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Antonio J, Newmire DE, Stout JR, Antonio B, Gibbons M, Lowery LM, Harper J, Willoughby D, Evans C, Anderson D, Goldstein E, Rojas J, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Forbes SC, Gomez Lopez J, Ziegenfuss T, Moulding BD, Candow D, Sagner M, Arent SM. Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2323919. [PMID: 38466174 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords "caffeine" and "exercise" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon "crash?" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Texas Woman's University, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Harper
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Dawn Anderson
- Indiana Tech, Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Erica Goldstein
- Stetson University, Department of Health Sciences, Deland, FL, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Universidad de O´Higgins, Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory. Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Rancagua, Chile
- Motion Human Performance Laboratory, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, CBrandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Tim Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA
| | - Blake D Moulding
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Darren Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
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Wu Z, Liang Y, Khan A, He J. Is occupational noise associated with arthritis? Cross-sectional evidence from US population. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:371. [PMID: 38317177 PMCID: PMC10840213 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of occupational noise exposure on various diseases, including ear and cardiovascular diseases, has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, the connection between osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and occupational noise exposure remains largely unexplored in real-world scenarios. This study assessed the association between occupational noise exposure and the prevalence of two types of arthritis. METHODS This study used database data from 2005 to 2012 and 2015-March 2020 from the prepandemic National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) related to occupational noise exposure and arthritis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between occupational noise exposure and RA/OA, adjusting for age, gender, race, education level, marital status, the ratio of family income to poverty, trouble sleeping, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), metabolic equivalents (METs), and thyroid disease. RESULTS This study included 11,053 participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that previous exposure to occupational noise was positively associated with self-reported RA (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18-1.73) and OA (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07-1.46). Compared to individuals without a history of occupational noise exposure, those with an exposure duration of 1 year or greater exhibited higher odds of prevalent RA, though there was no apparent exposure response relationship for noise exposure durations longer than 1 year. The results of our subgroup analyses showed a significant interaction between age and occupational noise exposure on the odds of self-reported prevalent OA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between occupational noise exposure and the prevalence of RA and OA. Nevertheless, further clinical and basic research is warranted to better explore their associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhounan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Hexi Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yuhang Liang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Hexi Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ammna Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Hexi Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jinshen He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Hexi Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Yin J, Ding Y, Xu F, Zhao L, Gong R, Yang J, Liu Y. Does the timing of intake matter? Association between caffeine intake and depression: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Affect Disord 2023; 340:362-368. [PMID: 37543113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that caffeine intake is associated with a reduced risk of depression. However, the relationship between caffeine intake during different periods of the day and depression is still unclear. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed noninstitutionalized adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with a weighted representation of approximately 218 million US adults. Covariate-adjusted sample-weighted regressions were used to examine associations between caffeine intake and depression in different periods. RESULTS Caffeine intake during non-early morning periods (outside of 5:00-8:00 AM) is associated with a high prevalence of depression (unadjusted OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05-1.11; adjusted OR: 1.03, 95 % CI: 1.00-1.06). Participants who consumed caffeine in the early morning (5:00-8:00 AM) had a lower prevalence of depression compared to participants who did not consume caffeine in the early morning (unadjusted OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.67-0.85; adjusted OR: 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.75-0.99). LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study could not determine the temporal association; patients with depression in this study were not clinically diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. CONCLUSIONS Among US adults, early morning caffeine consumers had a lower prevalence of depression than non-consumers; caffeine intake during non-early morning periods is associated with a high prevalence of depression. Our results may suggest the importance of caffeine intake time for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feikang Xu
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiyong Zhao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rongpeng Gong
- Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jiguo Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, China.
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Woolf B, Cronjé HT, Zagkos L, Burgess S, Gill D, Larsson SC. Appraising the causal relationship between plasma caffeine levels and neuropsychiatric disorders through Mendelian randomization. BMC Med 2023; 21:296. [PMID: 37553644 PMCID: PMC10408049 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine exposure modifies the turnover of monoamine neurotransmitters, which play a role in several neuropsychiatric disorders. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to investigate whether higher plasma caffeine levels are causally associated with the risk of anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. METHODS Summary-level data on the neuropsychiatric disorders were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry participants (n = 72,517 to 807,553) and meta-analyzed with the corresponding data from the FinnGen study (n = 356,077). Summary-level data on plasma caffeine were extracted from a GWAS meta-analysis of 9876 European ancestry individuals. The Mendelian randomization analyses estimated the Wald ratio for each genetic variant and meta-analyzed the variant-specific estimates using multiplicative random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS After correcting for multiple testing, genetically predicted higher plasma caffeine levels were associated with higher odds of anorexia nervosa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.124; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.024-1.238, pFDR = 0.039) and a lower odds of bipolar disorder (OR = 0.905, 95% CI = 0.827-0.929, pFDR = 0.041) and MDD (OR = 0.965, 95% CI = 0.937-0.995, pFDR = 0.039). Instrumented plasma caffeine levels were not associated with schizophrenia (OR = 0.986, 95% CI = 0.929-1.047, pFDR = 0.646). CONCLUSIONS These Mendelian randomization findings indicate that long-term higher plasma caffeine levels may lower the risk of bipolar disorder and MDD but increase the risk of anorexia nervosa. These results warrant further research to explore whether caffeine consumption, supplementation, or abstinence could render clinically relevant therapeutic or preventative psychiatric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Woolf
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Héléne T Cronjé
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loukas Zagkos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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