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Moosavian M, Kushki E, Navidifar T, Hajiani E, Mandegari M. Is There a Real Relationship between the Presence of Helicobacter pylori in Dental Plaque and Gastric Infection? A Genotyping and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Study on Patient Specimens with Dyspepsia in Southwest Iran. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:1212009. [PMID: 38021088 PMCID: PMC10645488 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1212009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oral cavity can act as an extra gastric reservoir for H. pylori, and the presence of the bacteria in the oral cavity is associated with a higher risk of dental caries development. This study aimed to determine the genotype and evaluate the association between the presence of H. pylori in dental plaque and gastric biopsy specimens in dyspeptic patients in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Methods In this study, 106 patients with recruited dyspeptic complaints were selected, and from each patient, two gastric antral biopsy specimens and two dental plagues were examined. The presence of H. pylori was identified by the rapid urease test (RUT) and the amplification of ureAB and 16S rRNA genes. Also, to verify a hypothetical mouth-to-stomach infection route, the enzymatic digestions of three genes of cagA, vacA, and ureAB in H. pylori strains isolated from dental plaques and stomach samples were compared for each same case. Results H. pylori was found in the stomach of 52.8% (56/106) and the dental plaques of 17.9% (19/106) of the studied cases. On the other hand, H. pylori was recognized in the stomach of all 19 cases with oral colonization. Following a combination of restriction fragment lengths 21 polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of these three known genes on stomach and dental plague samples, 14 and 11 unique patterns were seen, respectively. However, for all H. pylori-positive cases (19), the comparison of RLFP patterns of these genes in dental plaque and gastric biopsy specimens was different for the same case. Conclusions In this study, it seems that there is no significant association between the presence of H. pylori in dental plaque and the stomach of the same case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moosavian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elyas Kushki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Navidifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Hajiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mandegari
- School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Hiengrach P, Panpetch W, Chindamporn A, Leelahavanichkul A. Helicobacter pylori, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Candida albicans Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8568. [PMID: 35955701 PMCID: PMC9368807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to (i) the simultaneous presence of Helicobacter pylori (ulcer-induced bacteria) and Candida albicans in the stomach and (ii) the possibility of prokaryotic-eukaryotic endosymbiosis (intravacuolar H. pylori in the yeast cells) under stresses, we tested this symbiosis in vitro and in vivo. To that end, intravacuolar H. pylori were induced by the co-incubation of C. albicans with H. pylori under several stresses (acidic pH, non-H. pylori-enrichment media, and aerobic environments); the results were detectable by direct microscopy (wet mount) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Indeed, intravacuolar H. pylori were predominant under all stresses, especially the lower pH level (pH 2-3). Interestingly, the H. pylori (an amoxicillin-sensitive strain) inside C. albicans were protected from the antibiotic (amoxicillin), while extracellular H. pylori were neutralizable, as indicated by the culture. In parallel, the oral administration of intravacuolar H. pylori in mice caused H. pylori colonization in the stomach resulting in gastritis, as indicated by gastric histopathology and tissue cytokines, similar to the administration of free H. pylori (extra-Candida bacteria). In conclusion, Candida protected H. pylori from stresses and antibiotics, and the intravacuolar H. pylori were able to be released from the yeast cells, causing gastric inflammation with neutrophil accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Panpetch
