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Wimmer L, Currie G, Friend S, Wittwer J, Ferguson HJ. Cognitive effects and correlates of reading fiction: Two preregistered multilevel meta-analyses. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024:2024-72792-001. [PMID: 38602788 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite significantly increasing research efforts, the psychological effects of reading fiction remain under debate. We present two preregistered meta-analyses synthesizing cognitive effects and correlates of reading fiction. In Meta-Analysis 1 (371 effect sizes/70 experiments), reading fiction led to significant small-sized cognitive benefits, g = 0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.06, 0.21]. This effect of fiction reading was moderated by the comparison group (effects were greater when reading fiction was compared with watching fiction or reading nothing than when reading fiction was compared with reading nonfiction) and the outcome variable (significant effects emerged for empathy and mentalizing only). In Meta-Analysis 2 (559 effect sizes/114 studies reporting correlations), lifetime exposure to print fiction was linked with significant small-sized cognitive benefits, r = .16, 95% CI [0.13, 0.19]. This effect was moderated by outcome variable (effects were greatest for verbal abilities, followed by general cognitive abilities and empathy/mentalizing/outgroup judgments), fictionality of the print material (greater effects were found for fiction than nonfiction), publication status (published work exhibited greater effects than unpublished work), type of assessment measure (larger effects emerged when neither the outcome nor print exposure were assessed via self-report, than when either the outcome or print exposure were assessed via self-report), participant group (community samples showed greater effects than student samples), study design (greater effects were found for correlational than for experimental designs), and percentage of female participants (via a negative relationship with cognitive benefits). Together, these meta-analyses provide robust evidence for a small-sized positive relationship between reading fiction and cognitive benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wimmer
- Department of Education, University of Freiburg
| | | | - Stacie Friend
- Department of Philosophy, Birkbeck, University of London
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2
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Cook KV, Kurniati NMT, Suwartono C, Widyarini N, Griffin BJ, Cowden RG. Associations of self-forgiveness processes with distress and well-being outcomes: Evidence from a longitudinal study of Indonesian adults. Int J Psychol 2024; 59:303-311. [PMID: 38041244 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
To date, few empirical studies have examined the benefits of the processes involved in self-forgiveness-value reorientation and esteem restoration-for individual well-being using longitudinal data from non-Western samples. In this study, we take a step toward addressing this gap by analysing three waves of data collected among 595 Indonesians (Mage = 21.95, SD = 4.39). Applying the analytic templates for lagged exposure-wide and outcome-wide longitudinal designs, we performed a series of linear regressions to estimate associations of value reorientation and esteem restoration in Wave 2 with three indicators of distress and 10 indicators of well-being in Wave 3, adjusting for Wave 1 covariates. Value reorientation and esteem restoration were each associated with improvements in several well-being outcomes (six for value reorientation and three for esteem restoration), but both showed little evidence of associations with the distress outcomes. In a secondary analysis, those who scored higher on both value reorientation and esteem restoration (i.e., self-forgiveness group) in Wave 2 reported higher well-being on five outcomes in Wave 3 compared to those who scored lower on value reorientation, esteem restoration, or both (i.e., no or partial self-forgiveness group). We discuss some implications of the findings for conceptualising self-forgiveness and promoting well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaye V Cook
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA, USA
| | | | - Christiany Suwartono
- Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nilam Widyarini
- Department of Psychology, Gunadarma University, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Brandon J Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Riddle J, Schooler JW. Hierarchical consciousness: the Nested Observer Windows model. Neurosci Conscious 2024; 2024:niae010. [PMID: 38504828 PMCID: PMC10949963 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Foremost in our experience is the intuition that we possess a unified conscious experience. However, many observations run counter to this intuition: we experience paralyzing indecision when faced with two appealing behavioral choices, we simultaneously hold contradictory beliefs, and the content of our thought is often characterized by an internal debate. Here, we propose the Nested Observer Windows (NOW) Model, a framework for hierarchical consciousness wherein information processed across many spatiotemporal scales of the brain feeds into subjective experience. The model likens the mind to a hierarchy of nested mosaic tiles-where an image is composed of mosaic tiles, and each of these tiles is itself an image composed of mosaic tiles. Unitary consciousness exists at the apex of this nested hierarchy where perceptual constructs become fully integrated and complex behaviors are initiated via abstract commands. We define an observer window as a spatially and temporally constrained system within which information is integrated, e.g. in functional brain regions and neurons. Three principles from the signal analysis of electrical activity describe the nested hierarchy and generate testable predictions. First, nested observer windows disseminate information across spatiotemporal scales with cross-frequency coupling. Second, observer windows are characterized by a high degree of internal synchrony (with zero phase lag). Third, observer windows at the same spatiotemporal level share information with each other through coherence (with non-zero phase lag). The theoretical framework of the NOW Model accounts for a wide range of subjective experiences and a novel approach for integrating prominent theories of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Jonathan W Schooler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Psychological & Brain Sciences, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Conner TS, Teah GE, Sibley CG, Turner RM, Scarf D, Mason A. Psychological predictors of vaping uptake among non-smokers: A longitudinal investigation of New Zealand adults. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38437024 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demographic and health factors are known to predict vaping. Less is known about psychological predictors of vaping uptake, particularly among non-smoking adults using longitudinal designs. We aimed to model how psychological factors related to personality and mental health predicted the likelihood of vaping uptake over time in non-smoking adults ages 18+ using longitudinal data. METHODS Longitudinal regression models utilised data from the 2018-2020 waves of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study to assess how the Big Five personality traits, mental distress and self-control predicted who began vaping over time among non-users (non-vapers and non-smokers), controlling for gender, age, ethnicity and economic deprivation. RESULTS Analyses included 36,309 adults overall (ages 18 to 99; M = 51.0). The number of non-users who transitioned into current vaping was small (transitioned from 2018 to 2019, n = 147; 0.48%; 2019 to 2020, n = 189, 0.63%). Fully adjusted models showed that adults with higher mental distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.88), lower self-control (aOR 0.79; 95% CI 0.69-0.89) and higher extraversion (aOR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06-1.13) were more likely to begin vaping at the next time point compared to adults who remained non-users. Higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness also predicted vaping uptake in initial models, but inclusion of mental distress and self-control superseded these traits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Psychological factors related to mental distress, impulse control and sociability predicted who was more likely to begin vaping as non-smoking adults. Harm prevention interventions could target these factors to reduce vaping uptake in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlin S Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Grace E Teah
