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Zhu Y, Wang S, Qian Y, Hu J, Zhou H, Korivi M, Ye W, Zhu R. The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in Jinhua, Eastern China. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:836. [PMID: 39063590 PMCID: PMC11278476 DOI: 10.3390/life14070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the effects of birth season and sex on the development of gross and fine motor skills in 2-year-old children in Jinhua, Eastern China. METHODS Conducted in Jinhua, a city in central Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, this research involved 225 children, assessing their gross and fine motor skills using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition. Scores were adjusted for age in months to avoid the relative age effect. Statistical analyses included MANOVA to evaluate the impacts of season and sex. RESULTS Sex had no significant impact on overall motor development scores (p > 0.05). However, the season of birth significantly affected fine motor quotient (FMQ) and total motor quotient (TMQ) (p < 0.05). Boys' motor skills were generally unaffected by season, whereas girls born in winter exhibited superior fine motor skills compared to those born in summer. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal environmental factors significantly influence early motor development, particularly fine motor skills in girls. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal variations in early childhood interventions aimed at enhancing exercise physiology and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Shuying Wang
- College of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Yongdong Qian
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Weibing Ye
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.H.); (H.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Strow CW, Strow BK. Seasonal differences in breastfeeding in the United States: a secondary analysis of longitudinal survey data. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:51. [PMID: 35799249 PMCID: PMC9261048 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-022-00479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the consumption of breastmilk in infancy and a person's season of birth influences his or her health, educational, professional, and behavioral outcomes. Further, season of birth effects differ by sex. However, current research, for the most part, neglects to examine if season of birth and breastfeeding are related. This paper examines the impact of sex-based variations in season of birth on breastfeeding likelihood and duration in the U.S. METHODS Using data from children born to female respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born between 1970 and 2012), this study examines with Probit, Negative Binomial, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions if a child's season of birth and sex are correlated with breastfeeding incidence and duration. The breastfeeding incidence and duration data are self-reported by the mother. RESULTS Season of birth has a small but statistically significant impact on the incidence and duration of breastfeeding, which varies depending on the sex of the infant. Mothers giving birth to sons in the spring are 13.5% less likely to breastfeed than those giving birth to sons in the winter (with a p - value of 0.0269). Mothers with daughters born in the summer or fall (autumn) breastfeed slightly longer than mothers with daughters born in the spring. On average, mothers of summer-born daughters breastfeed 4.1% longer (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.3 - 7.8) and those with fall-born daughters 3.8% longer (with a 95% confidence interval of 0 - 7.5). Mothers giving birth to daughters in the spring are also significantly less likely to reach the breastfeeding six-week duration target (compared to fall and winter births) and the one-year duration target (compared to fall births). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the costs and benefits of breastfeeding an infant vary with the season of birth and the sex of the child. This finding could explain some of the season of birth effects previously identified in the literature. Further, policymakers seeking to increase breastfeeding rates should consider the reduced breastfeeding rates and durations for children born in the spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia W Strow
- Rinker School of Business, Palm Beach Atlantic University, Florida, USA.
| | - Brian K Strow
- Rinker School of Business, Palm Beach Atlantic University, Florida, USA
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Vuori M, Sourander A, Aronen ET, Kronström K, Saastamoinen LK. Relative Age and the Use of Second-Generation Antipsychotics from 7 to 17 Years of Age: A Population-Based Register Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:45-51. [PMID: 34619034 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The youngest children in a classroom have a higher risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHDs) and depression than their relatively older peers. However, there has been a lack of research on how relative age is related to second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medication use. Methods: This study used the Finnish National Prescription Register data and comprised all 669,726 Finnish children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 2018. We extracted data for those who were dispensed SGAs (risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and olanzapine) and ADHD medication (methylphenidate, atomoxetine, dexamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for medication dispensed to schoolchildren born from January to April (the relatively oldest), May to August, and September to December (the relatively youngest). Dispensed prescriptions were a proxy for medication use. Results: SGAs were dispensed to 9146 (1.4%) individuals in 2018. Their use was lower among girls aged 12-17 years born from September to December than January to April (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.83-0.97), with no association between SGA use and birth month among boys. However, younger relative age was associated with combined SGA and ADHD medication, which was used by 2556 (0.4%) of the cohort: 2074 (0.6%) boys and 482 (0.1%) girls. The OR was 1.27 for boys aged 12-17 born from September to December (95% CI 1.10-1.46), compared with January to April. The OR for girls born from May to August was 1.35 (95% CI 1.04-1.76) and from September to December it was 1.33 (95% CI 1.02-1.74), compared with January to April. Conclusions: A novel discovery of this study was that using both SGA and ADHD medication at the age of 12-17 years was more common among the youngest subjects in a school year than their relatively older peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Vuori
