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Abou-Ismail R, Gronfeldt B, Konur T, Cichocka A, Phillips J, Sengupta NK. Double trouble: How sectarian and national narcissism relate differently to collective violence beliefs in Lebanon. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:669-678. [PMID: 37531468 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Collective narcissism is a belief in ingroup greatness which is contingent on external validation. A lack of research on collective narcissism amongst non-Western contexts and minority groups remains a challenge for the field. However, here we test two types of collective narcissism (sectarian and national) as differential predictors of two dimensions of collective violence beliefs (against outgroup members and leaders) in a large, diverse, community sample from Lebanon (N = 778). We found that sectarian narcissism (narcissism related to smaller political and religious ingroup identity) predicted support for collective violence against members of different sects, while national narcissism predicted opposition to such collective violence. Neither form of collective narcissism had any significant relationship with collective violence against outgroup leaders. We controlled for both sectarian and national identification and found no significant effects in predicting either one of the two dimensions of collective violence beliefs. In this non-Western context, in which a coherent national identity is undermined by sectarianism, national narcissism seems to be a progressive motivator for unity and social change, while sectarian narcissism is rather associated with extreme attitudes, such as support for collective violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Abou-Ismail
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | - Tamino Konur
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph Phillips
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nikhil K Sengupta
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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2
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Sengupta NK, Reimer NK, Sibley CG, Barlow FK. Does intergroup contact foster solidarity with the disadvantaged? A longitudinal analysis across 7 years. Am Psychol 2023; 78:750-760. [PMID: 36649158 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Contact theory is a well-established paradigm for improving intergroup relations-positive contact between groups promotes social harmony by increasing intergroup warmth. A longstanding critique of this paradigm is that contact does not necessarily promote social equality. Recent research has blunted this critique by showing that contact correlates positively with political solidarity expressed by dominant groups toward subordinate groups, thus furthering the goal of equality. However, this research precludes causal inferences because it conflates within-person change (people with higher contact subsequently expressing higher solidarity) and between-person stability (people with chronically high contact simultaneously expressing chronically high solidarity, and vice versa). We addressed this problem in a highly powered, seven-wave study using two different measures of contact and three different measures of political solidarity (N = 22,646). Results showed no within-person change over a 1-year period (inconsistent with a causal effect), but significant between-person stability (consistent with third-variable explanations). This reinforces doubts about contact as a strategy for promoting equality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils K Reimer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
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Bahamondes J, Sengupta NK, Sibley CG, Osborne D. Examining the relational underpinnings and consequences of system-justifying beliefs: Explaining the palliative effects of system justification. Br J Soc Psychol 2021; 60:1027-1050. [PMID: 33452841 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People often perceive social systems as fair and legitimate in order to satisfy existential, epistemic, and relational needs. Although much work has examined the existential and epistemic roots to system justification, the relational motives underlying the tendency to justify the system have received comparatively less attention. We addressed this oversight by examining the associations approach and avoidance relational goals have with system justification in a national probability sample (N = 21,938). Consistent with the thesis that the need to belong motivates system justification, avoidance goals (i.e., the desire to avoid social conflict) correlated positively with system justification (approach goals also unexpectedly correlated positively with system justification). Also as hypothesized, system justification mediated the relationship between avoidance goals and belongingness. Moreover, system justification mediated the relationship between avoidance goals and belongingness. Finally, sequential mediation analyses revealed that avoidance goals predicted higher well-being via system justification and belongingness. This study is the first to demonstrate that system justification confers palliative benefits by satisfying two different relational goals.
