, it is suitable for the assessment of secondary traumatic stress among clinical nurses in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Zhiqun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Jiapei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Huan Wan
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Wan
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18
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Bock C, Zimmermann T, Kahl KG. The impact of post-traumatic stress on the mental state of university hospital physicians - a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:85. [PMID: 35114970 PMCID: PMC8815118 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital physicians have an increased risk for post-traumatic stress caused by work-related trauma. This study examines the frequency of reported traumatic events (TE), post-traumatic stress (PTS) and its possible consequences for the mental state and work ability of physicians at a university hospital. METHODS As part of the mandatory psychological risk assessment, n = 145 physicians (n = 56 female; 38.6%) were examined at a university hospital in Germany in a cross sectional study. TE, PTS and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the self-report questionnaires "Freiburger Screening Fragebogen to identify patients at risk for the development of a post-traumatic stress disorder in the group of severely injured patients" (PTBS-13), the "Patient Health Questionnaire" (PHQ-2) and the "Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale" (GAD-2). Work ability was assessed using a modified version of the questionnaire for workplace analysis (KFZA). The response rate was 52%. RESULTS Traumatic events were experienced by n = 125 physicians (86.2%) throughout their whole career. Of these, 19 physicians (15.2%) reported PTS. PTS is reported by 12 of 56 female physicians (63.2%), compared to 7 of 89 reports of PTS by male physicians (36.8%). Physicians with PTS symptoms had higher depression scores (p = 0.007) compared to physicians without TE or with TE, but without PTS. Physicians with PTS reported significantly reduced work ability caused by constantly interrupted work (p = 0.03). Female gender was the greatest risk factor for the development of PTS. (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Physicians - especially females - with PTS may have an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. Therefore, interventions aimed at reducing trauma-related stress symptoms may be helpful in improving mental health of hospital physicians. Further studies with more physicians from different hospitals are necessary to support the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bock
- Department of Occupational Safety, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Serçe Yüksel Ö, Partlak Günüşen N, Çelik Ince S, Zeybekçi S. Experiences of oncology nurses regarding self-compassion and compassionate care: A qualitative study. Int Nurs Rev 2022; 69:432-441. [PMID: 35088426 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of oncology nurses about self-compassion and compassionate care. BACKGROUND The concept of self-care is emphasized in detail in the literature, and not much is known about the concept of self-compassion among nurses. Beyond the definitions of self-compassion and compassion in the literature, there is a need to explore and express the meaning of self-compassion and compassion in the context of oncology nursing. METHODS This is a descriptive qualitative study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 oncology nurses working in the oncology service of a university hospital. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis through an inductive approach. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) were used to ensure the comprehensive reporting of this qualitative study protocol. RESULTS Two themes emerged: (1) compassion through the eyes of oncology nurses and barriers to compassionate care fall under the theme of wounded healers, and (2) self-compassion through the eyes of oncology nurses, barriers to self-compassion, and self-care as a dimension of self-compassion fall under the theme of caring for our suffering: self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS Although nurses think that self-compassion is important, they do not show self-compassion. There are personal and organizational barriers to compassionate care and self-compassion for oncology nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY These findings show that oncology nurses need personal and organizational resources for their self-compassion. The existence of programs to develop self-compassion can offset the effects of being in a caregiving position. Oncology nurses must request these services from organization, managers and even policymakers. The existence of policies that also consider the mental health of nurses can pave the way for compassionate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgü Serçe Yüksel
- Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35340, Turkey.,Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Partlak Günüşen
- Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35340, Turkey
| | - Sevecen Çelik Ince
- Faculty of Health Science, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67600, Turkey
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Bahari G, Asiri K, Nouh N, Alqahtani N. Professional Quality of Life Among Nurses: Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress: A Multisite Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2022; 8:23779608221112329. [PMID: 35860193 PMCID: PMC9289902 DOI: 10.1177/23779608221112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increased stressors and decreased job satisfaction are major challenges in
nursing. Important factors of better professional quality of life include
compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. It is
critical to assess these factors to help improve nurses’ clinical
practices. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the
three factors and associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional, multisite study was conducted on a convenience sample of
464 nurses working at three public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The
Professional Quality of Life Version 5 was used to collect data. Bivariate
and multivariate analyses were run using SPSS. Results Scores were slightly moderate on the compassion satisfaction, burnout, and
secondary traumatic stress levels. Compassion satisfaction was statistically
significantly and negatively associated with burnout. A statistically
significant relationship was reported between compassion satisfaction and
secondary traumatic stress. Further, there was a statistically significant
association between burnout and secondary traumatic stress. In regression,
only the secondary traumatic stress model was statistically significant. Conclusions Nurse managers should use highly standard guidelines to reduce secondary
traumatic stress levels. Further actions addressing potential issues for
improving compassion satisfaction and reducing burnout levels among nurses
are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghareeb Bahari