- Department of Teacher Education, Turku Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Invest Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva T Aronen
- Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Developmental Psychopathology, Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim Kronström
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
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Tuovinen S, Räikkönen K, Holmlund-Suila E, Hauta-alus H, Helve O, Rosendahl J, Enlund-Cerullo M, Kajantie E, Valkama S, Viljakainen H, Mäkitie O, Andersson S, Heinonen K. Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Neurodevelopment of Healthy Term Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2124493. [PMID: 34495336 PMCID: PMC8427371 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Vitamin D may be important for neurodevelopment. The optimal daily dose of vitamin D for early brain development is not known. Objectives To test whether a higher (1200 IU) vs standard (400 IU) dose of vitamin D3 has beneficial effects on neurodevelopment in the first 2 years of life and whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is associated with neurodevelopment. Design, Setting, and Participants This double-blind, interventional randomized clinical trial involved healthy infants born full-term between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2014, at a maternity hospital in Helsinki, Finland, at the 60th northern latitude. Two-year follow-up was conducted by May 30, 2016. Data analysis was by the intention-to-treat principle. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021. Interventions Randomization of 404 infants to receive 400 IU of oral vitamin D3 supplementation daily and 397 infants to receive 1200 IU of oral vitamin D3 supplementation daily from 2 weeks to 24 months of age. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were child total developmental milestone scores at 12 and 24 months of age measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (total score is calculated as a mean of the 5 subscale scores: total score range, 0-60, where 0 indicates delay in all developmental domains and 60 indicates that the child can master all age-specific skills) as well as externalizing, internalizing, and dysregulation problems and competencies scores at 24 months measured using the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (range 0-2, where 0 indicates no problems or no competencies and 2 indicates a high level of problems or a high level of competencies; variables were standardized to the mean [SD] of 0 [1]). Secondary outcomes were specific skills, problems, and competencies derived from these questionnaires. Results Of the 987 families recruited, 495 children were randomly assigned to receive 400 IU of vitamin D3, and 492 children were randomly assigned to receive 1200 IU of vitamin D3. A total of 801 families participated in the follow-up at 12 and/or 24 months, with 404 children (207 girls [51.2%]) in the 400-IU group and 397 children (198 girls [49.9%]) in the 1200-IU group. All children were of Northern European ethnicity. No differences were found between the 400-IU group and the 1200-IU group in the mean (SD) adjusted Ages and Stages Questionnaire total score at 12 months (45.0 [7.1] vs 46.2 [7.9]; mean difference [MD], 1.17 [95% CI, -0.06 to 2.38]) or 24 months (50.9 [5.3] vs 51.5 [5.5]; MD, 0.48 [95% CI, -0.40 to 1.36]). No differences were found between the 400-IU group and the 1200-IU group at 24 months in the mean (SD) adjusted Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment externalizing domain score (-0.07 [1.00] vs 0.07 [0.98]; MD, 0.15 [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.31]), internalizing domain score (0.04 [1.06] vs -0.02 [0.98]; MD, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.24 to 0.1.0]), dysregulation domain score (-0.00 [1.04] vs 0.02 [0.96]; MD, 0.02 [95% CI, -0.14 to 0.18]), or competencies score (-0.02 [1.02] vs 0.01 [1.02]; MD, 0.03 [95% CI, -0.13 to 0.20]). The 1200-IU group did have a higher risk in the adjusted model of scoring 1.5 SDs or more on the externalizing domain score (odds ratio, 2.33 [95% CI, 1.19-4.56]; P = .01). Levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were not associated with the primary outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Higher-than-standard vitamin D3 doses provide no systematic benefits for child neurodevelopment up to 2 years of age. However, the potential disadvantageous effects of higher doses could not be fully excluded; even if minimal, the potential nonbeneficial effects of higher-than-standard doses warrant further studies in which both safety and benefits should be evaluated. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01723852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tuovinen
- Psychology/Welfare Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Holmlund-Suila
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Hauta-alus
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Ophthalmology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Otto Helve
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Rosendahl
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Enlund-Cerullo
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Ophthalmology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Saara Valkama
