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Hanft-Robert S, Mösko M. Community interpreting in Germany: results of a nationwide cross-sectional study among interpreters. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1570. [PMID: 38862965 PMCID: PMC11165753 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community interpreters (CIPs) play a crucial role in various community services, including healthcare, when service providers and users do not share a common language. However, there is a lack of evidence-based data on this population globally. This explorative cross-sectional study aims to gain a better understanding of CIPs and their work in Germany. METHODS A nationwide online survey was conducted among CIPs in Germany to collect data on their qualification background, working conditions, mental health, interpreting-related psychosocial distress and sociodemographics. Participants were recruited through interpreting pools, training institutions and migrant organizations. Data were analyzed descriptively, dependent t-test, multiple logistic and hierarchical stepwise regression analyses were performed to predict participation in interpreting-specific training, interpreting competence and interpreting-related psychosocial distress. RESULTS Across all 16 federal states, N = 873 responses were used for analysis. Most participants are female (74%), born abroad (77%) and have a high level of education (69%). The vast majority interpret occasionally in their leisure time (44%) and are self-employed/freelance (51%). 34% interpret solely or additional on a voluntary basis (unpaid). The median hours of interpreting per month are 10 h, 75% do not exceed 30 h. On average interpreters work in four different settings. 69% attended any kind of interpreting training with a median of 25 h in total. Interpreting in more settings emerged as an associated factor with participation in training. Of those who have never attended any training, 69% consider themselves as rather/very competent in interpreting. Interpreting more frequently, having less severe anxiety symptoms, getting higher and more often paid and being less satisfied with the payment is associated with self-reported interpreting competence. In total, 36% reported moderate or severe psychosocial distress regarding interpreting. Higher general psychosocial distress and depressive symptoms, higher interpreting frequency and lower payment satisfaction were found to be associated with higher distress regarding interpreting. Additionally, factors such as precarious work conditions, lack of recognition and discrimination (e.g. racism and sexism) were reported as distressing. CONCLUSION This study provides a first comprehensive evidence-based national database on CIPs in Germany. The findings can be valuable for the development of qualifications, guidelines, policies and the process of professionalizing the field of CIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Hanft-Robert
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, 0049 40, 7410 56684, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Mösko
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, 0049 40, 7410 56684, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Stendal, Germany
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Ruberl A, Geiling A, Böttche M, Knaevelsrud C, Stammel N. [Risk Factors for Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Interpreters with Personal Trauma Experience]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2024; 74:232-238. [PMID: 38865999 DOI: 10.1055/a-2311-4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpreters play a crucial role in the care of refugees. However, little attention has been paid to the mental health of interpreters. Despite increased levels of secondary traumatic stress (STS) and increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among interpreters in the refugee context, there has been little research on risk factors for STS and PTSD in this population. The aim of this study was to investigate potential risk factors for STS and PTSD symptom severity. METHODS A Germany-wide online survey was conducted among interpreters for refugees in 2019. Only those who stated that they had experienced at least one traumatic event were included in the study. The final sample comprises N=83 interpreters. The examination of the potential risk factors (primary traumatic events, traumatic content, and personal refugee background) as well as the interaction between primary traumatic events and traumatic content was carried out using moderated multiple regression. RESULTS There was exclusively found a positive association between the number of primary traumatic events for both STS (p=0.003) and PTSD symptom severity (p=0.042). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION In the present study, the number of primary traumatic events experienced was identified as a potential risk factor for STS and PTSD. The institutionalization of preventive measures such as regular supervision, follow-up talks, and interpreter-specific training could make an important contribution to protecting the mental health of interpreters. Further research is needed to gain a better understanding of risk factors for STS and PTSD in interpreters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ruberl
- Klinische Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie und -psychotherapie, Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin
| | - Angelika Geiling
- Wissenschaftliche Abteilung, Zentrum ÜBERLEBEN gGmbH, Berlin
- Klinisch-Psychologische Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin
| | - Maria Böttche
- Klinisch-Psychologische Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Klinisch-Psychologische Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin
| | - Nadine Stammel
- Klinisch-Psychologische Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin
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Bamford J, Abraham S, Alachkar M, Akinola A. Falling on deaf ears: interpreters as cultural brokers in mental healthcare. BJPsych Bull 2024; 48:73-77. [PMID: 38178800 PMCID: PMC10985732 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Communication is the cornerstone of mental healthcare. In the UK, many people who will need access to mental health services do not possess English as their first language. In this editorial, we seek to examine current policy and guidance with respect to interpreting in mental healthcare, and explore the benefits and challenges of interpretation and the ethical implications to consider. We focus on how mental health services could better engage with interpreters as cultural brokers to understand cultural expressions of distress. We conclude by suggesting an education and research agenda which could decrease ethnic disparities in mental healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adeola Akinola
- University of Manchester, UK
