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Giesebrecht J, Reich H, Weise C, Nater UM, Mewes R. Links between ethnic discrimination, mental health, protective factors, and hair cortisol concentrations in asylum seekers living in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2400835. [PMID: 39297220 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2400835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Asylum seekers often experience ethnic discrimination on the flight or in the host country, which may be associated with chronic stress and impaired mental health. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a known physiological correlate of chronic stress, can be assessed using hair cortisol concentrations (HCC). The present study aimed to investigate how different forms of perceived ethnic discrimination are associated with mental health outcomes, HCC, and protective factors in asylum seekers living in Germany.Methods: Somatic symptoms (PHQ-15), symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PDS), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), different forms of ethnic discrimination (active harm, passive harm, institutional discrimination), and protective factors (in-group identification, social support) were assessed cross-sectionally in 144 asylum seekers (average age 32 years, average duration of stay in Germany nine months; 67% men). HCC were obtained from 68 participants. Multiple regression analyses were conducted and social support and in-group identification were tested as potential moderators.Results: Active ethnic discrimination was positively associated with all assessed mental health outcomes, and all forms of ethnic discrimination positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Ethnic discrimination was not associated with HCC. When controlling for other possible influences (e.g. age, gender, traumatic events), passive harm was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = -0.17, p = .033) and active harm was positively associated (β = 0.28, p = .022) with somatic symptoms. After the inclusion of the protective factors, the associations were no longer significant. Lower social support was associated with higher depressive symptoms (β = -0.35, p < .001), posttraumatic stress (β = -0.77, p < .001), and somatic symptoms (β = -0.32, p < .001), but did not moderate the associations between ethnic discrimination and the mental health outcomes.Conclusions: Perceived ethnic discrimination may negatively influence asylum seekers' mental health but does not seem to be associated with HCC. Social support was associated with psychological symptom severity, but did not buffer the effects of ethnic discrimination on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Giesebrecht
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Reich
- Depression Research Centre of the German Depression Foundation, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weise
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hauck F, Borho A, Romero Gibu L, Atal M, Dederer S, Bendel P, Morawa E, Erim Y, Jansen S, Rohleder N. The association of perceived ethnic discrimination and institutional verbal violence with chronic stress in an immigrant sample: The role of protective factors - results from the VIOLIN study. J Migr Health 2024; 10:100260. [PMID: 39220099 PMCID: PMC11365374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2024.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Immigrants are exposed to a variety of stressors, such as ethnic discrimination, and therefore experience a higher risk of developing adverse health outcomes. However, the role of potentially protective psychological factors is not well-studied. The present study addresses the question how discrimination and institutional verbal violence (IVV) are associated with chronic stress in an immigrant sample. In addition, this study highlights moderating effects of migration-specific variables (first or second migration generation and citizenship status). Participants (n = 232; 69.4 % female) completed an online-survey, which included demographics, questionnaires (Everyday Discrimination Scale, EDS; Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-4; Resilience Scale, RS-11; Self-Compassion Scale, SCS-SF) as well as a self-developed questionnaire on institutional verbal violence. Only participants living in Germany with migration background (self or one parent migrated to Germany) were included. Results showed that perceived discrimination and institutional verbal violence were highly associated with chronic stress. Further, self-compassion buffered the connection between discrimination and stress, whereas resilience was no protective factor. The inclusion of migration-specific variables showed that the second-generation sub-group experienced less discrimination-related stress and self-compassion was shown to be particularly protective within this sub-group. Citizenship status did not appear to be a moderator, but especially persons with temporary or permanent residence status, compared to German/EU-citizens, reported higher values of verbal violence and discrimination-related stress. These findings highlight the importance of considering not only psychological but also structural and societal protective and risk factors, as they may be differentially associated with immigrants' stress perceptions. Implications for future research and practical implementations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Hauck
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Borho
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucía Romero Gibu
- Department of Romance Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bismarkstraße 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mojib Atal
- Institute of Political Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kochstraße 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sevil Dederer
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Bendel
- Institute of Political Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kochstraße 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Morawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Jansen
