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Kotemul K, Kasinrerk W, Takheaw N. CD99 tumor associated antigen is a potential target for antibody therapy of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:96-107. [PMID: 38468825 PMCID: PMC10925484 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an effective drug for targeted immunotherapy in several cancer types. However, so far, no antibody has been successfully developed for certain types of cancer, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). T-ALL is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. T-ALL patients who are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs frequently relapse and become drug resistant. Therefore, antibody-based therapy is promising for T-ALL treatment. To successfully develop an antibody-based therapy for T-ALL, antibodies that induce death in malignant T cells but not in nonmalignant T cells are required to avoid the induction of secondary T-cell immunodeficiency. In this review, CD99 tumor associated antigen, which is highly expressed on malignant T cells and lowly expressed on nonmalignant T cells, is proposed to be a potential target for antibody therapy of T-ALL. Since certain clones of anti-CD99 mAbs induce apoptosis only in malignant T cells, these anti-CD99 mAbs might be a promising antibody drug for the treatment of T-ALL with high efficiency and low adverse effects. Moreover, over the past 25 years, many clones of anti-CD99 mAbs have been studied for their direct effects on T-ALL. These outcomes are gathered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonporn Kotemul
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Unver N, Mohindroo C. Targets and Strategies for Cancer Immunoprevention. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2435:7-17. [PMID: 34993936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2014-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in cancer prevention, initiation, and progression. Antitumoral immune responses can be boosted by harnessing antitumorigenic immune activators and/or blocking tumorigenic proinflammatory factors. Here we define these targets as well as the strategies that could be developed for effective cancer immunoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Unver
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Chirayu Mohindroo
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Zhou F, Yang S, Zhao C, Liu W, Yao X, Yu H, Sun X, Liu Y. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase-activatable near-infrared nanoassembly for tumor fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:7045-7056. [PMID: 34093870 PMCID: PMC8171106 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Precise treatment of tumors is attracting increasing attention. Molecular probes simultaneously demonstrating the diagnostic signal and pharmacological effect in response to tumor microenvironment are highly desired. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a biomarker with significantly up-regulated expression in the tumor area. We developed a GGT responsive near-infrared (NIR) nanoassembly for tumor-specific fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Methods: The GGT responsive NIR probe was constructed by conjugating GGT-specific substrate γ-glutamic acid (γ-Glu) with cyanine fluorophore (NRh-NH2) via amide reaction. The resulting NRh-G spontaneously assembled into nanoparticles (NRh-G-NPs) around 50 nm. The NPs were characterized and the properties evaluated in the presence or absence of GGT. Subsequently, we studied fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy of NRh-G-NPs in vitro and in vivo. Results: NRh-G-NPs, upon specific reaction with GGT, turned into NRh-NH2-NPs, showing a ~180-fold fluorescence enhancement and excellent photothermal effect recovery. NRh-G-NPs could selectively light up U87MG tumor cells while their fluorescence was weak in L02 human normal liver cells. The NPs also showed excellent tumor cell ablation upon laser irradiation. After intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, NRh-G-NPs could arrive in the tumor area and specifically light up the tumor. Following laser irradiation, the tumor could be completely erased with no tumor reoccurrence for up to 40 days. Conclusions: NRh-G-NPs were specifically responsive to GGT overexpressed in U87MG tumor cells and selectively lit up the tumor for imaging-guided therapy. Besides, the recovery of photothermal property in the tumor area could improve cancer therapy precision and decreased side effects in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhou
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Shikui Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wangwang Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Yao
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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Abstract
Germline pathogenic phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), characterized by various benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid, breast, endometrium, and other organs. Patients with PHTS may present with other clinical features such as macrocephaly, intestinal polyposis, cognitive changes, and pathognomonic skin changes. Clinically, deregulation of PTEN function is implicated in other human diseases in addition to many types of human cancer. PTEN is an important phosphatase that counteracts one of the most critical cancer pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Although PTEN can dephosphorylate lipids and proteins, it also has functions independent of phosphatase activity in normal and pathological states. It is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level as well as posttranslationally by phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, oxidation, and acetylation. Although most of its tumor-suppressor activity is likely to be caused by lipid dephosphorylation at the plasma membrane, PTEN also resides in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its subcellular distribution is under strict control. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge of PTEN function and recent discoveries in understanding PTEN function regulation and how this can be exploited therapeutically for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Le Cornet C, Schildknecht K, Rossello Chornet A, Fortner RT, González Maldonado S, Katzke VA, Kühn T, Johnson T, Olek S, Kaaks R. Circulating Immune Cell Composition and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study Using Epigenetic Cell Count Measures. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1885-1892. [PMID: 32075798 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ample evidence indicates that immune cell homeostasis is an important prognostic outcome determinant in patients with cancer, few studies have examined whether it also determines cancer risk among initially healthy individuals. We performed a case-cohort study including incident cases of breast (n = 207), colorectal (n = 111), lung (n = 70), and prostate (n = 201) cancer as well as a subcohort (n = 465) within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Heidelberg cohort. Relative counts of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocyte sublineages were measured by qRT-PCR. HRs and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the associations between relative counts of immune cell and cancer risks. When relative counts of immune cell types were taken individually, a significant positive association was observed between relative counts of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and lung cancer risk, and significant inverse associations were observed between relative CD8+ counts and risks of lung and breast cancer (overall and ER+ subtype). Multivariable models with mutual adjustments across immune markers showed further significant positive associations between higher relative FOXP3+ T-cell counts and increased risks of colorectal and breast cancer (overall and ER- subtype). No associations were found between immune cell composition and prostate cancer risk. These results affirm the relevance of elevated FOXP3+ Tregs and lower levels of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells as risk factors for tumor development. SIGNIFICANCE: This epidemiologic study supports a role for both regulatory and cytotoxic T cells in determining cancer risk among healthy individuals.See related commentary by Song and Tworoger, p. 1801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Le Cornet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schildknecht
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine Group, Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Araceli Rossello Chornet
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine Group, Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renée T Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Verena A Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Ivana Türbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Precision for Medicine Group, Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Khanyile S, Masamba P, Oyinloye BE, Mbatha LS, Kappo AP. Current Biochemical Applications and Future Prospects of Chlorotoxin in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:510-520. [PMID: 31857956 PMCID: PMC6912174 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a minute 4 kDa protein made up of 36 amino acid residues, commonly known for its binding affinity to chloride channels and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) of glioma tumors of the spine and brain. This property and the possibility of conjugating this peptide to nanoparticles have enabled its diverse use in various biotechnological and biomedical applications for cancer treatment, such as in tumor imaging and radiotherapy. Because of the fascinating biological properties CTX possesses, elucidating its mechanism of action may hold promise for the development of new and effective therapeutic drugs, as well as more sensitive and highly specific cancer-screening kits. This article therefore reviews the currently known applications of CTX and suggests diverse ways in which it can be applied for the design of improved drugs and diagnostic tools for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sbonelo Khanyile
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria
| | - Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Yehia L, Ngeow J, Eng C. PTEN-opathies: from biological insights to evidence-based precision medicine. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:452-464. [PMID: 30614812 DOI: 10.1172/jci121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) classically counteracts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Germline pathogenic PTEN mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), featuring various benign and malignant tumors, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder. Germline and somatic mosaic mutations in genes encoding components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway downstream of PTEN predispose to syndromes with partially overlapping clinical features, termed the "PTEN-opathies." Experimental models of PTEN pathway disruption uncover the molecular and cellular processes influencing clinical phenotypic manifestations. Such insights not only teach us about biological mechanisms in states of health and disease, but also enable more accurate gene-informed cancer risk assessment, medical management, and targeted therapeutics. Hence, the PTEN-opathies serve as a prototype for bedside to bench, and back to the bedside, practice of evidence-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Yehia
