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Di Vincenzo M, Arsenio E, Della Rocca B, Rosa A, Tretola L, Toricco R, Boiano A, Catapano P, Cavaliere S, Volpicelli A, Sampogna G, Fiorillo A. Is There a Burnout Epidemic among Medical Students? Results from a Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:575. [PMID: 38674221 PMCID: PMC11052230 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Medical students represent the ideal target group for promoting mental health and mental wellbeing, being exposed to specific risk factors, such as the content of medical training, the exposure to sickness and death, and a stressful academic routine. Medical students report high levels of cynicism and emotional exhaustion, which represent two of the essential features of burnout syndrome. In this systematic review, studies assessing the levels of burnout among medical students through validated tools worldwide were analyzed. Materials and Methods: A systematic review has been performed in order to identify studies: (1) focusing on samples of medical students; (2) evaluating burnout syndrome using validated tools; (3) providing prevalence data on burnout; and (4) written in English. Results: Out of the 5547 papers initially obtained, 64 were finally included in the analysis. The sample sizes ranged from 51 to 2682 participants. Almost all studies had a cross-sectional design; the Maslach Burnout Inventory and its related versions were the most frequently used assessment tools. The prevalence of burnout, which was stratified based on gender and academic stage, ranged from 5.6 to 88%. Burnout was mostly predicted by thoughts of stopping medical education, negative life events, lack of support, dissatisfaction, and poor motivation. Conclusions: The prevalence of burnout syndrome in medical students is quite heterogeneous, reaching a peak of 88% in some countries. However, several predictors have been identified, including negative life events or poor motivation. These findings highlight the need to develop preventive interventions targeting the future generation of medical doctors, in order to improve their coping strategies and resilience styles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (S.C.)
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David JC, Rascle N, Auriacombe M, Serre F, Sutter-Dallay AL, Loyal D. A video-based intervention to overcome pregnancy smoking stigma among healthcare students: a randomised controlled trial. Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38372141 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2316677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tests a video intervention to reduce pregnancy smoking stigma among French healthcare students. DESIGN The participants were randomly selected to watch online either an experimental video (presenting educational content regarding stigma and contact with pregnant smokers) or a control video (presenting standard educational content about the risks of smoking). The students completed scales assessing stigma, intention to address smoking cessation and self-efficacy to do so, before the intervention (T0, n = 252), one week after the intervention (T1, n = 187), and one month after the intervention (T2, n = 131). RESULTS Compared to the medical students, especially men, the midwifery students reported lower derogative cognitions (η2p = .18), negative behaviours (η2p = .07) and personal distress (η2p = .06). However, the midwifery students also reported lower levels of intention to address smoking (η2p = .02) than the medical students. The experimental video decreased derogative cognitions to a greater extent than the control video (η2p = .23) in both the short and medium term. This study is the first intervention designed to reduce the stigmatisation of pregnant smokers by healthcare students. We recommend that the issue of stigma should receive more attention in the medical curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C David
- Université Paris Cité, CRPMS, Paris, France
| | - N Rascle
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Auriacombe
- Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, UMR 6033, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Serre
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, UMR 6033, Bordeaux, France
| | - A-L Sutter-Dallay
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Loyal
- Université Paris Cité, CRPMS, Paris, France
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Rees A, Cuthbert C, Shah V, Rong L, Peh D, Baptista A, Smith S. Medical student perceptions of mental illness: a cross-sectional transnational study in two medical schools. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:981. [PMID: 38124141 PMCID: PMC10731839 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite shifting global attitudes, mental illness remains highly stigmatised amongst practicing doctors. This has wider implications on doctors' training to care for patients with mental illness. There is need for exploration of the presence and mitigation of stigma in early medical education to prevent such attitudes propagating into clinical practice. Thus, this study explores whether stigmatising attitudes are detectable amongst medical students in London and Singapore and examines whether they are ameliorated by specific curricular and welfare features of formal medical education, utilising the Mental Illness Stigma Framework (MISF). METHODS A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Medical students at Imperial College London (UK; n = 211) and Nanyang Technological University (Singapore; n = 141) completed a validated scale (the OMS-HC-15) to assess attitudes towards mental illness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted (Imperial: n = 12, NTU: n = 8) until theoretical saturation was reached. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and comparatively using SPSS and interview data subjected to inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Total OMS-HC-15 scores ranged from 19-51 for Imperial (n = 211) and 16-53 for NTU (n = 141). No significant differences in overall stigma scores were found between the two schools (p = 0.24), nor when comparing year groups within each school. Four themes were identified across interview data: student perceptions, impacts of medical school culture, university support, and curricular impacts on mental illness perceptions. Themes allowed identification of aspects of medical school that were well-received and warranted further emphasis by students, alongside areas for improvement. CONCLUSION Mental health stigma was identified in two medical schools, with differing cultures. Mean stigma scores obtained were comparable between both UK and Singaporean medical students. Nuanced differences were identified via subgroup analysis, and the MISF identified both shared and country-specific drivers for this stigma across the qualitative data. Actionable recommendations to mitigate this were hypothesised. Curricular improvements such as earlier psychiatric teaching and sharing of personal stories may improve future stigma scores as students' progress through the course. Specific welfare-based changes to formal support systems were also deemed to be beneficial by students. The impacts of welfare and curricular redesign in relation to societal influence on students' attitudes warrants further investigation, as does medical students' self-stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Rees
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Viraj Shah
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lim Rong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Baptista
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Education Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Smith
- Medical Education Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kumar AAW. Stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness: A cross-sectional survey of Australian medical students. Australas Psychiatry 2023; 31:734-740. [PMID: 37724416 PMCID: PMC10725625 DOI: 10.1177/10398562231202119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the degree of stigmatizing attitudes and psychological distress amongst Australian medical students in order to better understand factors that may impact help-seeking behaviours of students. We hypothesize that sociodemographic factors will not significantly predict stigmatizing attitudes, and increasing levels of psychological distress will be associated with increasing stigma. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to medical students at Western Australian universities and members of the Australian Medical Students' Association. Stigma was scored using the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes (MICA-2) scale. Psychological distress was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Participants provided information about gender, age, spirituality, financial hardship, treatment for mental illness, and experience in psychiatry. RESULTS There were 598 responses. The mean (Standard Deviation) MICA-2 score was 36.8 (7.5) out of a maximum of 96, and the mean (SD) HADS depression score was 4.7 (3.7). The mean (SD) HADS anxiety score was 9.3 (4.4). Past or current treatment for a mental illness was associated with lower MICA-2 scores. There was no association between MICA-2 and HADS scores, or sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate relatively low MICA-2 scores and high HADS-A scores overall, with no association between HADS scores and stigma.
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Smith AC, Opperman MJ, McCann JP, Jivens MP, Giust J, Wetherill L, Plawecki MH. Evaluation of US Medical Student Bias Toward Mental Health Before and After First-Year Pre-clinical Psychiatry Education. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2023; 47:653-658. [PMID: 37493961 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Much of mental health care is provided by non-psychiatric providers, and unfortunately, bias toward patients with mental health conditions leads to worsened outcomes. The authors endeavored to determine if pre-clinical medical student psychiatry education had an impact on these perceptions. METHODS All 366 first-year medical students at Indiana University were invited to participate in a survey that consisted of the Mental Illness: Clinician's Attitudes version 2 (MICA-2) and six supplemental questions, pre- and post-course. RESULTS One hundred seventeen students completed both surveys. The pre- and post-course means were 36.6 and 33.6, a change of - 2.9 (paired t-test p-value < 0.001), indicating a reduction in bias. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pre-clinical education can lead to a measurable decrease in bias in medical students early in training. Unfortunately, individual question results and free responses continue to highlight significant bias in US medical students against mental illness and the field of psychiatry. Health care educators should be aware of these biases and their potential impact on patient outcomes so that these harmful perceptions can be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Smith
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Joseph P McCann
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Morgan P Jivens
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julianne Giust