- Department of Romance Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bismarkstraße 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Buhl S, Asbrock F, Sibley CG, Houkamau C. Damned if she does: The subordinate male target hypothesis and discrimination of social dominant female minority members. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:1073-1090. [PMID: 38158875 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
According to the subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH), racism is based on an ethnicity-by-gender interaction, with a stronger link between experiencing racist discrimination and subordinate or dominant ethnic group status for men compared to women. This study reevaluates the SMTH, originally focused on objective discrimination, by applying it to self-reported active harm as a theoretically derived measure of racist discrimination and by exploring interindividual differences in female ethnic minority members' discriminatory experiences. We proposed that social dominance orientation (SDO) among female ethnic minorities would influence SMTH predictions. We tested this using multiple linear regression analyses among a sample of New Zealand Europeans as the majority in New Zealand and non-Europeans as the minority. As hypothesized, male non-Europeans reported disproportionally more active harm than female non-Europeans. Unexpectedly, not only female but also male, non-Europeans high in SDO reported more active harm than non-Europeans low in SDO. Therefore, applied to self-reported racist experiences, oppression of ethnic minorities is driven by interindividual differences rather than by gender. Together, these findings provide evidence that the SMTH cannot be unreservedly extended to reports of racist discrimination and that other processes may underlie these subjective experiences of discrimination that need to be considered in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buhl
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla Houkamau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Oti-Boadi M, Andoh-Arthur J, Abekah-Carter K, Abukuri DN. Internalized stigma: Social support, coping, psychological distress, and mental well-being among older adults in Ghana. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:739-749. [PMID: 38327024 PMCID: PMC11144357 DOI: 10.1177/00207640241227128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults have been found to internalize stigma from society and this has been linked to several variables including social support, coping, psychological distress, and mental well-being. However, there is a dearth of research on how these variables interact with each other to impact the life of older adults. AIMS This study employed path analysis to explore social support and coping as boundary conditions and underlying mechanisms in the link between internalized stigma, psychological distress, and mental well-being, among older adults in Ghana. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, the study recruited 167 older adults who responded to standardized questionnaires including The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, The Brief Coping Inventory, Kessler Distress Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, to determine levels of internalized stigma, social support, coping strategies, psychological distress, and mental well-being, respectively. RESULTS The findings revealed that at low levels of social support, there is a significant and positive correlation between internalized stigma and mental well-being (β = -.36, SE = 0.17, p < .001). Path analysis showed that the relationship between internalized stigma and mental well-being was fully mediated by problem-focused coping (β = .11, p = . 001, 95% CI [0.04, 0.21]), but not psychological distress. Problem-focused coping was also found to have a significant positive correlation with mental well-being but no significant correlation with psychological distress. Conversely, avoidant-focused coping was found to have a significant positive correlation with psychological distress and a significant negative correlation with mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the importance of social support and coping to attaining mental well-being among older adults. This study provides insights into the development of tailored interventions aimed at improving social support and problem-focused coping among older Ghanaian adults facing internalized stigma, and it also establishes a base for future research.
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Ejoke UP, Du Plessis ED, Dev S, Al Bustami GJ, Varghese M. Confirmatory factor analysis of latent constructs for measuring social well-being in African migrant samples. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29479. [PMID: 38660257 PMCID: PMC11040061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study contributes to psychology and well-being literature by investigating social well-being in minority contexts. The factor structure of the Keyes' long format 33-item social well-being measure was investigated among African migrant samples. A cross-sectional survey methodology was used to collect data from a total of 404 African migrants living in South Africa (n = 146), Uganda (n = 158) and Kenya (n = 100). They were 202 (50%) males, 195 (48.3%) females, and 7 (1.7%) of the samples did not disclose their gender. They were aged from 14 to 70 with a Mean age of 32.21 (standard deviation = 7.696). Data collected were analysed using CFA in AMOS (version 29). We found an unstable four-factor emic solution for African migrants in Sub-Sahara Africa. We could not replicate the theoretical social well-being model of Keyes (1998) among African migrant samples in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insights from the study will be critical to designing culturally appropriate indigenous measures that accurately reflect the social realities and well-being constructs of African migrants. Our findings will also help policymakers and service providers to identify areas of need, develop appropriate socio-cultural programmes, and allocate resources more effectively to support the integration and well-being of migrants within African societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuoma Patience Ejoke
- University of the Free State, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Edwin Devon Du Plessis