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Osborne D, Sengupta NK, Sibley CG. System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future. Br J Soc Psychol 2018; 58:340-361. [PMID: 30525206 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since first being proposed 25 years ago, system justification theory has become a paradigm-shifting framework for understanding intergroup relations and political psychology. Based on the thesis that people are motivated to defend and bolster the societal status quo, system justification theory helps to explain varied phenomena, including resistance to change, outgroup favouritism, and other instances of false consciousness. This paper summarizes four tenets of the theory including the following: (1) antecedents to system justification, (2) palliative effects of system justification, (3) status-based asymmetries in conflict between justification motives, and (4) societal consequences of system justification. Throughout our review, we highlight how system justification theory helps to explain why disadvantaged groups might sometimes support the status quo, emphasizing research conducted outside the United States when possible. We conclude by calling on future research to (1) further utilize nationally representative and multi-level data, (2) investigate the relational motives behind system justification, (3) address social change from a system justification perspective, and (4) extend system justification theory's focus beyond WEIRD societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Greaves LM, Sengupta NK, Townrow CS, Osborne D, Houkamau CA, Sibley CG. Māori, a Politicized Identity: Indigenous Identity, Voter Turnout, Protest, and Political Party Support in Aotearoa New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/ipp0000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Political struggles are important to the identities of many indigenous peoples. This article examines identity as a predictor of crucial political outcomes—voter turnout, support for protest, and political party support—for Māori, the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa (New Zealand). We analyzed data from a national probability sample of Māori ( N = 663) that included a scale of subjective identification with various aspects of Māori identity: the Multidimensional Model of Māori Identity and Cultural Engagement. Use of the scale allowed us to examine the facets of ethnic identity that predict political mobilization for indigenous peoples. As expected, the identity domain relating to political struggle, Socio-Political Consciousness, was positively associated with support for left-wing parties and Māori rights protest but negatively associated with support for the right-wing party. However, Socio-Political Consciousness did not relate to voter turnout. These results demonstrate the importance of ethnic identity as a key predictor of political behaviors for indigenous peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Greaves
- School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, Auckland University of Technology, and Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, University of Auckland
| | | | | | | | - Carla A. Houkamau
- School of Management and International Business, University of Auckland
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Greaves LM, Barlow FK, Lee CHJ, Matika CM, Wang W, Lindsay CJ, Case CJB, Sengupta NK, Huang Y, Cowie LJ, Stronge S, Storey M, De Souza L, Manuela S, Hammond MD, Milojev P, Townrow CS, Muriwai E, Satherley N, Fraser G, West-Newman T, Houkamau C, Bulbulia J, Osborne D, Wilson MS, Sibley CG. Corrigendum to: The Diversity and Prevalence of Sexual Orientation Self-Labels in a New Zealand National Sample (Greaves et al., 2017). Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46:2209-2210. [PMID: 28900760 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Greaves
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Carol H J Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Correna M Matika
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Weiyu Wang
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cinnamon-Jo Lindsay
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Claudia J B Case
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nikhil K Sengupta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanshu Huang
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lucy J Cowie
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Stronge
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mary Storey
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Lucy De Souza
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Sam Manuela
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Hammond
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Petar Milojev
- Psychology, Marbella International University Centre, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carly S Townrow
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emerald Muriwai
- Whāriki/SHORE Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Satherley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gloria Fraser
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Carla Houkamau
- Department of Management and International Business, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bulbulia
- School of Art History, Classics, and Religious Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marc S Wilson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Greaves LM, Barlow FK, Lee CHJ, Matika CM, Wang W, Lindsay CJ, Case CJB, Sengupta NK, Huang Y, Cowie LJ, Stronge S, Storey M, De Souza L, Manuela S, Hammond MD, Milojev P, Townrow CS, Muriwai E, Satherley N, Fraser G, West-Newman T, Houkamau C, Bulbulia J, Osborne D, Wilson MS, Sibley CG. The Diversity and Prevalence of Sexual Orientation Self-Labels in a New Zealand National Sample. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46:1325-1336. [PMID: 27686089 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we asked participants to "describe their sexual orientation" in an open-ended measure of self-generated sexual orientation. The question was included as part of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 18,261) 2013/2014 wave, a national probability survey conducted shortly after the first legal same-sex marriages in New Zealand. We present a two-level classification scheme to address questions about the prevalence of, and demographic differences between, sexual orientations. At the most detailed level of the coding scheme, 49 unique categories were generated by participant responses. Of those who responded with the following, significantly more were women: bisexual (2.1 % of women, compared to 1.5 % of men), bicurious (0.7 % of women, 0.4 % of men), and asexual (0.4 % of women and less than 0.1 % of men). However, significantly fewer women than men reported being lesbian or gay (1.8 % of women, compared to 3.5 % of men). Those openly identifying as bicurious, bisexual, or lesbian/gay were significantly younger than those with a heterosexual orientation. This study shows diversity in the terms used in self-generated sexual orientations, and provides up-to-date gender, age, and prevalence estimates for the New Zealand population. Finally, results reveal that a substantial minority of participants may not have understood the question about sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Greaves
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carol H J Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Correna M Matika
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Weiyu Wang
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cinnamon-Jo Lindsay