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Müller LRF, Herold ML, Unterhitzenberger J, Rosner R. Development and evaluation of a training program for interpreters in the field of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1148690. [PMID: 37637919 PMCID: PMC10450153 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1148690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of traumatized refugee minors is often challenging because of language barriers. International guidelines, therefore, recommend the use of language mediators. However, there is a scarcity of evaluated training programs that prepare language mediators to translate during psychotherapy developed specifically for this patient group, for instance trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Methods Based on an extensive literature review and in collaboration with an expert focus group, a one-day TF-CBT-specific online training program was developed for language mediators willing to work with minor refugees, and delivered on nine occasions between November 2020 and June 2021. The participants answered pre- and post-training questions about trauma- and TF-CBT-related knowledge and attitudes relevant to therapy, as well as the perceived usefulness of the training. Bayesian estimation was used to determine pre-post changes. Results A total of 129 participants speaking 35 different languages participated in the training program. Analyses revealed 95% highest density intervals not containing the null with respect to knowledge gain (effect size median 0.28) and change in treatment-appropriate attitudes (effect size median 0.31). The participants rated the training as useful. Conclusion The TF-CBT-specific training course was successfully carried out. It was likely to disseminate both knowledge gains and a shift toward more treatment-appropriate attitudes. It was perceived as useful by the participants. Given the scarcity of evaluated training programs for language mediators working with minor refugees, the results are promising. The limitations include the lack of both a control group and the verification of the results using an external outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monja Lucia Herold
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Johanna Unterhitzenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Children and Adolescents Inn-Salzach e.V., Altoetting, Germany
| | - Rita Rosner
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
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Hanewald B, Knipper M, Daub J, Ebert S, Bogdanski C, Hinder L, Hall M, Berthold D, Stingl M. Addressing the Mental Health Challenges of Refugees-A Regional Network-Based Approach in Middle Hesse Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13436. [PMID: 36294018 PMCID: PMC9602567 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Refugees constitute a vulnerable group with an increased risk of developing trauma-related disorders. From a clinician's integrative perspective, navigating the detrimental impact of the social, economic, structural, and political factors on the mental health of refugees is a daily experience. Therefore, a collective effort must be made to reduce health inequities. The authors developed a treatment concept which provides broader care structures within a scientific practitioner's approach. The resulting "Trauma Network" addresses the structural challenges for refugees in Middle Hesse. Accompanying research provided a sound basis for further discussions with policy-makers to improve the situation for refugees in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hanewald
- Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Knipper
- Institute for the History of Medicine, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Janneke Daub
- Refugee Law Clinic Giessen, Public and European Law at the University of Giessen Law School, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ebert
- Refugee Law Clinic Giessen, Public and European Law at the University of Giessen Law School, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Laura Hinder
- Research Network on Migration and Human Rights, Public and European Law at the University of Giessen Law School, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mila Hall
- Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Berthold
- Department for Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Stingl
- Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Tribe R, Thompson K. Working with interpreters when working with forced migrants in mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:613-621. [PMID: 36695209 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
281 million people were recorded as having migrated across national borders by the United Nations in 2021, this equates to approximately 3.6 percent of the world's population. Forced migrants/refugees account for 12 per cent of all international migrants. A percentage of these people will not speak the language of their new country fluently. If they are to access and utilize mental health services, they will require access to an interpreter. This paper provides guidance on working with interpreters in health settings when the work is either face to face or on-line. These guidelines are based on those written by the authors for the British Psychological Society. Working effectively with interpreters should be a skill in the repertoire of every clinician. This is to ensure that equal opportunities are upheld and that certain groups (including forced migrants) are not denied access to mental health services. Interpreters may also assist with teaching clinicians about diverse cultural views surrounding mental health and well-being. They may also advise on idioms of distress, cultural meanings and expression of emotional problems across cultures, explanatory health models and contextual factors which may help extend the repertoire of clinicians. The guidelines cover key recommendations for practice, booking and finding an interpreter, preparation before the consultation/meeting, practical considerations, preparation with the interpreter, during the meeting/consultation, issues to address after the meeting, written translations, psychometric testing, working by telephone or online and other issues to consider when working with an interpreter. These are reproduced below (with the permission of the BPS) in a shortened and updated form.Key recommendations for practiceUndertake a language needs analysis of the population covered by your service or Trust and consider how you will best meet needs.If you have not undertaken training in working with interpreters, undertake a training course. If you are working with an interpreter unexpectedly and training is not feasible, read these or other relevant guidelines and allocate time to consider the issues or discuss them with a more experienced colleague.Check that the interpreter is qualified and appropriate for the consultation/meeting and speaks the service user's first language.Allocate 10-15 minutes in advance of the session to