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bazzari AH, Bazzari FH. Assessing Stigma towards Mental Illness in Relation to Demographics Attitudes and Past Experiences among Pharmacy Students in a Jordanian University Sample. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37998631 PMCID: PMC10669770 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stigma towards mental illness poses a significant risk for negative mental health outcomes. Efforts have been undertaken to mitigate self-stigma and stigmatizing behaviors among the public; however, few have considered stigma among healthcare providers, including pharmacists. This study aimed to assess the level of stigma towards mental illness, using the 15-item version of the Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC), and associated factors among pharmacy students and was conducted via a printed questionnaire. A total of 125 students participated and the mean total stigma score was 47.9 with 58.4% of the participants scoring above 45, the midpoint of the possible range of scores. The stigma score was independent of participant demographics, except for grade point average. Higher total stigma scores were observed among subjects who have been prescribed a neuropsychiatric drug before, those who believe that pharmacists should have a role in mental healthcare, those who believe that pharmacists are qualified enough to provide mental health support, and those who are willing to seek help from a pharmacist. The results indicate an overall high stigma score among pharmacy students, which highlights the importance of enhancing pharmacy students' awareness and knowledge regarding mental healthcare through incorporating additional courses and/or training programs in pharmacy education curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad H. Bazzari
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
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Świder K, Baska A, Babicki M, Mastalerz-Migas A, Kłoda K. Weight stigma and fat phobia in Poland - attitudes towards people living with obesity and the level of knowledge about obesity among the social media internet respondents and medical professionals. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1287783. [PMID: 37876616 PMCID: PMC10593449 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1287783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity often subjects individuals to stigmatization, impacting self-esteem, contributing to depression, social isolation, and even exacerbating weight gain. Our research aimed to evaluate weight stigma, fat phobia, their expressions, and obesity-related knowledge among social media internet respondents and medical practitioners in Poland. Methods Conducted through Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI), our study employed the Fat Phobia Scale (FPS) and tailored questions, analyzing 1705 questionnaires. Results The respondents averaged a score of 3.60 ± 0.62 on the FPS. Interestingly, men exhibited higher stigma levels than women. Variables like BMI, residency, and interactions with people having obesity did not significantly impact stigma levels. Approximately 74.0% of respondents found individuals with obesity less attractive than those with normal weight, while 32.2% identified obesity as a cause of shame. Only 69.1% were aware of the BMI-based obesity diagnosis criterion. Conclusion Given limited knowledge of Poland's weight stigma landscape, our research yields crucial insights for shaping social campaigns and enhancing educational initiatives in obesity management for healthcare professionals. Further studies will be instrumental in addressing patient and practitioner needs effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicja Baska
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Babicki
- Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Head of the Scientific Section of the Polish Society of Family Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Kłoda
- Head of the Scientific Section of the Polish Society of Family Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
- MEDFIT Karolina Kłoda, Szczecin, Poland
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Li L, Lu S, Xie C, Li Y. Stigmatizing attitudes toward mental disorders among non-mental health nurses in general hospitals of China: a national survey. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1180034. [PMID: 37599894 PMCID: PMC10433212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1180034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Negative attitudes of nurses toward mental disorders have been reported in various countries. Nurses' stigmatizing attitudes can harm patients with mental disorders (PWMD), thereby delaying the provision of help to patients and leading to decreased quality of care. In this study, we aimed to assess Chinese nurses' stigmatizing attitudes toward patients with mental illness and provide a basis for future development and testing of appropriate and culturally adapted interventions to reduce it. Objective This study aimed to assess the attitudes of Non-mental Health Nurses (NMHNs) in general hospitals in China toward the stigma of PWMD and determine the factors influencing them. Methods A cross-sectional survey of NMHNs in general hospitals were conducted. A self-designed WeChat-based questionnaire was used that included demographic information about the need for training on mental health issues. Participants were provided with a vignette of a depression case with suicidal thoughts. The Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) and Social Distance Scale (SDS) were used to assess attitudes toward mental disorders. Nine questions on the adequacy of knowledge about anxiety and depression and the current status of scale use were used to assess the current status of training needs for mental disorders. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for the table. Results A total of 8,254 nurses in non-mental health professions participated in this study. The mean DSS score of NMHNs was (17.24 ± 6.700), and the SDS score was (10.34 ± 3.154). The total detection rate of stigma among the survey respondents was 13.40% (1,107/8254). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age between 30 and 39 years [p = 0.001, OR = 1.427 (1.154-1.764)], 4 years of work experience and above [p = 0.018, OR = 1.377 (1.056-1.796)], having a bachelor's degree [p < 0.001, OR = 0.742 (0.647-0.851)], adequate psychological knowledge [p < 0.001, OR = 1.567 (1.364-1.799)], full knowledge of communication with patients with anxiety and depression [p < 0.001, OR = 1.848 (1.389-2.459)], and the need to acquire skills to identify anxiety and depression were the influencing factors associated with stigma [p < 0.001, OR = 0.343 (0.236-0.499)]. Conclusion Stigmatizing attitudes toward PWMD exist among NMHNs in general hospitals in China. Thus, more mental health education programs for NMHNs are needed. Factors associated with higher morbidity stigma can be used to develop appropriate interventions to improve NMHNs' stigmatizing attitudes and provide better quality care to PWMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shurong Lu
- Centre for Mental Health | Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chunyan Xie
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Atienza-Carbonell B, Hernández-Évole H, Balanzá-Martínez V. A "patient as educator" intervention: Reducing stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness among medical students. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1020929. [PMID: 36620261 PMCID: PMC9811258 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This pre-post quasi-experimental pilot study aimed to assess the degree of stigma toward mental illness and whether a single, direct-contact "patient as educator" intervention with people with mental illness can reduce the degree of stigma among medical students. Methods All second-year medical students from the University of Valencia were invited to voluntarily complete the Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI), Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS), and Mental Health Knowledge Scale (MAKS) questionnaires before and after participating in the formal medical psychology course. A "patient as educator" workshop with expert patients was organized in the middle of the semester. A total of 127 students completed the survey; 20 students participated in the workshop (workshop group), and the remaining 107 students only took the formal educational course, forming the control group. Results At baseline, the groups were demographically matched and did not differ in the components of stigma or knowledge of mental illness. After the intervention, a greater reduction in the CAMI subscales of authoritarianism and social restriction was observed in the workshop group than in the control group. In the workshop group, scores for the benevolence subscale of the CAMI decreased more among women than men. In the control group, scores for the authoritarianism and benevolence subscales of the CAMI increased and decreased significantly more, respectively, in women than men. No significant changes were observed in scores for the RIBS at post-intervention in either group. Discussion The results of this pilot study suggest that a brief, direct-contact intervention in addition to formal medical education may further help reduce stigmatizing attitudes during the first years of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Atienza-Carbonell
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Health Institute, Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Evaluation Unit in Personal Autonomy, Dependency and Serious Mental Disorders (TMAP), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,*Correspondence: Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
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The factors and outcomes of stigma toward mental disorders among medical and nursing students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:357. [PMID: 35614424 PMCID: PMC9131538 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical and nursing students' attitudes toward mental disorders have a large impact on their working intentions in mental health settings and patients' health outcomes. However, there are few studies about the stigma toward mental disorders among medical and nursing students in China. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 838 medical and nursing students completed questionnaires on their sociodemographic characteristics and familiarity with people diagnosed with mental disorders as well as the Community Attitudes toward Mental Illness Scale (CAMI). The stigma was compared between medical students and nursing students by ANOVA. A multiple logistic regression model was built to explore the relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, familiarity with mental disorders and stigma. RESULTS The total mean score of the CAMI was 137.61 (SD = 15.63). The score for authoritarianism (M = 33.33, SD = 3.62) was the lowest score of the four subscales. Medical students showed more positive attitudes toward mental disorders than nursing students. However, after controlling the co-variables, the difference disappeared. Stigma was significantly associated with students' education, area of residence, marital status, economic status, history of mental disorders and familiarity with mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Medical and nursing students show a negative attitude toward mental illness to a certain degree, especially regarding the view that people with mental disorders are inferior. Higher education level, residence in urban areas, single marital status, better economic status, and better familiarity with mental disorders may be related to less stigma among medical and nursing students.
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