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Psychology/Welfare Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Mélo TR, Araujo LBD, Yamaguchi B, Ferreira MDP, Israel VL. Quality of life and neuropsychomotor development of infants between 4-18 months in daycare center. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:3175-3184. [PMID: 32785552 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020258.21002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality of Life (QoL) is a predictor of development depending on multiple factors, being the QoL of infants still little studied, especially in permanent settings such as infants educational center or daycare centers. Correlate quality of life with age, family income and the neuropsychomotor development of infants between 4 and 18 months of age in daycare centers. Descriptive transverse study research, with clinical trials registration : RBR 2hd6sm on November 2, 2016. Quality of life was evaluated with interviews with the family through Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory-PedsQL™ (Brazilian version). The infants were evaluated in a playful way, through the use of Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and Denver II test . 88 infants participated in the study. The infants evaluated had a good quality of life, with scores above 64%. AIMS presented the correlation with for physical functioning and total score of QoL. QoL of infants from 4 to 18 months of age is correlated with their neuropsychomotor development, which suggests the need for investigations between this theme and daycare centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Ribas Mélo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Coração de Maria 92, Campus Jardim Botânico. 80210-132 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Luize Bueno de Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Coração de Maria 92, Campus Jardim Botânico. 80210-132 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Bruna Yamaguchi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Coração de Maria 92, Campus Jardim Botânico. 80210-132 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Manoela de Paula Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Coração de Maria 92, Campus Jardim Botânico. 80210-132 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Vera Lúcia Israel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Coração de Maria 92, Campus Jardim Botânico. 80210-132 Curitiba PR Brasil.
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Hirokawa K, Kimura T, Ikehara S, Honjo K, Ueda K, Sato T, Iso H. Associations Between Broader Autism Phenotype and Dietary Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study (Japan Environment & Children's Study). J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2698-2709. [PMID: 31997059 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate associations of dietary intake including vitamin D, folate, and n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pregnant women with broad autism phenotype (BAP). The Japan Environment and Children's Study is a government-funded birth cohort study. All complete data of 92,011 were analyzed. The Japanese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient was used to assess mothers' BAP level, and a food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate their dietary intake. Mothers with BAP consumed less vegetables, fruits, and fish and shellfish, and they consumed lower folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA than their counterparts. Dietary intervention should be considered for pregnant women with high BAP scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Hirokawa
- Department of Nursing, Baika Women's University, 2-19-5 Shukunosho, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8578, Japan. .,Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoyo Ikehara
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Honjo
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Social and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ueda
- Osaka Maternal and Child Health Information Center, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuyo Sato
- Osaka Maternal and Child Health Information Center, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abdulqader SA, Saeed BA. Characteristics of patients attending the child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic in Erbil city. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209418. [PMID: 30818327 PMCID: PMC6395034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Erbil psychiatric hospital is the major governmental psychiatric facility in the governorate of Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan region in Iraq, providing services for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients from the city and its surrounding areas. The child and adolescent outpatient clinic in the hospital is for patients younger than 18 years. The objectives of this study were to explore the sociodemographic, pregnancy and birth characteristics, as well as the clinical profiles, of patients who presented to the child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic to statistically estimate the frequency of various psychiatric disorders among the attendees and to test hypotheses of the association of these psychiatric disorders with sociodemographic and birth and pregnancy characteristics as reported by many previous studies but with inconsistent results. METHODS A descriptive consecutive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018 in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic in Erbil province of Iraq's Kurdistan region. The diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) were implemented. Chi-square tests were used to test the hypothesized associations. RESULTS Of a total of 207 patients, 142 were males and 65 were females, and most lived in low socioeconomic status. Most of the patients' fathers were school educated, and most mothers were illiterate. Consanguinity was found in 41% of the parents, 26.6% of the patients were born by caesarean section(C/S), 62.8% were nurtured exclusively by breastfeeding in their first six months after birth, 42.5% of them visited faith healers before consulting a psychiatrist, 43% had neurodevelopmental disorders, 26.6% had intellectual disabilities with behavioral and emotional comorbidities and 30.4% had other mental/behavioral disorders. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in Erbil city are versatile and that many factors are significantly associated with them. Cultural concepts are still influential in the region in a way that can interfere with children's well-being, a situation that calls for more concern and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banaz Adnan Saeed
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
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