- University of the Free State, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Psychology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Smitha Dev
- Abu Dhabi University, Education Department Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mary Varghese
- Abu Dhabi University, Education Department Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Goreis A, Nater UM, Mewes R. Psychological Consequences of Chronic Ethnic Discrimination in Male Turkish Immigrants Living in Austria: A 30-Day Ambulatory Assessment Study. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:111-121. [PMID: 37857265 PMCID: PMC10831213 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethnic discrimination may be associated with negative psychological consequences in ethnic minority groups. However, little is known about the impact of acute discriminatory events on people who experience chronic ethnic discrimination. PURPOSE We examined the impact of chronic and acute ethnic discrimination on the daily lives of Turkish immigrants in Austria, a population often overlooked in discrimination research. METHODS Ninety male Turkish immigrants living in Austria (60 experiencing chronic and 30 infrequent ethnic discrimination) reported discriminatory events in real time for 30 days. Additionally, subjective stress, reactivity to daily hassles, affect, and maladaptive coping were assessed daily. RESULTS Participants experiencing chronic ethnic discrimination indicated higher daily values for stress, negative affect, reactivity to daily hassles, and anticipation and avoidance coping. Negative psychological states increased for all participants on days when discriminatory events occurred, but participants with chronic ethnic discrimination showed significantly stronger increases in maladaptive coping and reactivity to daily hassles, with the latter effect persisting until the next day. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate interaction effects of chronic and acute ethnic discrimination on psychological factors in daily life. The results may advance the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to health disparities in ethnic minority populations and may inform the development of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Morton SCM, Everhart R, Dautovich N, Chukmaitov A. Perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes in college students: the mediating effect of preventive health behaviors and social support. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 38010405 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2286462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the role of social support and health behaviors in the association between discrimination and mental health (e.g., anxiety/depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation) among college students experiencing various forms of discrimination. Participants: Data were collected from 709 college students (42.8% White; 72.2% female) at a large urban university in Fall 2017. Methods: Students completed an online survey assessing perceived discrimination, anxiety/depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior, health behaviors, and social support. Moderation and parallel mediation analyses were conducted in PROCESS SPSS. Results: Results indicated that preventive health behaviors and social support partially mediated associations between discrimination and mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Findings highlight the need to increase awareness regarding engaging in preventive health behaviors on college campuses. For students experiencing discrimination, prevention, and social support might be key factors in improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C M Morton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robin Everhart
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Natalie Dautovich
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Askar Chukmaitov
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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8
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Ulusoy N, Nienhaus A, Brzoska P. Investigating discrimination in the workplace. Translation and validation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale for nursing staff in Germany. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:196. [PMID: 37291521 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is a frequently used questionnaire in the field of health and social psychology that aims to explore perceptions of discrimination, especially instances of injustice related to various diversity characteristics. No adaptation to health care staff exists. The present study translates and adapts the EDS to nursing staff in Germany and examines its reliability and factorial validity as well as its measurement equivalence between men and women and different age groups. METHODS The study was based on an online survey conducted among health care staff of two hospitals and two inpatient care facilities in Germany. The EDS was translated using a forward-backward translation approach. Direct maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factorial validity of the adapted EDS. Differential item functioning (DIF) related to age and sex was investigated by means of multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) models. RESULTS Data on 302 individuals was available, of whom 237 (78.5%) were women. The most commonly employed one-factor, 8-item baseline model of the adapted EDS showed a poor fit (RMSEA = 0.149; CFI = 0.812; TLI = 0.737; SRMR = 0.072). The model fit improved considerably after including three error covariances between items 1 and 2, items 4 and 5, and items 7 and 8 (RMSEA = 0.066; CFI = 0.969; TLI = 0.949; SRMR = 0.036). Item 4 showed DIF related to sex and age, item 6 showed DIF related to age. DIF was moderate in size and did not bias the comparison between men and women or between younger and older employees. CONCLUSIONS The EDS can be considered a valid instrument for the assessment of discrimination experiences among nursing staff. Given that the questionnaire, similar to other EDS adaptations, may be prone to DIF and also considering that some error covariances need to be parameterized, latent variable modelling should be used for the analysis of the questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Ulusoy