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud Asiri
- Nursing Director of the Regional Nursing Administration, Abha, Asir Region of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nariman Nouh
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Al-Mursalat Primary Health Care Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Alqahtani
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Muehlhausen BL. Spirituality and Vicarious Trauma Among Trauma Clinicians: A Qualitative Study. J Trauma Nurs 2021; 28:367-377. [PMID: 34678805 PMCID: PMC8594510 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a lack of research so far on spirituality and trauma. There has been some indication that religion and spirituality are resources in protection against burnout. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the phenomenon of spirituality in the context of vicarious trauma among trauma clinicians. METHODS This was a qualitative study based on hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. Individual interviews were conducted with 36 physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants on the relationship between their spirituality and trauma work. RESULTS Participants were recruited from a large Midwest metropolitan Level I trauma center and attendees at the 2018 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma annual conference. Four patterns emerged from the interviews that transcended religious or spiritual affiliation and medical specialty. These included (1) the world of trauma; (2) religious or spiritual beliefs guiding their work; (3) the need for support systems; and (4) the importance of coping mechanisms. CONCLUSION Religion or spirituality plays a role in underlying meaning making and, in the moment, coping for trauma professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L. Muehlhausen
- Researcher for Spiritual Care and Mission Integration, Ascension, St Louis, Missouri
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22
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Jiang W, Zhao X, Jiang J, Zhou Q, Yang J, Chen Y, Goldsamt L, Williams AB, Li X. Hospital ethical climate associated with the professional quality of life among nurses during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Sci 2021; 8:310-317. [PMID: 34307780 PMCID: PMC8283712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe the professional quality of life and explore its associated factors among nurses coming from other areas of China to assist with the anti-epidemic fight in Wuhan and especially examine whether the hospital ethical climate was independently associated with nurses’ professional quality of life. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March 2020 to April 2020. The nurses working in Wuhan from the other parts of China were the target population. The Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5, the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, and a basic information sheet were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results In total, 236 nurses participated in this study, and 219 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The average age of the participants was 31.2 ± 5.0 years. Most nurses were female (176/219; 80.4%) and married (145/219; 66.2%). In term of professional quality of life, nurses reported moderate (129/219; 58.9%) to high (90/219; 41.1%) levels of compassion satisfaction, low (119/219; 54.3%) to moderate (100/219; 45.7%) levels of burnout, and low (67/219; 36.0%) to high (10/219; 4.6%) levels of secondary traumatic stress. Regarding hospital ethical climate, nurses reported moderately high hospital ethical climates with an average score of 4.46. After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, the multiple linear regression models showed that the hospital ethical climate subscale of “relationship with physicians” was independently associated with the compassion satisfaction (β = 0.533, P < 0.01) and burnout (β = −0.237, P < 0.05); the hospital ethical climate subscale of “relationship with peers” (β = −0.191, P < 0.01) was independently associated with the secondary traumatic stress. Conclusions During the early stage of the pandemic, nurses demonstrated moderate to high level of compassion satisfaction, low to moderate level of burnout, and all nurses experienced secondary traumatic stress. Nurses perceived a high level of hospital ethical climate, and the perceived hospital ethical climate played an important role in promoting nurses’ professional quality of life during a life-threatening infectious disease pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Jiang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Nursing, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing'e Zhao
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qidi Zhou
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lloyd Goldsamt
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, USA
| | | | - Xianhong Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Jobe JA, Gillespie GL, Schwytzer D. A National Survey of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Work Productivity of Emergency Nurses Following Trauma Patient Care. J Trauma Nurs 2021; 28:243-249. [PMID: 34210944 PMCID: PMC8259803 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary traumatic stress is common for emergency nurses working in trauma care, but it is unknown whether this secondary traumatic stress negatively correlates to work productivity. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between secondary traumatic stress and work productivity of emergency nurses who provide trauma patient care in the emergency department. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional survey design with a systematic random sample of emergency nurses. Respondents (N = 255) completed the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Healthcare Productivity Survey (HPS) on the basis of trauma patient care within the preceding 30 days. A 2-tailed Pearson correlation was calculated to explore the relationship between secondary traumatic stress and work productivity for emergency nurses providing trauma patient care. RESULTS Mean IES-R score was 19.1, and HPS score was 2.7. About 38% of respondents reported high secondary traumatic stress, and 29% reported decreased work productivity. Although overall correlation between IES-R and HPS was not significant, IES-R-Intrusion was significantly correlated with HPS-Cognitive Demands (p = .003) and HPS-Safety and Competency (p = .011), IES-R-Avoidance with HPS-Safety and Competency (p = .003), and IES-R-Hyperarousal with HPS-Cognitive Demands (p = .002) and HPS-Handle/Manage Workload (p = .015). CONCLUSIONS Secondary traumatic stress and decreased work productivity were significant problems for some emergency nurses. To address this problem, employers can provide stress reduction and management techniques to emergency nurses providing trauma patient care. In addition, emergency nurses need to be proactive in seeking social support and using stress mitigation and reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Jobe
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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