brief the interpreter about the purpose of the meeting and to enable them to inform you about any cultural issues which may have bearing on the session.Be mindful of issues of confidentiality and trust when working with someone from a small language community as the service user may be anxious about being identifiable and mistrustful of an interpreter's professionalism. This has particular relevance when working with forced migrants.State clearly that you alone hold clinical responsibility for the meeting.Commit to a collaborative working relationship based on trust and mutual respect.Match if appropriate for gender, age or religion, avoid using relatives and never use a child.Create an atmosphere where each member of the triad feels able to ask for clarification if anything is unclear and be respectful to your interpreter, they are an important member of the team who makes your work possible.Be aware of the well-being of your interpreter and mindful of the risk of vicarious traumatization. Consider what support they will be offered, and if they are subcontracted from an external agency, be aware that there is often little support provided by their employer.At the end of the session always allocate 10-15 minutes to debrief the interpreter about the session and offer support and supervision as appropriate.Extreme caution should be exercised when considering the use of translated assessment measures as languages and concepts are not interchangeable and results may therefore not be valid or meaningful.All written translations used should have been back translated to ensure they are fit for purpose.Commissioners of health services need to ensure that there are clear pathways to support for all members of their local community including those who do not speak the majority language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tribe
- School of Psychology, University of East London and Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Shigemura J, Takahashi S, Komuro H, Suda T, Kurosawa M. Mental health consequences of individuals affected by the 2022 invasion of Ukraine: Target populations in Japanese mental healthcare settings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:342-343. [PMID: 35452567 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shigemura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mejiro University, Saitama
| | - Sho Takahashi
- Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
| | - Hazuki Komuro
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Tetsufumi Suda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, KKR Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mie Kurosawa
- Clinical Psychology Center, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hennessy M, Dennehy R, Doherty J, O’Donoghue K. Outsourcing Transcription: Extending Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1197-1204. [PMID: 35599615 PMCID: PMC9251739 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research ethics considerations foreground minimising harm to participants. Whilst increasing attention is being paid to researcher vulnerabilities, little has been written about transcriptionists, who can potentially experience emotional distress and vicarious trauma. In this article, we highlight ethical considerations when outsourcing audio for transcription as part of the RE:CURRENT (REcurrent miscarriage: evaluating CURRENT services) Project. Through qualitative interviews, we explored the perspectives of those involved in the management/delivery of services, and women and men who experienced recurrent miscarriage (N = 62). We put distress protocols in place for participants, researchers and the transcriptionist, and adopted a research team approach with the professional transcriber. The transcriptionist highlighted the isolated nature of the role; how researchers often did not brief her when commissioning work, and how the personal impacts of this work were rarely considered. Researchers and ethics committees should consider ethical responsibilities to 'do no harm' when it comes to transcriptionist wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Hennessy
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Dennehy
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Keelin O’Donoghue
- Pregnancy Loss Research Group, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Geiling A, Knaevelsrud C, Böttche M, Stammel N. Psychological distress, exhaustion, and work-related correlates among interpreters working in refugee care: results of a nationwide online survey in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2046954. [PMID: 35401951 PMCID: PMC8986238 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2046954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to language barriers, interpreters are crucial for refugee care in the countries of resettlement. However, interpreters are often faced with distressing working conditions, such as precarious work circumstances, lack of supervision, or exposure to their clients' traumatic experiences. Recent studies examining interpreters' mental health focussed primarily on secondary traumatic stress. The present study aimed to gain a better understanding of psychological distress and exhaustion among interpreters in refugee care by examining these factors in the work context as well as their possible work-related correlates. METHOD An online survey was carried out in Germany, which included several standardized questionnaires regarding distress, work- and client-related exhaustion, job satisfaction, and trauma exposure (BSI-18, CBI, JSS, HTQ, PCL-5). Interpreters were recruited primarily through psychosocial treatment centres and interpreter pools in Germany. RESULTS In total, 164 interpreters were included in the analyses. The participants showed increased psychological distress, and around 7% screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In an exploratory regression analysis, younger age (β = -.25, p = .004) emerged as correlate of psychological distress, whereas dissatisfaction with payment (β = -.21, p = .04) and a higher amount of traumatic content (β = .22, p = .001) were associated with work-related exhaustion, and dissatisfaction with recognition was associated with client-related exhaustion (β = -.35, p = .001). CONCLUSION The results point to increased stress levels among interpreters for refugees. Moreover, they indicate that interpreters' distress is primarily correlated with work-related circumstances, thus suggesting the need for a greater work-related support structure for interpreters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Geiling
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Department, Zentrum Überleben, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Böttche
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Department, Zentrum Überleben, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Stammel
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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