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin M Turner
- Biostatistics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andre Mason
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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5
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Yaden DB, Giorgi S, Jordan M, Buffone A, Eichstaedt JC, Schwartz HA, Ungar L, Bloom P. Characterizing empathy and compassion using computational linguistic analysis. Emotion 2024; 24:106-115. [PMID: 37199938 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many scholars have proposed that feeling what we believe others are feeling-often known as "empathy"-is essential for other-regarding sentiments and plays an important role in our moral lives. Caring for and about others (without necessarily sharing their feelings)-often known as "compassion"-is also frequently discussed as a relevant force for prosocial motivation and action. Here, we explore the relationship between empathy and compassion using the methods of computational linguistics. Analyses of 2,356,916 Facebook posts suggest that individuals (N = 2,781) high in empathy use different language than those high in compassion, after accounting for shared variance between these constructs. Empathic people, controlling for compassion, often use self-focused language and write about negative feelings, social isolation, and feeling overwhelmed. Compassionate people, controlling for empathy, often use other-focused language and write about positive feelings and social connections. In addition, high empathy without compassion is related to negative health outcomes, while high compassion without empathy is related to positive health outcomes, positive lifestyle choices, and charitable giving. Such findings favor an approach to moral motivation that is grounded in compassion rather than empathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Yaden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Salvatore Giorgi
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Lyle Ungar
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Bloom
- Department of Psychology, Yale University
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Hayes E, Yogeeswaran K, Zubielevitch E, Lee CHJ, Cording J, Sibley CG. Examining age, period and cohort effects in attitude change to childhood vaccinations in a representative New Zealand survey: a multiyear cohort-sequential growth modelling study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e075963. [PMID: 38167286 PMCID: PMC10773374 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccinations are an important preventative measure in reducing the spread of infectious diseases worldwide. However, concerns of undervaccination during childhood have become increasingly common. The current study aims to investigate changes in attitudes towards childhood vaccinations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic using a national sample from New Zealand. DESIGN Age-based, period-based, and cohort-based changes were assessed using cohort-sequential latent growth modelling in 11 overlapping birth cohorts, which spanned the ages of 23-79 years. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data were taken from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study where 58 654 adults completed at least one wave across a 7-year period (2013 and 2015-2019). RESULTS The period-based and cohort-based models fit the data equally well (χ2(282)=8547.93, p<0.001, comparative fit index, CFI=0.894, root mean square error of approximation, (RMSEA)=0.074, standardised root mean square residual, SRMR=0.105; χ2(273)=8514.87, p<0.001, CFI=0.894, RMSEA=0.075, SRMR=0.105, respectively) suggesting societal factors contribute to childhood vaccination attitudes. Additionally, the findings suggest attitudes towards childhood vaccinations were becoming increasingly more positive in all birth cohorts (ps<0.001), with younger and older birth cohorts exhibiting even positive attitudes compared with middle-aged cohorts. CONCLUSION Overall, both the cohort-based and period-based models reveal changes in vaccination attitudes suggesting that even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, societal influences had an impact on attitudes towards childhood vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hayes
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jacinta Cording
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Buhl S, Asbrock F, Sibley CG, Houkamau C. Damned if she does: The subordinate male target hypothesis and discrimination of social dominant female minority members. Br J Soc Psychol 2023. [PMID: 38158875 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
According to the subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH), racism is based on an ethnicity-by-gender interaction, with a stronger link between experiencing racist discrimination and subordinate or dominant ethnic group status for men compared to women. This study reevaluates the SMTH, originally focused on objective discrimination, by applying it to self-reported active harm as a theoretically derived measure of racist discrimination and by exploring interindividual differences in female ethnic minority members' discriminatory experiences. We proposed that social dominance orientation (SDO) among female ethnic minorities would influence SMTH predictions. We tested this using multiple linear regression analyses among a sample of New Zealand Europeans as the majority in New Zealand and non-Europeans as the minority. As hypothesized, male non-Europeans reported disproportionally more active harm than female non-Europeans. Unexpectedly, not only female but also male, non-Europeans high in SDO reported more active harm than non-Europeans low in SDO. Therefore, applied to self-reported racist experiences, oppression of ethnic minorities is driven by interindividual differences rather than by gender. Together, these findings provide evidence that the SMTH cannot be unreservedly extended to reports of racist discrimination and that other processes may underlie these subjective experiences of discrimination that need to be considered in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buhl
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla Houkamau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Lilly KJ, Sibley CG, Osborne D. Examining the indirect effect of income on well-being via individual-based relative deprivation: Longitudinal mediation with a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Int J Psychol 2023. [PMID: 38018263 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the positive relationship between income and well-being is well established, the psychological mechanisms underlying this process are less understood. One underexplored explanation is that objective wealth (or lack thereof) fosters relative comparisons, which, in turn, predicts well-being. Extant work has, however, mostly focused on objective indicators of relative deprivation rather than on how people perceive their societal status. We address this oversight by examining the longitudinal indirect effects of income on well-being via perceived individual-based relative deprivation (IRD) using traditional and random intercept cross-lagged panel models. Averaged across 10 annual assessments in a nationwide longitudinal panel sample of adults (N = 66,560), our results revealed reliable indirect effects of income on well-being via IRD. Specifically, within-person increases in income predicted within-person decreases in IRD, which then predicted within-person increases in personal well-being over time. Our results replicated across robustness checks, including one using a general life satisfaction measure. We thus extend previous work by highlighting the need to consider one's perceptions of their relative societal position as a mechanism underlying the effects of income on well-being over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J Lilly