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (CVcare), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (CVcare), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health, German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Health and Welfare Services, 22089, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Brzoska
- Health Services Research, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
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Costa PL, McDuffie JW, Brown SEV, He Y, Ikner BN, Sabat IE, Miner KN. Microaggressions: Mega problems or micro issues? A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:137-153. [PMID: 35640014 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While research on microaggressions has accumulated in recent decades, doubts have arisen over their impact on individuals. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relations between microaggressions and psychological well-being, physical health, job outcomes, and positive and negative coping. Potential moderators (i.e., microaggression target, publication year, publication status, sample occupation, and inclusion of nonstigmatized group members) were also examined. A meta-analytic approach was chosen to summarize the findings in the microaggression literature. Several search terms and databases were used to identify articles for inclusion. After review, a total of 141 articles with 154 samples contributed effect sizes to our analyses. The results showed that microaggressions were negatively related to psychological well-being and physical health and positively related to coping. The pattern of results was generally the same regardless of the microaggression target, the year the study was conducted, the publication status of the paper, the occupation of the sample, and whether the sample included nonstigmatized groups members or not. This meta-analysis demonstrates the stable, harmful effects associated with experiencing microaggressions. Specifically, microaggressions predicted negative outcomes across individuals and contexts. Thus, actions should be taken to decrease their prevalence within educational and occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Costa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica W McDuffie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yimin He
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brittany N Ikner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Isaac E Sabat
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kathi N Miner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Kößler FJ, Wilbert JB, Veit S, Hoppe A. The role of supervisor support for dealing with customer verbal aggression. Differences between ethnic minority and ethnic majority workers. GERMAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PERSONALFORSCHUNG 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23970022221140560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Customer verbal aggression is a core social stressor among retail workers which impairs wellbeing via emotional dissonance. This study examined two moderators—supervisor support and ethnic minority status—in this well-established relationship. In addition, it tested a moderated moderated mediation model to explore whether the moderation effects of supervisor support on the indirect relationship between customer verbal aggression and wellbeing (measured as positive affect) via emotional dissonance vary between ethnic minority and ethnic majority workers. Retail workers of one retail chain ( N = 603) completed our paper-pencil survey at two measurement points. Path modeling showed that emotional dissonance mediates between customer verbal aggression and positive affect. Taken alone, neither supervisor support nor ethnic minority status moderated this relationship. However, their combination had a significant moderating effect; supervisor support moderated the indirect effect of customer verbal aggression on positive affect through emotional dissonance only among ethnic minority workers. Surprisingly, supervisor support amplified this mediation. We discuss our findings by considering the role of supervisor support and the status of ethnic minority workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska J Kößler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Veit
- German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM-Institut), Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Germany
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Cindik-Herbrüggen ED, Demirkol R, Zengin O. The effects of perceived discrimination on immigrants' mental health: A pilot study from Germany. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1847-1854. [PMID: 34904257 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to reveal the effects of discrimination perceived by Turkish immigrants on their mental health. DESIGN AND METHODS The participants of this pilot study were 111 Turkish immigrant patients treated at the Neuro-Psychiatrisches Zentrum Riem. FINDINGS The preliminary findings illustrated that perceived individual discrimination was significantly correlated with three coping strategies, namely, substance use, friend support, and personal support. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the coping strategies and social support mechanisms of Turkish immigrants who perceived discrimination and employed strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oğuzhan Zengin
- Department of Social Work, Karabuk University, Karabük, Turkey
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12