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Multiple surface interaction mechanisms direct the anchoring, co-aggregation and formation of dual-species biofilm between Candida albicans and Helicobacter pylori. J Adv Res 2022; 35:169-185. [PMID: 35024198 PMCID: PMC8721356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymicrobial biofilms have a significant impact on pathogenesis of infectious microorganisms. Many human diseases are affected by colonization of multi-species communities affecting negatively the treatments and increase the risks for the health. In particular, in the epithelium of the stomach co-existence between C. albicans and H. pylori has been described, which has been associated to a synergistic effect on ulcer pathogenesis. Objective The objective of this work was to advance in the understanding of surface interaction between H. pylori and C. albicans for the formation of polymicrobial biofilms. Methods Studies of microbial surfaces both bacterium, yeast and co-cultures of them were carried out by infrared spectroscopy, deconvolution analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, and optic microscopy. Additional methods were used to contrast the results as dynamic light scattering, contact angle, agarose gel electrophoresis and gene amplification. Results Several surface interaction mechanisms promote the anchoring of H. pylori on C. albicans, cell co-aggregation, and polymicrobial biofilm formation, main identified interactions were: (i) hydrophobic interactions between non-polar peptide chains and lipid structures, characterized by θw among 84.9 ± 1.6 (γ = 22.78 mJ/m2 with 95.3 of dispersive contribution) and 76.6 ± 3.8 (γ = 17.34 mJ/m2, 40.2 of dispersive contribution) for C. albicans and H. pylori, respectively, (ii) hydrogen bonds between surface components of yeast and bacterium (e.g., -S-H⋅⋅⋅NH2- or -S-H⋅⋅⋅O[bond, double bond]CO-) and (iii) thiol-mediated surface interactions identified by displacements to lower wavenumbers (Δv = 5 cm-1). Evidence of internalization and electrostatic interactions were not evidenced. All observations were congruent with the biofilm formation, including the identification of small-size biostructures (i.e., 122-459 nm) associated with extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, or outer membrane vesicles were observed characteristic of biofilm formation. Conclusion It is concluded that biofilm is formed by co-aggregation after anchoring of H. pylori on C. albicans. Several surface interactions were associated with the prevalence of H. pylori, the possibility to find C. albicans in the stomach epithelium infected by H. pylori, but also, strength interactions could be interfering in experimental observations associated with bacterial-DNA detection in culture mixtures.
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Chamanrokh P, Colwell RR, Huq A. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Detection of viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae O1. Can J Microbiol 2021; 68:103-110. [PMID: 34793252 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, an important waterborne pathogen, is a rod-shaped bacterium that naturally exists in aquatic environments. When conditions are unfavorable for growth, the bacterium can undergo morphological and physiological changes to assume a coccoid morphology. This stage in its life cycle is referred to as viable but non-culturable (VBNC) since VBNC cells do not grow on conventional bacteriological culture media. The current study compared polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect and identify VBNC V. cholerae. Because it is difficult to detect and identify VBNC V. cholerae, the results of the current study are useful in showing LAMP to be more sensitive and rapid than PCR in detecting and identifying non-culturable, coccoid forms of V. cholerae. Furthermore, the LAMP method is effective in detecting and identifying very low numbers of coccoid VBNC V. cholerae in environmental water samples, with the added benefit of being inexpensive to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Chamanrokh
- University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States;
| | - Rita R Colwell
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States.,University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, College Park, Maryland, United States.,University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, CBCB. UMIACS, College Park, Maryland, United States.,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 25802, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Anwar Huq
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States;
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Tran Trung H, Truong Thi Huynh H, Nguyen Thi Thuy L, Nguyen Van Minh H, Thi Nguyen MN, Luong Thi MN. Growth-Inhibiting, Bactericidal, Antibiofilm, and Urease Inhibitory Activities of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Flower Constituents toward Antibiotic Sensitive- and Resistant-Strains of Helicobacter pylori. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20080-20089. [PMID: 32832762 PMCID: PMC7439261 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess antimicrobial effects of naringenin (NRG), luteolin (LUT), myricetin (MCT), and protocatechuic acid (PCA) identified in a Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower against two reference strains and five clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. NRG displayed the most growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities to seven bacterial strains including six strains resistant to one or several antibiotics, azithromycin (MIC, 16-32 mg/L), erythromycin (MIC, 32 mg/L), levofloxacin (MIC, 32 mg/L), and/or metronidazole (24-64 mg/L), followed by LUT and MCT, while PCA showed weak activities toward the strains. These constituents had similar antibacterial activities toward the seven tested strains suggesting that these constituents and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-H. pylori activity. NRG, LUT, and MCT resulted in a high percentage of coccoid forms of H. pylori. NRG exhibited the highest anti-biofilm formation activity. MCT produced the strongest inhibition of urease activity followed by LUT and PCA, whereas the activity of NRG was similar to standard inhibitor thiourea. The four constituents had no significant toxicity to human cell lines. A global attempt to decrease utilization of antibiotics justifies the need for further research on H. rosa sinensis derived materials containing NRG, LUT, MCT, and PCA as potential products or lead compounds for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Tran Trung
- Faculty
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- . Tel: (+84) 2838304093
| | - Hoa Truong Thi Huynh
- Central
Laboratory for Analysis, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Linh Nguyen Thi Thuy
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi
Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Nguyen Van Minh
- Oxford
University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, District
5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - My-Nuong Thi Nguyen
- Faculty
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - My Ngan Luong Thi
- Faculty
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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Szymczak A, Ferenc S, Majewska J, Miernikiewicz P, Gnus J, Witkiewicz W, Dąbrowska K. Application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing in Helicobacter pylori detection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9099. [PMID: 32440373 PMCID: PMC7229771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the major stomach microbiome components, promoting development of inflammation and gastric cancer in humans. H. pylori has a unique ability to transform into a coccoidal form which is difficult to detect by many diagnostic methods, such as urease activity detection, and even histopathological examination. Here we present a comparison of three methods for H. pylori identification: histological assessment (with eosin, hematoxylin, and Giemsa staining), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of urease (ureA specific primers), and detection by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study employed biopsies from the antral part of the stomach (N = 40). All samples were assessed histologically which revealed H. pylori in eight patients. Bacterial DNA isolated from the bioptates was used as a template for PCR reaction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing that revealed H. pylori in 13 and in 20 patients, respectively. Thus, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was the most sensitive method for detection of H. pylori in stomach biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Szymczak
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanisław Ferenc
- Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Research and Development Center, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Majewska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Miernikiewicz
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Gnus
- Medical Academy in Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Research and Development Center, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Mechanisms of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Microenvironment in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041055. [PMID: 32340207 PMCID: PMC7225971 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common human pathogens, affecting half of the world’s population. Approximately 20% of the infected patients develop gastric ulcers or neoplastic changes in the gastric stroma. An infection also leads to the progression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition within gastric tissue, increasing the probability of gastric cancer development. This paper aims to review the role of H. pylori and its virulence factors in epithelial–mesenchymal transition associated with malignant transformation within the gastric stroma. The reviewed factors included: CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) along with induction of cancer stem-cell properties and interaction with YAP (Yes-associated protein pathway), tumor necrosis factor α-inducing protein, Lpp20 lipoprotein, Afadin protein, penicillin-binding protein 1A, microRNA-29a-3p, programmed cell death protein 4, lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4β, cancer-associated fibroblasts, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The review summarizes the most recent findings, providing insight into potential molecular targets and new treatment strategies for gastric cancer.