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zarzeczna N, Hanel PHP, Rutjens BT, Bono SA, Chen YH, Haddock G. Scientists, speak up! Source impacts trust in health advice across five countries. J Exp Psychol Appl 2023:2024-21130-001. [PMID: 37902696 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined how different types of communication influence people's responses to health advice. We tested whether presenting COVID-19 prevention advice (e.g., washing hands/distancing) as either originating from a government or scientific source would affect people's trust in and intentions to comply with the advice. We also manipulated uncertainty in communicating the advice effectiveness. To achieve this, we conducted an experiment using large samples of participants (N = 4,561) from the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Malaysia, and Taiwan. Across countries, participants found messages more trustworthy when the purported source was science rather than the government. This effect was moderated by political orientation in all countries except for Canada, while religiosity moderated the source effect in the United States. Although source did not directly affect intentions to act upon the advice, we found an indirect effect via trust, such that a more trusted source (i.e., science) was predictive of higher intentions to comply. However, the uncertainty manipulation was not effective. Together, our findings suggest that despite prominence of science skepticism in public discourse, people trust scientists more than governments when it comes to practical health advice. It is therefore beneficial to communicate health messages by stressing their scientific bases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Hua Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University
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10
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Sengupta NK, Reimer NK, Sibley CG, Barlow FK. Does intergroup contact foster solidarity with the disadvantaged? A longitudinal analysis across 7 years. Am Psychol 2023; 78:750-760. [PMID: 36649158 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Contact theory is a well-established paradigm for improving intergroup relations-positive contact between groups promotes social harmony by increasing intergroup warmth. A longstanding critique of this paradigm is that contact does not necessarily promote social equality. Recent research has blunted this critique by showing that contact correlates positively with political solidarity expressed by dominant groups toward subordinate groups, thus furthering the goal of equality. However, this research precludes causal inferences because it conflates within-person change (people with higher contact subsequently expressing higher solidarity) and between-person stability (people with chronically high contact simultaneously expressing chronically high solidarity, and vice versa). We addressed this problem in a highly powered, seven-wave study using two different measures of contact and three different measures of political solidarity (N = 22,646). Results showed no within-person change over a 1-year period (inconsistent with a causal effect), but significant between-person stability (consistent with third-variable explanations). This reinforces doubts about contact as a strategy for promoting equality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils K Reimer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
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11
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Helzer EG, Cohen TR, Kim Y, Iorio A, Aven B. Moral beacons: Understanding moral character and moral influence. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 37548060 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduce the concept of moral beacons-individuals who are higher in moral character than their peers and prominent within their social environment-and examine the degree to which moral beacons increase the moral awareness of their peers. BACKGROUND Using data from cohorts of students in graduate business education across two universities, we applied theory and methods from organizational behavior, personality psychology, and social networks analysis to test two research questions about moral beacons. METHOD We used latent profile analysis of data from personality questionnaires and social network surveys completed by graduate business students at two universities (N = 502) to identify individuals classified as moral beacons. We used peer nominations and an in-class business case discussion exercise to assess moral influence. RESULTS Latent profile analysis identified a latent class of moral beacons in our sample. These individuals received more nominations from their peers in end-of-class surveys as guides for moral thought and action and positively impacted the moral awareness of their peers in a discussion of a difficult business case about possible lead poisoning of employees, but did not significantly change their counterparts' moral awareness in a different case. CONCLUSIONS These results provide promising initial evidence that moral beacons can be distinguished from their peers by both moral character and social prominence and can act as guides for others, at times encouraging greater consideration of the moral aspects of situations and decisions. As these results are the first of their kind, we encourage further replication and investigations of moral beacons and moral influence in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Helzer
- Department of Defense Management, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Taya R Cohen
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yeonjeong Kim
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandro Iorio
- Department of Management and Technology, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | - Brandy Aven
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Bulbulia JA, Afzali MU, Yogeeswaran K, Sibley CG. Long-term causal effects of far-right terrorism in New Zealand. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad242. [PMID: 37614668 PMCID: PMC10443658 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Christchurch mosque attacks in 2019, committed by a radical right-wing extremist, resulted in the tragic loss of 51 lives. Following these events, there was a noticable rise in societal acceptance of Muslim minorities. Comparable transient reactions have been observed elsewhere. However, the critical questions remain: can these effects endure? Are enduring effects evident across the political spectrum? It is challenging to answer such questions because identifying long-term causal effects requires estimating unobserved attitudinal trajectories without the attacks. Here, we use six preattack waves of Muslim acceptance responses from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (NZAVS) to infer missing counterfactual trajectories (NZAVS cohort 2012, N = 4,865 ; replicated in 2013 cohort, N = 7,894 ). We find (1) the attacks initially boosted Muslim acceptance; (2) the magnitude of the initial Muslim acceptance boost was similar across the political spectrum; (3) no changes were observed in negative control groups; and (4) two- and three-year effects varied by baseline political orientation: liberal acceptance was stable, conservative acceptance grew relative to the counterfactual trend. Overall, the attacks added five years of growth in Muslim acceptance, with no regression to preattack levels over time. Continued growth among conservatives highlights the attack's failure to divide society. These results demonstrate the utility of combining methods for causal inference with national-scale panel data to answer psychological questions of basic human concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Bulbulia
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychology, Speech, Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Usman Afzali