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Claudia J B Case
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nikhil K Sengupta
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yanshu Huang
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lucy J Cowie
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Stronge
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mary Storey
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Lucy De Souza
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Sam Manuela
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Hammond
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Petar Milojev
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carly S Townrow
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emerald Muriwai
- Te Rōpū Whāriki, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Satherley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gloria Fraser
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim West-Newman
- Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla Houkamau
- Department of Management and International Business, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bulbulia
- School of Art History, Classics, and Religious Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marc S Wilson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Sengupta NK, Greaves LM, Osborne D, Sibley CG. The sigh of the oppressed: The palliative effects of ideology are stronger for people living in highly unequal neighbourhoods. Br J Soc Psychol 2017; 56:437-454. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Stronge S, Sengupta NK, Barlow FK, Osborne D, Houkamau CA, Sibley CG. Perceived discrimination predicts increased support for political rights and life satisfaction mediated by ethnic identity: A longitudinal analysis. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2016; 22:359-368. [PMID: 26460667 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current research is to test predictions derived from the rejection-identification model and research on collective action using cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal (Study 2) methods. Specifically, an integration of these 2 literatures suggests that recognition of discrimination can have simultaneous positive relationships with well-being and engagement in collective action via the formation of a strong ingroup identity. METHOD We test these predictions in 2 studies using data from a large national probability sample of Māori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand), collected as part of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (Ns for Study 1 and 2 were 1,981 and 1,373, respectively). RESULTS Consistent with the extant research, Study 1 showed that perceived discrimination was directly linked with decreased life satisfaction, but indirectly linked with increased life satisfaction through higher levels of ethnic identification. Perceived discrimination was also directly linked with increased support for Māori rights and indirectly linked with increased support for Māori rights through higher levels of ethnic identification. Study 2 replicated these findings using longitudinal data and identified multiple bidirectional paths between perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, well-being, and support for collective action. CONCLUSION These findings replicate and extend the rejection-identification model in a novel cultural context by demonstrating via cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal (Study 2) analyses that the recognition of discrimination can both motivate support for political rights and increase well-being by strengthening ingroup identity. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carla A Houkamau
- Department of Management and International Business, University of Auckland
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Sengupta NK, Milojev P, Barlow FK, Sibley CG. Ingroup friendship and political mobilization among the disadvantaged. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2015; 21:358-368. [PMID: 25313430 DOI: 10.1037/a0038007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of ingroup contact in a large, national sample of Māori (a disadvantaged ethnic group; N = 940) on political attitudes relevant to decreasing ethnic inequality in New Zealand. We tested the role of 2 mediating mechanisms-ethnic identification and system justification-to explain the effects of ingroup contact on the dependent variables. Time spent with ingroup friends predicted increased support for the Māori Party and support for symbolic and resource-specific reparative policies benefiting Māori. These effects were partially mediated by increased ethnic identification. Although ingroup contact also reduced levels of system justification among Māori, its effects on policy attitudes and party preference were not mediated by system justification. This suggests that a key antecedent to system challenging political attitudes is an increased sense of identification with a disadvantaged group resulting, in part, from interactions with ingroup friends.
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Sengupta NK, Osborne D, Sibley CG. The status-legitimacy hypothesis revisited: Ethnic-group differences in general and dimension-specific legitimacy. Br J Soc Psychol 2014; 54:324-40. [PMID: 25156504 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The status-legitimacy hypothesis, which predicts that low-status groups will legitimize inequality more than high-status groups, has received inconsistent empirical support. To resolve this inconsistency, we hypothesized that low-status groups would display enhanced legitimation only when evaluating the fairness of the specific hierarchy responsible for their disadvantage. In a New Zealand-based probability sample (N = 6,162), we found that low-status ethnic groups (Asians and Pacific Islanders) perceived ethnic-group relations to be fairer than the high-status group (Europeans). However, these groups did not justify the overall political system more than the high-status group. In fact, Māori showed the least support for the political system. These findings clarify when the controversial status-legitimacy effects predicted by System Justification Theory will - and will not - emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Chakrabarti CS, Roy M, Sengupta NK, Lalthantluanga R, Majumder PP. Genetic relationships among some tribal groups inhabiting the north-eastern, eastern and sub-Himalayan regions of India. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66:361-8. [PMID: 12516613 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2002.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The origins and genomic affinities of various tribal populations of India are of considerable contemporary interest. In this study, we have investigated relationships among five tribal groups inhabiting the north-eastern, eastern and sub-Himalayan regions of India. DNA samples have been analysed in respect of 25 polymorphic loci, based on which genetic affinities have been estimated. The interesting findings of this study are (i) the Tibeto-Burman speaking, morphologically Mongoloid, tribal groups of India are not genetically very homogeneous, and (ii) the Tharu, a group inhabiting the sub-Himalayan region, may indeed have undergone considerable admixture as has been postulated by some anthropologists.
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Sen PC, Sengupta NK, Sengupta A, Sengupta A. Poliomyelitis. Indian Med J 1965; 59:190-2. [PMID: 5829851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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