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Pehlivanoğlu B, Ardeniz Ö, Hassoy H, Sezak M, Özdemir H, Ünal NG, Onay H, Doğanavşargil B. Gastrointestinal findings in 26 adults with common variable immunodeficiency: The fickle nature of the disease manifests in gastrointestinal biopsies. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 30:789-800. [PMID: 31530523 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2019.18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the histopathological findings in gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies in adults with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 172 GI biopsies of 26 patients with CVID obtained over a 16-year period were reevaluated. Findings were analyzed using descriptive analyzes and χ2 test. RESULTS Female-to-male ratio was 1.36. The median age at diagnosis was 36±13.94 (16-72) years. Chronic esophagitis was noted in 3 patients. The absence of plasma cells in the stomach, duodenum, and colon was observed in 16, 14, and 9 patients, respectively. Divergent results for the presence of plasma cells in concurrent stomach and duodenum samples were found in 11 (44%) patients. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) was notable in the duodenum (56%). The mean number of eosinophils in one high-power field was significantly higher in duodenal biopsies with NLH (27.21 vs. 14.37, p=0.002). Active inflammation was more prominent in the colon (91%) than in the stomach (65%) and duodenum (60%). Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 57.6%, including a case with persistent infection by the coccoid form. Celiac-like villous blunting and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes were seen in 40% and 24%, respectively. In addition, 23% had giardiasis associated with acute duodenitis and duodenal NLH (p<0.05). CONCLUSION CVID gastroenteropathy is a challenging entity, and due to the heterogeneity in the presence and distribution of plasma cells throughout the GI tract and diverse disease course, multiple concurrent biopsies may be needed for tissue diagnosis. Duodenal CVID may present with villous alterations and giardiasis, and NLH appears to be an important clue in the duodenum. The association between duodenal NLH and eosinophil infiltration deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buçin Pehlivanoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ömür Ardeniz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hür Hassoy
- Department of Public Health, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Sezak
- Department of Pathology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hafize Özdemir
- Department of Pathology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nalan Gülşen Ünal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Onay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Oluwaseun Alegbeleye O, Sant’Ana AS. Understanding the public health burden of unconventional produce-associated enteropathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Krzyżek P, Grande R. Transformation of Helicobacter pylori into Coccoid Forms as a Challenge for Research Determining Activity of Antimicrobial Substances. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030184. [PMID: 32143312 PMCID: PMC7157236 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variability is one of the phenotypic features related to adaptation of microorganisms to stressful environmental conditions and increased tolerance to antimicrobial substances. Helicobacter pylori, a gastric mucosal pathogen, is characterized by a high heterogeneity and an ability to transform from a spiral to a coccoid form. The presence of the coccoid form is associated with the capacity to avoid immune system detection and to promote therapeutic failures. For this reason, it seems that the investigation for new, alternative methods combating H. pylori should include research of coccoid forms of this pathogen. The current review aimed at collecting information about the activity of antibacterial substances against H. pylori in the context of the morphological variability of this bacterium. The collected data was discussed in terms of the type of substances used, applied research techniques, and interpretation of results. The review was extended by a polemic on the limitations in determining the viability of coccoid H. pylori forms. Finally, recommendations which can help in future research aiming to find new compounds with a potential to eradicate H. pylori have been formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossella Grande
- Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Influence of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors CagA and VacA on pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:43-48. [PMID: 29432909 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacteria infecting numerous people all over the world. It has been established that H. pylori play an important role in pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Pathogenic features of this bacterium are mainly attributes to the existence of pathogenic islands (PAI) genes. The most known genes in these islands are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene (VacA). Most studies demonstrated various frequency of CagA and VacA in patient with peptic ulcer or gastritis in different countries. This variation in CagA and VacA frequency may be due to the capability of this bacterium to be genetically versatile and can alter the expression of these genes with geographic diversity. Although H. pylori infection is not usually associated with any clinical symptoms, but sometimes leads to inflammation in gastrointestinal system and resulted in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. In this regard, this review will illustrate the importance of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders with focusing on CagA and VacA virulence factors.