- School of Psychology, Speech, Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- School of Psychology, Speech, Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Jarman HK, McLean SA, Paxton SJ, Sibley CG, Marques MD. Examination of the temporal sequence between social media use and well-being in a representative sample of adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1247-1258. [PMID: 36121488 PMCID: PMC10366027 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Given insufficient prospective evidence for relationships between social media use and well-being among adults, the present study examined the temporal sequence between social media use and psychological distress and life satisfaction, and explored age and gender differences. A representative sample of adults (N = 7331; 62.4% women; Mage = 51.94; SD = 13.48; 15-94 years) were surveyed annually across four waves. Cross-lagged panel models demonstrated bidirectional relationships between social media use and well-being. Higher psychological distress and lower life satisfaction predicted higher social media use more strongly than the reverse direction, with effects particularly pronounced for the impact of psychological distress. Although the patterns of findings were relatively consistent across age and gender, results suggested that women and middle- and older-aged adults experience detrimental effects of social media use on well-being, which may drive subsequent increased use of social media. The bidirectional relationships suggest that adults who experience psychological distress or lower life satisfaction may seek to use social media as a way to alleviate poor well-being. However, paradoxically, this maladaptive coping mechanism appears to drive increased social media use which in turn can exacerbate poor well-being. Clinicians should be aware of these bidirectional relationships and work with clients towards replacing ineffective strategies with more helpful coping approaches. As this study used a simplistic measure of social media use, future research should address this limitation and explore nuanced relationships afforded by assessing specific social media activities or exposure to certain types of content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Jarman
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Siân A McLean
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Marques
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Rawlings BS, Davis HE, Anum A, Burger O, Chen L, Morales JCC, Dutra N, Dzabatou A, Dzokoto V, Erut A, Fong FTK, Ghelardi S, Goldwater M, Ingram G, Messer E, Kingsford J, Lew-Levy S, Mendez K, Newhouse M, Nielsen M, Pamei G, Pope-Caldwell S, Ramos K, Rojas LEE, Dos Santos RAC, Silveira LGS, Watzek J, Wirth C, Legare CH. Quantifying quality: The impact of measures of school quality on children's academic achievement across diverse societies. Dev Sci 2023:e13434. [PMID: 37455378 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen a rapid acceleration in global participation in formal education, due to worldwide initiatives aimed to provide school access to all children. Research in high income countries has shown that school quality indicators have a significant, positive impact on numeracy and literacy-skills required to participate in the increasingly globalized economy. Schools vary enormously in kind, resources, and teacher training around the world, however, and the validity of using diverse school quality measures in populations with diverse educational profiles remains unclear. First, we assessed whether children's numeracy and literacy performance across populations improves with age, as evidence of general school-related learning effects. Next, we examined whether several school quality measures related to classroom experience and composition, and to educational resources, were correlated with one another. Finally, we examined whether they were associated with children's (4-12-year-olds, N = 889) numeracy and literacy performance in 10 culturally and geographically diverse populations which vary in historical engagement with formal schooling. Across populations, age was a strong positive predictor of academic achievement. Measures related to classroom experience and composition were correlated with one another, as were measures of access to educational resources and classroom experience and composition. The number of teachers per class and access to writing materials were key predictors of numeracy and literacy, while the number of students per classroom, often linked to academic achievement, was not. We discuss these results in the context of maximising children's learning environments and highlight study limitations to motivate future research. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We examined the extent to which four measures of school quality were associated with one another, and whether they predicted children's academic achievement in 10 culturally and geographically diverse societies. Across populations, measures related to classroom experience and composition were correlated with one another as were measures of access to educational resources to classroom experience and composition. Age, the number of teachers per class, and access to writing materials were key predictors of academic achievement across populations. Our data have implications for designing efficacious educational initiatives to improve school quality globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Rawlings
- Department of Psychology & Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Helen Elizabeth Davis
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & The Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Lydia Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Natalia Dutra
- Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano, Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ardain Dzabatou
- Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Vivian Dzokoto
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alejandro Erut
- Department of Psychology, Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Frankie T K Fong
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology &, Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabrina Ghelardi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Micah Goldwater
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gordon Ingram
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Emily Messer
- Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Sheina Lew-Levy
- Department of Psychology & Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Kimberley Mendez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Morgan Newhouse
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mark Nielsen
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gairan Pamei
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | | | - Karlos Ramos
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Watzek
- Departments of Psychology & Philosophy, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ciara Wirth
- Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristine H Legare
- Department of Psychology, Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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15
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Navidi P, Saeedpour S, Ershadmanesh S, Hossein MM, Bahrami B. Prosocial learning: Model-based or model-free? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287563. [PMID: 37352225 PMCID: PMC10289351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosocial learning involves the acquisition of knowledge and skills necessary for making decisions that benefit others. We asked if, in the context of value-based decision-making, there is any difference between learning strategies for oneself vs. for others. We implemented a 2-step reinforcement learning paradigm in which participants learned, in separate blocks, to make decisions for themselves or for a present other confederate who evaluated their performance. We replicated the canonical features of the model-based and model-free reinforcement learning in our results. The behaviour of the majority of participants was best explained by a mixture of the model-based and model-free control, while most participants relied more heavily on MB control, and this strategy enhanced their learning success. Regarding our key self-other hypothesis, we did not find any significant difference between the behavioural performances nor in the model-based parameters of learning when comparing self and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Navidi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Saeedpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ershadmanesh
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Bahador Bahrami
- Crowd Cognition Group, Department of General Psychology and Education, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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16