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Palladini A, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Nanni P. Cancer immunoprevention: from mice to early clinical trials. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:16. [PMID: 29902992 PMCID: PMC6003025 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunoprevention is based on the fact that a functioning immune system controls tumor onset and development in humans and animals, thus leading to the idea that the enhancement of immune responses in healthy individuals could effectively reduce cancer risk later in life. Successful primary immunoprevention of tumors caused by hepatitis B and papilloma viruses is already implemented at the population level with specific vaccines. The immunoprevention of human tumors unrelated to infectious agents is an outstanding challenge. Proof-of-principle preclinical studies in genetically-modified or in carcinogen-exposed mice clearly demonstrated that vaccines and other immunological treatments induce host immune responses that effectively control tumor onset and progression, eventually resulting in cancer prevention. While a straightforward translation to healthy humans is currently unfeasible, a number of pioneering clinical trials showed that cancer immunoprevention can be effectively implemented in human cohorts affected by specific cancer risks, such as preneoplastic/early neoplastic lesions. Future developments will see the implementation of cancer immunoprevention in a wider range of conditions at risk of tumor development, such as the exposure to known carcinogens and genetic predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Palladini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Racioppi M, Di Gianfrancesco L, Ragonese M, Palermo G, Sacco E, Bassi P. The challenges of Bacillus of Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for high risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer treatment in older patients. J Geriatr Oncol 2018; 9:507-512. [PMID: 29673806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a tailored endovesical immunotherapy protocol with biweekly BCG for elderly Patients with high risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer (HG-NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated data from 200 patients older than 80 years newly diagnosed with HG-NMIBC: 100 (group 1) with multiple comorbidities (WHO PS 2-3, ASA score ≥3, Charlson Comorbidity index ≥3, GFR<60 mL/min) were treated with BCG induction course administered biweekly; 100 (group 2) with statistically significant better conditions were treated with standard weekly BCG therapy. After the induction treatment disease-free patients underwent to at least one year of BCG maintenance therapy. Endpoints were: initial response to BCG, cancer-free survival and rate of progression at 2 years, rate of complications. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found in terms of initial response to BCG (69% in Group 1 vs 71% in Group 2, P = 0.75), cancer free survival (57% vs 55% respectively, P = 0.77) and rate of progression (20% vs 14% respectively, P = 0.26) at 2 years. The difference in the rate of overall complications was statistically significant (15% in Group 1 vs 27% in Group 2, P = 0.03), in the rate of severe complications was not statistically significant (5% in Group 1 vs 7% in Group 2, P = 0.61). CONCLUSION A tailored regimen of BCG administration is possible and safe in frail elderly patients, limiting side effects and risk of undertreatment but maintaining oncological outcomes. Preliminary results in a small patients group are promising but larger randomized studies are needed to confirm our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Racioppi
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Gianfrancesco
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Ragonese
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palermo
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Sacco
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - PierFrancesco Bassi
- Department of Urology, "Agostino Gemelli" Academic Hospital Foundation, IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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de Andrade Mello P, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Multifaceted Effects of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine in the Tumor-Host Interaction and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1526. [PMID: 29184552 PMCID: PMC5694450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the world's most pressing health-care challenges, leading to a high number of deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new developing therapy that boosts patient's immune system to fight cancer by modifying tumor-immune cells interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) and adenosine (Ado) are signaling molecules released in the TME that act as modulators of both immune and tumor cell responses. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate and Ado activate purinergic type 2 (P2) and type 1 (P1) receptors, respectively, triggering the so-called purinergic signaling. The concentration of eATP and Ado within the TME is tightly controlled by several cell-surface ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, the major ecto-enzymes expressed in cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vasculature, being CD73 also expressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts. Once accumulated in the TME, eATP boosts antitumor immune response, while Ado attenuates or suppresses immunity against the tumor. In addition, both molecules can mediate growth stimulation or inhibition of the tumor, depending on the specific receptor activated. Therefore, purinergic signaling is able to modulate both tumor and immune cells behavior and, consequently, the tumor-host interaction and disease progression. In this review, we discuss the role of purinergic signaling in the host-tumor interaction detailing the multifaceted effects of eATP and Ado in the inflammatory TME. Moreover, we present recent findings into the application of purinergic-targeting therapy as a potential novel option to boost antitumor immune responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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