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Poursina F, Fagri J, Mirzaei N, Safaei HG. Overexpression of spoT gene in coccoid forms of clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:459-465. [PMID: 29327293 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can convert to coccoid form in unfavorable conditions or as a result of antibiotic treatment. In order to adapt to harsh environments, H. pylori requires a stringent response which, encoded by the spoT gene, has a bifunctional enzyme possessing both (p)ppGpp synthetic and degrading activity. Our goal in this study was to compare spoT gene expression in spiral and induced coccoid forms of H. pylori with use of amoxicillin. First, clinical isolate coccoid forms were induced with amoxicillin; then, the viability test was analyzed by flow cytometer. After RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and designing a specific primer for spoT gene, evaluation of the desired gene expression in both forms were studied. Bacterial isolates exposed to amoxicillin at MIC and 1/2 MIC induced morphological conversion better and faster than other MIC concentration. The expression of spoT gene was significantly downregulated in spiral forms of H. pylori, while the gene expression was upregulated and + 30.3-fold changes was seen in coccoid forms of bacterium. To summarize, spoT gene is one of the key factors for antibiotic resistance and its enhanced expression in coccoid form can be a valuable diagnostic marker for recognition of H. pylori during morphological conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Poursina
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Fagri
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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Gong Y, Yuan Y. Resistance mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori and its dual target precise therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:371-392. [PMID: 29293032 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1418285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori drug resistance presents a significant challenge to the successful eradication of this pathogen. To find strategies to improve the eradication efficacy of H. pylori, it is necessary to clarify the resistance mechanisms involved. The mechanisms of H. pylori drug resistance can be investigated from two angles: the pathogen and the host. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of H. pylori resistance based on both pathogen and host would aid the implementation of precise therapy, or ideally "dual target precise therapy" (bacteria and host-specific target therapy). In recent years, with increased understanding of the mechanisms of H. pylori resistance, the focus of eradication has shifted from disease-specific to patient-specific treatment. The implementation of "precision medicine" has also provided a new perspective on the treatment of infectious diseases. In this article, we systematically review current research on H. pylori drug resistance from the perspective of both the pathogen and the host. We also review therapeutic strategies targeted to pathogen and host factors that are aimed at achieving precise treatment of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Gong
- a Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery , the First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University) Liaoning Provincial Education Department , Shenyang , China.,c National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- a Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery , the First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University) Liaoning Provincial Education Department , Shenyang , China.,c National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases , Xi'an , China
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Mendoza-Elizalde S, Arteaga-Resendiz NK, Valencia-Mayoral P, Luna RC, Moreno-Espinosa S, Arenas-Huertero F, Zúñiga G, Velázquez-Guadarrama N. Diversification of the vacAs1m1 and vacAs2m2 Strains of Helicobacter pylori in Meriones unguiculatus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1758. [PMID: 27877163 PMCID: PMC5100360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori exhibits great genetic diversity, and the pathogenic roles of its virulence factors have been widely studied. However, the evolutionary dynamics of H. pylori strains during stomach colonization are not well-characterized. Here, we analyzed the microevolutionary dynamics of the toxigenic strain vacAs1m1, the non-toxigenic strain vacAs2m2, and a combination of both strains in an animal model over time. Meriones unguiculatus were inoculated with the following bacteria: group 1-toxigenic strain vacAs1m1/cagA+/cagE+/babA2+; ST181, group 2-non-toxigenic strain vacAs2m2/cagA+/cagE+/babA2+; ST2901, and group 3-both strains. The gerbils were euthanized at different time points (3, 6, 12, and 18 months). In group 1, genetic alterations were observed at 6 and 12 months. With the combination of both strains, group 3 also exhibited genetic alterations at 3 and 18 months; moreover, a chimera, vacA m1-m2, was detected. Additionally, four new sequence types (STs) were reported in the PubMLST database for H. pylori. Synonymous and non-synonymous mutations were analyzed and associated with alterations in amino acids. Microevolutionary analysis of the STs (PHYLOViZ) identified in each group revealed many mutational changes in the toxigenic (vacAs1m1) and non-toxigenic (vacAs2m2) strains. Phylogenetic assessments (eBURST) did not reveal clonal complexes. Our findings indicate that the toxigenic strain, vacAs1m1, and a combination of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains acquired genetic material by recombination. The allelic combination, vacAs2m1, displayed the best adaptation in the animal model over time, and a chimera, m1-m2, was also identified, which confirmed previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mendoza-Elizalde
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico GómezCiudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Químicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nancy K Arteaga-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico GómezCiudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedro Valencia-Mayoral
- Dirección de Planeación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl C Luna
- Bioterio, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sarbelio Moreno-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Norma Velázquez-Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Malfertheiner P. Diagnostic methods for H. pylori infection: Choices, opportunities and pitfalls. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:429-31. [PMID: 26535120 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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