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Hagen EH, Blackwell AD, Lightner AD, Sullivan RJ. Homo medicus: The transition to meat eating increased pathogen pressure and the use of pharmacological plants in Homo. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 180:589-617. [PMID: 36815505 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The human lineage transitioned to a more carnivorous niche 2.6 mya and evolved a large body size and slower life history, which likely increased zoonotic pathogen pressure. Evidence for this increase includes increased zoonotic infections in modern hunter-gatherers and bushmeat hunters, exceptionally low stomach pH compared to other primates, and divergence in immune-related genes. These all point to change, and probably intensification, in the infectious disease environment of Homo compared to earlier hominins and other apes. At the same time, the brain, an organ in which immune responses are constrained, began to triple in size. We propose that the combination of increased zoonotic pathogen pressure and the challenges of defending a large brain and body from pathogens in a long-lived mammal, selected for intensification of the plant-based self-medication strategies already in place in apes and other primates. In support, there is evidence of medicinal plant use by hominins in the middle Paleolithic, and all cultures today have sophisticated, plant-based medical systems, add spices to food, and regularly consume psychoactive plant substances that are harmful to helminths and other pathogens. We propose that the computational challenges of discovering effective plant-based treatments, the consequent ability to consume more energy-rich animal foods, and the reduced reliance on energetically-costly immune responses helped select for increased cognitive abilities and unique exchange relationships in Homo. In the story of human evolution, which has long emphasized hunting skills, medical skills had an equal role to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Lightner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roger J Sullivan
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
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17
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Claessens S, Sibley CG, Chaudhuri A, Atkinson QD. Cooperative and conformist behavioural preferences predict the dual dimensions of political ideology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4886. [PMID: 36966181 PMCID: PMC10039865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research suggest that our political differences are best captured by two dimensions of political ideology. The dual evolutionary framework of political ideology predicts that these dimensions should be related to variation in social preferences for cooperation and group conformity. Here, we combine data from a New Zealand survey and a suite of incentivised behavioural tasks (n = 991) to test whether cooperative and conformist preferences covary with a pair of widely used measures of the two dimensions of political ideology-Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)-and related policy views. As predicted, we find that cooperative behaviour is negatively related to SDO and economically conservative policy views, while conformist behaviour in the form of social information use is positively related to RWA and socially conservative policy views. However, we did not find the predicted relationships between punitive and rule following behaviours and RWA or socially conservative views, raising questions about the interpretation of punishment and rule following tasks and the nature of authoritarian conformist preferences. These findings reveal how cooperative and conformist preferences that evolved to help us navigate social challenges in our ancestral past continue to track our political differences even today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Claessens
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ananish Chaudhuri
- Department of Economics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- CESifo, Munich, Germany
| | - Quentin D Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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18
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Peteet JR, Witvliet CVO, Glas G, Frush BW. Accountability as a virtue in medicine: from theory to practice. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2023; 18:1. [PMID: 36944942 PMCID: PMC10031910 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-023-00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Accountability is a norm basic to several aspects of medical practice. We explore here the benefits of a more explicit focus on the virtue of accountability, which as distinct from the state of being held accountable, entails both welcoming responsibility to others and welcoming input from others. Practicing accountably can limit moral distress caused by institutional pressures on the doctor patient relationship. Fostering a mindset that is welcoming rather than resistant to feedback is critical to enhancing a culture of learning. Analysis of failures of accountable practice offers opportunities for improving the delivery of clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Peteet
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Gerrit Glas
- Faculty of Humanities, Department of Philosophy, Vrije Universiteit, Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin W Frush
- Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Medical School, Nashville, USA
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19
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Iosifyan M, Sidoroff-Dorso A, Wolfe J. Cross-modal associations between paintings and sounds: Effects of embodiment. Perception 2022; 51:871-888. [PMID: 36217800 PMCID: PMC9720465 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221126452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated cross-modal associations between a series of paintings and sounds. We studied the effects of sound congruency (congruent vs. non-congruent sounds) and embodiment (embodied vs. synthetic sounds) on the evaluation of abstract and figurative paintings. Participants evaluated figurative and abstract paintings paired with congruent and non-congruent embodied and synthetic sounds. They also evaluated the perceived meaningfulness of the paintings, aesthetic value and immersive experience of the paintings. Embodied sounds (sounds associated with bodily sensations, bodily movements and touch) were more strongly associated with figurative paintings, while synthetic sounds (non-embodied sounds) were more strongly associated with abstract paintings. Sound congruency increased the perceived meaningfulness, immersive experience and aesthetic value of paintings. Sound embodiment increased immersive experience of paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith Wolfe
- University of St
Andrews, School of Divinity, UK
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20
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Howard C, Overall NC, Sibley CG. Do stressful life events impact long-term well-being? Annual change in well-being following different life events compared to matched controls. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1012120. [PMID: 36275253 PMCID: PMC9583262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Available longitudinal evidence suggests that personal growth following adversity may not be as prevalent as suggested in cross-sectional research. Firm conclusions regarding resiliency versus post-traumatic growth following adverse events are further tempered by the restricted range of outcomes assessed when examining resilience, the focus on specific adverse events or cumulative adversity scores that hinder comparisons between event types, and the relative scarcity of analyses including matched control groups. The current study addresses these gaps by leveraging longitudinal panel data comparing annual change in well-being from 2018 to 2019 for people who experienced a major life stressor relative to propensity score matched controls who did not experience such stressors over the same period. Moreover, independent comparisons are conducted across three distinct event categories: traumatic interpersonal events (N matched pairs = 1,030), job loss (N matched pairs = 1,361), and birth (N matched pairs = 1,225), and five self-reported well-being indicators: life satisfaction, felt belongingness, self-esteem, meaning in life, and gratitude. Results indicate that people's well-being (across all five indicators) remained consistent over the year in independent analyses of samples experiencing each of the three types of events, and did not differ from matched controls. These findings indicate high population levels of psychological resilience, in the sense that people did not decrease in annual well-being following various life events. These findings also fail to detect significant evidence for possible post-traumatic growth, insofar as such growth might relate to a broad range of different aspects of well-being.