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Park J, Joshanloo M. Mediating and moderating effects of perceived social support on the relationship between discrimination and well-being: A study of South Koreans living in Japan. Front Psychol 2022; 13:922201. [PMID: 35967623 PMCID: PMC9366095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between discrimination and mental wellbeing among South Korean residents (N = 181) in Japan. The roles of need for belonging (NTB) as a mediator and identification with one’s group as a moderator of this relationship were examined. Perceived social support was also examined as both a potential moderator and mediator. We also included a measure of perceived in-group inclusion in the host society, the Circle of Ingroup Inclusion (CII), to examine its influence on the relationship between discrimination and wellbeing. Three types of coping styles-active constructive coping, passive constructive coping, and destructive coping-were controlled for in the analysis. Results showed that participants’ educational level, socioeconomic status, and different coping styles predicted wellbeing; however, discrimination was the strongest (negative) predictor of wellbeing. Social support was both a moderator and mediator of the relationship between discrimination and wellbeing, suggesting that perceived social support not only buffers the negative effect of discrimination on wellbeing, but also partially explains the negative association between discrimination and wellbeing. NTB was not a significant mediator. Identification with one’s ethnic group and perceived membership in one’s group also did not affect the relationship. The results suggest that it is important to consider social support based on interpersonal relationships among members of minority groups in Japanese society. The psychological factors involved in acculturation processes may be different in different ethnic groups. This study calls for greater consideration of group-specific characteristics in understanding acculturation processes and interactions between groups in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Joonha Park,
| | - Mohsen Joshanloo
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
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Osei TB, Mank I, Sorgho R, Nayna Schwerdtle P, Hövener C, Fischer F, Razum O, Danquah I. Aetiological research on the health of migrants living in Germany: a systematic literature review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058712. [PMID: 35701052 PMCID: PMC9198788 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germany has become an important immigration country and health services need to adopt to meet the needs of an increasingly multicultural population. For public health planning, it is essential to understand the aetiology of health problems among migrant populations. The main objective was to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise population-based studies that investigated exposure-outcome relationships among migrant groups in Germany. METHODS In November 2019, we searched PubMed and LIVIVO, and updated this search in November 2020, to identify peer-reviewed publications that fulfilled our eligibility criteria: English or German language; study on disease aetiology among major migrant groups in Germany, according to the latest microcensus; publication date from inception to 01 November 2020 and observational or experimental study designs. For quality appraisal, we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. Outcomes under investigation were categorised according to the WHO major disease groups, and their associations with risk factors were synthesised as a heat map. RESULTS Out of 2407 articles retrieved, we included 68 publications with a total number of 864 518 participants. These publications reported on cross-sectional data (n=56), cohort studies (n=11) and one intervention study. The population groups most frequently studied were from the Middle East (n=28), Turkey (n=24), sub-Saharan Africa (n=24), Eastern Europe (n=15) and the former Soviet Union (n=11). The outcomes under study were population group specific. There were consistent associations of demographic and socioeconomic factors with ill health among migrants in Germany. DISCUSSION In this systematic review, we observed low risk of bias in two-thirds of the studies. There is an increasing body of evidence for aetiological research on migrants' health in Germany. Still, the directions of associations between a wide range of risk factors and major disease groups seem only partially understood. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018085074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Bonsu Osei
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Mank
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Institute for Development Evaluation, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Raissa Sorgho
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hövener
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Public Health, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ina Danquah
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Racial and Gender Discrimination Predict Mental Health Outcomes among Healthcare Workers Beyond Pandemic-Related Stressors: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179235. [PMID: 34501818 PMCID: PMC8431593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Racial and gender discrimination are risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes in the general population; however, the effects of discrimination on the mental health of healthcare workers needs to be further explored, especially in relation to competing stressors. Thus, we administered a survey to healthcare workers to investigate the associations between perceived racial and gender discrimination and symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and burnout during a period of substantial stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a national racial reckoning. We used multivariable linear regression models, which controlled for demographics and pandemic-related stressors. Of the 997 participants (Mean Age = 38.22 years, SD = 11.77), 688 (69.01%) were White, 148 (14.84%) Asian, 86 (8.63%) Black, 73 (7.32%) Latinx, and 21 (2.11%) identified as another race. In multivariable models, racial discrimination predicted symptoms of depression (B = 0.04; SE: 0.02; p = .009), anxiety (B = 0.05; SE: 0.02; p = .004), and posttraumatic stress (B = 0.01; SE: 0.01; p = .006) and gender discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress (B = 0.11; SE: 0.05; p = .013) and burnout (B = 0.24; SE: 0.07; p = .001). Discrimination had indirect effects on mental health outcomes via inadequate social support. Hospital-wide diversity and inclusion initiatives are warranted to mitigate the adverse mental health effects of discrimination.
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