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21
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DiGregorio BD, Corcoran KE, Scheitle CP. 'God will protect us': Belief in God/Higher Power's ability to intervene and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Rev Relig Res 2022; 64:475-495. [PMID: 35702507 PMCID: PMC9183751 DOI: 10.1007/s13644-022-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines represent one of the best ways to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy among the population limits the effectiveness of vaccines. Recent research has explored the role of religion in vaccine hesitancy, but in doing so has encountered a "black box" problem. There is a relationship between religion and vaccine hesitancy, but the explanation for why remains unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between religion and vaccine hesitancy. We propose that how an individual conceptualizes God/a higher power is associated with getting vaccinated for COVID-19. METHODS We use data from a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults, collected using the Amerispeak® probability-based panel via the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago. We examine the association between individuals' views of God/a higher power as both a supervisory and an intervening figure on vaccine uptake and likelihood of getting vaccinated through logistic regressions. RESULTS We find that belief in God's/a higher power's supervision is not significantly associated with the odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake or vaccination intent. However, belief in God's/a higher power's ability to intervene in the world is significantly and negatively associated with the odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and the odds of having received or planning to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, in models where belief in the ability of God/a higher power to intervene are included, Christian nationalism ceases to have a statistically significant association with intent to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that how individuals conceptualize God/a higher power is associated with their willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Given this, those who see God/a higher power as more involved in the world may contribute to delays in achieving herd immunity. This information benefits those working on vaccination campaigns in understanding the beliefs of some of those who are most hesitant to get vaccinated. In addition, this intervention mechanism could also mediate other negative relationships between religion and other science and health-related concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D. DiGregorio
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, West Virginia University, PO Box 6326, 26506-6326 Morgantown, WV United States
| | - Katie E. Corcoran
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, West Virginia University, PO Box 6326, 26506-6326 Morgantown, WV United States
| | - Christopher P. Scheitle
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, West Virginia University, PO Box 6326, 26506-6326 Morgantown, WV United States
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22
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Watts J, Hamerslag EM, Sprules C, Shaver JH, Dunbar RIM. Food storage facilitates professional religious specialization in hunter-gatherer societies. Evol Hum Sci 2022; 4:e17. [PMID: 37588917 PMCID: PMC10426101 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional religious specialists centralised religious authority in early human societies and represented some of the earliest instances of formalised social leadership. These individuals played a central role in the emergence of organised religion and transitions to more stratified human societies. Evolutionary theories highlight a range of environmental, economic and social factors that are potentially causally related to the emergence of professional religious specialists in human history. There remains little consensus over the relative importance of these factors and whether professional religious specialists were the outcome or driver of increased socio-cultural complexity. We built a global dataset of hunter-gatherer societies and developed a novel method of exploratory phylogenetic path analysis. This enabled us to systematically identify the factors associated with the emergence of professional religious specialists and infer the directionality of causal dependencies. We find that environmental predictability, environmental richness, pathogen load, social leadership and food storage systems are all correlated with professional religious specialists. However, only food storage is directly related to the emergence of professional religious specialists. Our findings are most consistent with the claim that the early stages of organised religion were the outcome rather than driver of increased socio-economic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Watts
- Religion Programme, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Center for Research on Evolution, Belief and Behaviour, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3UD, UK
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Elise M. Hamerslag
- Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3UD, UK
| | - Cassie Sprules
- Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3UD, UK
| | - John H. Shaver
- Religion Programme, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Center for Research on Evolution, Belief and Behaviour, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Robin I. M. Dunbar
- Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3UD, UK
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23
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Howard C, Overall NC, Sibley CG. Monthly Trends in the Life Events Reported in the Prior Year and First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New Zealand. Front Psychol 2022; 13:829643. [PMID: 35360645 PMCID: PMC8963340 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.829643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examines changes in the economic, social, and well-being life events that women and men reported during the first 7 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses compared monthly averages in cross-sectional national probability data from two annual waves of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study collected between October 2018–September 2019 (N = 17,924), and October 2019–September 2020 (N = 41,653), which included the first 7 months of the pandemic (Mar–Sep 2020). Results indicated that people (particularly women) reported increased job loss in the months following an initial COVID-19 lockdown relative to the same months the year earlier. Women also experienced an increase in family troubles when restrictions eased and reported increased negative lifestyle changes that persisted throughout the first 7 months of the pandemic. The proportion of people experiencing many other life events (e.g., mental health, financial concerns) in New Zealand did not differ reliably from the pre-pandemic monthly baseline. These results highlight resilience to many potential negative life events within the first 7 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the pandemic did not affect everyone equally, and the burden of increased negative events appears more heavily borne by women. As the pandemic continues more than 18 months from initial community transmission of COVID-19, our findings provide important insight into the impact of the pandemic on potential negative life events, especially among women, that may have critical consequences for mental health, gender equality, and social well-being over time.
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24
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Wilkins CL, Wellman JD, Toosi NR, Miller CA, Lisnek JA, Martin LA. Is LGBT progress seen as an attack on Christians?: Examining Christian/sexual orientation zero-sum beliefs. J Pers Soc Psychol 2022; 122:73-101. [PMID: 34197175 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As social policies have changed to grant more rights to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, some Christians in the United States have suggested that LGBT rights impede Christians' religious freedom. Across five studies, we examined the causes and consequences of zero-sum beliefs (ZSBs) about Christians and LGBT individuals. We demonstrate that Christians' beliefs about conflict with sexual minorities are shaped by their understandings of Christian values, social change, interpretation of the Bible, and in response to religious institutions. In Study 1, heterosexual cisgender Christians endorsed ZSBs more than other groups. Christians reported perceiving that anti-LGBT bias has decreased over time while anti-Christian bias has correspondingly increased. In Study 2, Christians' zero-sum beliefs increased after they reflected on religious values, suggesting that intergroup conflict is seen as being a function of Christian beliefs. Study 3 confirmed the role of symbolic threat in driving ZSBs; perceived conflict was accentuated when Christians read about a changing cultural climate in which Christians' influence is waning. An intervention using Biblical scripture to encourage acceptance successfully lowered zero-sum beliefs for mainline but not fundamentalist Christians (Study 4). A final field study examined how ZSBs predict sexual prejudice in response to changing group norms. After a special conference in which the United Methodist Church voted to restrict LGBT people from marriage and serving as clergy, zero-sum beliefs became a stronger predictor of sexual prejudice (Study 5). We discuss the implications of Christian/LGBT ZSBs for religious freedom legislation, attitudes toward sexual minorities, and intergroup conflict more generally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Wilkins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Negin R Toosi
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay
| | - Chad A Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jaclyn A Lisnek
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Lerone A Martin
- John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics, Washington University in St. Louis
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25
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Deak CK, Hammond MD, Sibley CG, Bulbulia J. Individuals' number of children is associated with benevolent sexism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252194. [PMID: 34043695 PMCID: PMC8158974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Is having children related to benevolent sexism? Two theoretical accounts-benevolent sexism as role justification and benevolent sexism as a mating strategy-suggest the possibility of a positive and bidirectional association. Gender disparities in childrearing could prompt inequality-justifying endorsement of benevolent sexism and/or endorsing benevolent sexism could promote traditional gender roles that facilitate having more children. We assessed the bidirectional associations between individuals' number of children and their endorsement of benevolent sexism over a two-year period in a large national panel sample of New Zealanders (N = 6,017). Zero-inflated structural equation modeling indicated that having a greater number of children was associated with stronger endorsement of benevolent sexism two years later, but no evidence emerged for the reverse direction. This study illustrated ways to tentatively test predictions of theoretical accounts on sexism and identified new, though small, evidence for the role justification perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris K. Deak
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Hammond
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris G. Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bulbulia
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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26
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Turner-Zwinkels FM, Johnson BB, Sibley CG, Brandt MJ. Conservatives' Moral Foundations Are More Densely Connected Than Liberals' Moral Foundations. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2021; 47:167-184. [PMID: 32452297 PMCID: PMC8164548 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220916070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We use network psychometrics to map a subsection of moral belief systems predicted by moral foundations theory (MFT). This approach conceptualizes moral systems as networks, with moral beliefs represented as nodes connected by direct relations. As such, it advances a novel test of MFT's claim that liberals and conservatives have different systems of foundational moral values, which we test in three large datasets (NSample1 = 854; NSample2 = 679; NSample3 = 2,572), from two countries (the United States and New Zealand). Results supported our first hypothesis that liberals' moral systems show more segregation between individualizing and binding foundations than conservatives. Results showed only weak support for our second hypothesis, that this pattern would be more typical of higher educated than less educated liberals/conservatives. Findings support a systems approach to MFT and show the value of modeling moral belief systems as networks.
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Charles SJ, van Mulukom V, Brown JE, Watts F, Dunbar RIM, Farias M. United on Sunday: The effects of secular rituals on social bonding and affect. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0242546. [PMID: 33503054 PMCID: PMC7840012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Religious rituals are associated with health benefits, potentially produced via social bonding. It is unknown whether secular rituals similarly increase social bonding. We conducted a field study with individuals who celebrate secular rituals at Sunday Assemblies and compared them with participants attending Christian rituals. We assessed levels of social bonding and affect before and after the rituals. Results showed the increase in social bonding taking place in secular rituals is comparable to religious rituals. We also found that both sets of rituals increased positive affect and decreased negative affect, and that the change in positive affect predicted the change in social bonding observed. Together these results suggest that secular rituals might play a similar role to religious ones in fostering feelings of social connection and boosting positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Charles
- Brain, Belief, and Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie van Mulukom
- Brain, Belief, and Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Brown
- Brain, Belief, and Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Watts
- International Society for Science and Religion, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin I. M. Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Farias
- Brain, Belief, and Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Bakker M, Veldkamp CLS, van Assen MALM, Crompvoets EAV, Ong HH, Nosek BA, Soderberg CK, Mellor D, Wicherts JM. Ensuring the quality and specificity of preregistrations. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000937. [PMID: 33296358 PMCID: PMC7725296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers face many, often seemingly arbitrary, choices in formulating hypotheses, designing protocols, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting results. Opportunistic use of "researcher degrees of freedom" aimed at obtaining statistical significance increases the likelihood of obtaining and publishing false-positive results and overestimated effect sizes. Preregistration is a mechanism for reducing such degrees of freedom by specifying designs and analysis plans before observing the research outcomes. The effectiveness of preregistration may depend, in part, on whether the process facilitates sufficiently specific articulation of such plans. In this preregistered study, we compared 2 formats of preregistration available on the OSF: Standard Pre-Data Collection Registration and Prereg Challenge Registration (now called "OSF Preregistration," http://osf.io/prereg/). The Prereg Challenge format was a "structured" workflow with detailed instructions and an independent review to confirm completeness; the "Standard" format was "unstructured" with minimal direct guidance to give researchers flexibility for what to prespecify. Results of comparing random samples of 53 preregistrations from each format indicate that the "structured" format restricted the opportunistic use of researcher degrees of freedom better (Cliff's Delta = 0.49) than the "unstructured" format, but neither eliminated all researcher degrees of freedom. We also observed very low concordance among coders about the number of hypotheses (14%), indicating that they are often not clearly stated. We conclude that effective preregistration is challenging, and registration formats that provide effective guidance may improve the quality of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bakker
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel A. L. M. van Assen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elise A. V. Crompvoets
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Cito Institute for Educational Measurement, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - How Hwee Ong
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - David Mellor
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jelte M. Wicherts
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Sibley CG, Greaves LM, Satherley N, Wilson MS, Overall NC, Lee CHJ, Milojev P, Bulbulia J, Osborne D, Milfont TL, Houkamau CA, Duck IM, Vickers-Jones R, Barlow FK. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 75:618-630. [PMID: 32496074 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The contagiousness and deadliness of COVID-19 have necessitated drastic social management to halt transmission. The immediate effects of a nationwide lockdown were investigated by comparing matched samples of New Zealanders assessed before (Nprelockdown = 1,003) and during the first 18 days of lockdown (Nlockdown = 1,003). Two categories of outcomes were examined: (a) institutional trust and attitudes toward the nation and government and (b) health and well-being. Applying propensity score matching to approximate the conditions of a randomized controlled experiment, the study found that people in the pandemic/lockdown group reported higher trust in science, politicians, and police, higher levels of patriotism, and higher rates of mental distress compared to people in the prelockdown prepandemic group. Results were confirmed in within-subjects analyses. The study highlights social connectedness, resilience, and vulnerability in the face of adversity and has applied implications for how countries face this global challenge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc S Wilson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla A Houkamau
- Department of Management and International Business, University of Auckland
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Stanley SK, Milfont TL, Wilson MS, Sibley CG. The influence of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism on environmentalism: A five-year cross-lagged analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219067. [PMID: 31291300 PMCID: PMC6619689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) are ideological attitudes that predict lower concern for the environment and less willingness to act on climate change. Research generally shows that SDO and RWA exhibit moderate, negative relationships with environmentalism. We examine the longitudinal influence of SDO and RWA on people's willingness to change their behaviour to benefit the environment in a national probability sample over five years. We show that both ideological attitudes relate to lower environmentalism across time and that the SDO effect was stronger than the RWA effect, yet the association from environmentalism to later endorsement of SDO is stronger than the reverse. Interestingly, these findings suggest that the more likely temporal association flows from environmentalism to SDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Stanley
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Taciano L. Milfont
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marc S. Wilson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris G. Sibley
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Osborne D, Sengupta NK, Sibley CG. System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future. Br J Soc Psychol 2018; 58:340-361. [PMID: 30525206 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since first being proposed 25 years ago, system justification theory has become a paradigm-shifting framework for understanding intergroup relations and political psychology. Based on the thesis that people are motivated to defend and bolster the societal status quo, system justification theory helps to explain varied phenomena, including resistance to change, outgroup favouritism, and other instances of false consciousness. This paper summarizes four tenets of the theory including the following: (1) antecedents to system justification, (2) palliative effects of system justification, (3) status-based asymmetries in conflict between justification motives, and (4) societal consequences of system justification. Throughout our review, we highlight how system justification theory helps to explain why disadvantaged groups might sometimes support the status quo, emphasizing research conducted outside the United States when possible. We conclude by calling on future research to (1) further utilize nationally representative and multi-level data, (2) investigate the relational motives behind system justification, (3) address social change from a system justification perspective, and (4) extend system justification theory's focus beyond WEIRD societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Kulkarni V, Kern ML, Stillwell D, Kosinski M, Matz S, Ungar L, Skiena S, Schwartz HA. Latent human traits in the language of social media: An open-vocabulary approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201703. [PMID: 30485276 PMCID: PMC6261386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, personality theory and research has successfully identified core sets of characteristics that consistently describe and explain fundamental differences in the way people think, feel and behave. Such characteristics were derived through theory, dictionary analyses, and survey research using explicit self-reports. The availability of social media data spanning millions of users now makes it possible to automatically derive characteristics from behavioral data—language use—at large scale. Taking advantage of linguistic information available through Facebook, we study the process of inferring a new set of potential human traits based on unprompted language use. We subject these new traits to a comprehensive set of evaluations and compare them with a popular five factor model of personality. We find that our language-based trait construct is often more generalizable in that it often predicts non-questionnaire-based outcomes better than questionnaire-based traits (e.g. entities someone likes, income and intelligence quotient), while the factors remain nearly as stable as traditional factors. Our approach suggests a value in new constructs of personality derived from everyday human language use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kulkarni
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret L. Kern
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Stillwell
- Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Kosinski
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Sandra Matz
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
| | - Lyle Ungar
- Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven Skiena
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - H. Andrew Schwartz
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee CHJ, Norris P, Duck IM, Sibley CG. Demographic and Psychological Factors Associated with Feelings of Antibiotic Entitlement in New Zealand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E82. [PMID: 30189653 PMCID: PMC6165134 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients' expectations of being prescribed antibiotics can have an important influence on inappropriate prescribing. Therefore, it is important to understand the drivers of patients' antibiotic expectations. The 2015/16 New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study measured sense of entitlement to antibiotics in a nationally representative sample of New Zealanders (n = 13,484). Participants were asked to rate their agreement with the statement "If I go to my doctor/GP with a minor illness (e.g., sore throat, cough, runny nose, etc.), I think that I should be prescribed antibiotics by default." Eighty percent of participants showed low feelings of antibiotic entitlement, while 18.5% exhibited moderate and 3.7% high feelings of entitlement. People of ethnic minority, lower socio-economic status, and with diabetes expressed higher expectations of being prescribed antibiotics. This may be partially based on a higher risk of rheumatic fever or other complications. Men, religious people, those with lower educational attainment and self-rated health, but greater psychological distress and feelings of control over their health exhibited higher feelings of antibiotic entitlement. Those high on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Narcissism, but low on Agreeableness and Openness, also showed greater feelings of entitlement. Our findings help identify key characteristics of those more likely to express inappropriate expectations of antibiotic prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H J Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Pauline Norris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | | | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Bezuidenhout L, Warne NA. Should We All be Scientists? Re-thinking Laboratory Research as a Calling. Sci Eng Ethics 2018; 24:1161-1179. [PMID: 28726028 PMCID: PMC6097068 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there have been major shifts in how the role of science-and scientists-are understood. The critical examination of scientific expertise within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) are increasingly eroding notions of the "otherness" of scientists. It would seem to suggest that anyone can be a scientist-when provided with the appropriate training and access to data. In contrast, however, ethnographic evidence from the scientific community tells a different story. Scientists are quick to recognize that not everyone can-or should-be a scientist. Appealing to notions such as "good hands" or "gut feelings", scientists narrate a distinction between good and bad scientists that cannot be reduced to education, access, or opportunity. The key to good science requires scientists to express an intuitive feeling for their discipline, but also that individuals derive considerable personal satisfaction from their work. Discussing this personal joy in-and "fittingness" of-scientific occupations using the fields of STS, ethics and science policy is highly problematic. In this paper we turn to theology discourse to analyze the notion of "callings" as a means of understanding this issue. Callings highlight the identification and examination of individual talents to determine fit occupations for specific persons. Framing science as a calling represents a novel view of research that places the talents and dispositions of individuals and their relationship to the community at the center of flourishing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bezuidenhout
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK.
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nathaniel A Warne
- Center for Theology, Science and Human Flourishing, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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