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Jin H, Xiao M, Liu L, Kan S, Fu Y, Zhang D. Relationship between physical fatigue and mental fatigue based on multimodal measurement under different load levels. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38912844 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2364667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Based on multimodal measurement methods of NASA task load index (NASA-TLX), task performance, surface electromyography (sEMG), heart rate (HR), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), this study conducted experimental measurements and analyses under 16 different load levels of physical fatigue and mental fatigue combination conditions. This study observed the interaction between physical fatigue and mental fatigue at different levels, and at the subjective level, the effect of physical fatigue on mental fatigue was greater than that of mental fatigue on physical fatigue. Secondly, the results of fNIRS analysis showed that the premotor cortex is affected by physical fatigue, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is affected by mental fatigue. Finally, this study constructed a fatigue classification model with an accuracy of 95.3%, which takes multimodal physiological data as input and 16 fatigue states as output. The research results will provide a basis for fatigue analysis, evaluation, and improvement in complex working situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhe Jin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Big Data Management and Application, School of Maritime Economics and Management, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Kan
- Department of Economics, School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongyan Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Director of Human Resources Department, Rizhao Steel Yingkou Medium Plate CO.LTD, Yingkou, Liaoning, China
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Signorini G, Scurati R, Bosio A, Maestri G, Rigon M, Trecroci A, Invernizzi PL. Effects of cognitive load and different exercise intensities on perceived effort in sedentary university students: a follow up of the Cubo Fitness Test validation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1254767. [PMID: 38144989 PMCID: PMC10742639 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Work and intellectually fatiguing environments can significantly influence the health of individuals, which is strictly bound to motor efficiency. In particular, desk workers and university students may have a sedentary lifestyle and a condition of mental fatigue caused by daily routine, which could impair motor efficiency. The assessment is a starting point for enhancing awareness of the individual's psychophysical condition through the perception of one's body motor efficiency, motivating to move towards improvement. This way, a submaximal test based on perceived exertion was developed (Cubo Fitness Test, CFT) and validated in previous studies. Hence, two further studies were employed to enhance the consistency and accuracy of this instrument in different conditions. The first study investigated the internal responsiveness of CFT, evaluating if mental fatigue could affect motor efficiency. The second study investigated which perceived intensity (weak, moderate, strong, or absolute maximum) could be more reliable for applying the CFT (as previous research focused the investigation only on moderate intensity). In the first investigation, participants assessed two stimuli (mental fatigue induced with a Stroop color-word task and a neutral condition based on the vision of a documentary) lasting 60 min each. The quality of psychophysical recovery (total quality recovery) and the mood state (Italian Mood State questionnaire) were evaluated before the stimuli. After the fatiguing or the neutral task, the mood state was newly assessed, together with the evaluation of the workload's characteristics (Nasa TLX) and the CFT motor efficiency. In the second investigation, participants had to perform CFT twice for each at different intensities of Borg's Scale of perceived exertion. Researchers successfully requested to fill out the NASA TLX questionnaire regarding the perceived workload characteristics of CFT, and the reliability of each intensity was assessed. Results seem to enhance the consistency and the accuracy of the instrument. Indeed, findings evidenced that CFT is not influenced by mental fatigue conditions typical of the intellectual work of desk workers and university students for which this test was specifically conceived. Moreover, moderate and strong perceived intensity are the most adequate conditions to assess motor efficiency in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Signorini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport, Olgiate Olona, Italy
| | - Gloria Maestri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Rigon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Invernizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Oliveira PNDA, da Silva Filho JN, Gurgel JL, Russomano T, Porto F. Effects of exercises performed in the work environment on occupational stress: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:182-189. [PMID: 37330767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technological advances stimulate labor transformations in such a way that the search for productivity, goals and market competitiveness leads industries and companies to neglect the health and safety of their workers. There is a gap in the literature regarding means of intervention using physical exercises (PE), with details remaining unknown in terms of appropriate exercise prescriptions or types that minimize the effects of occupational stress. OBJECTIVE to verify the effects on workers' stress of PE performed in the work environment. METHOD this systematic review searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in 08 databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane, BIREME, LILACS, EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Embase), in English and Portuguese, published between 2017 and 2021. The PICOS strategy was used to determine inclusion, being P: male and female workers; I: exercises performed in the work environment; C: control group without intervention; O: occupational stress; and S: controlled experiments. Methodological quality, risk of bias and reliability of assessments were analyzed using the TESTEX, Risk of Bias 2, and Kappa scales. RESULTS A total of 07 articles were included, of which, most had good methodological quality and unclear risk of bias. The intra- and inter-rater reliability test of methodological quality showed excellent agreement. As a limitation, the fragility in allocation concealment, blinding and absence of treatment analysis was noted in the studies evaluated. CONCLUSION PE in the workplace might have positive effects on reducing occupational stress, but further studies must be conducted to better clarify this. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022304106).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Nunes da Silva Filho
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jonas Lírio Gurgel
- Physical Education, Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Thais Russomano
- CEMA, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal & InnovaSpace, UK.
| | - Flávia Porto
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Blaschke S, Carl J, Pelster K, Mess F. Promoting physical activity-related health competence to increase leisure-time physical activity and health-related quality of life in German private sector office workers. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:470. [PMID: 36899338 PMCID: PMC10007852 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Office workers (OWs) are at risk of low levels of health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Interventions based on physical activity-related health competence (PAHCO) aim to facilitate long-term changes in HEPA and HRQOL. However, these assumptions rely on the changeability and temporal stability of PAHCO and have not been tested empirically. This study therefore aims to test the changeability and temporal stability of PAHCO in OWs within an interventional design and to examine the effect of PAHCO on leisure-time PA and HRQOL. METHODS Three hundred twenty-eight OWs (34% female, 50.4 ± 6.4 years) completed an in-person, three-week workplace health promotion program (WHPP) focusing on PAHCO and HEPA. The primary outcome of PAHCO as well as the secondary outcomes of leisure-time PA and HRQOL were examined at four measurement points over the course of 18 months in a pre-post design by employing linear mixed model regressions. RESULTS PAHCO displayed a substantial increase from the baseline to the time point after completion of the WHPP (β = 0.44, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was no decrease in PAHCO at the first (p = 0.14) and the second follow-up measurement (p = 0.56) compared with the level at the end of the WHPP. In addition, the PAHCO subscale of PA-specific self-regulation (PASR) had a small to moderate, positive effect on leisure-time PA (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) and HRQOL (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). The subscale of control competence for physical training (CCPT) also had a positive small to moderate effect on HRQOL (β = 0.22, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results substantiate PAHCO's theoretical characteristics of changeability and temporal stability, and underline the theoretically postulated effects on leisure-time PA and HRQOL. These findings highlight the potential of PAHCO for intervention development, which can be assumed to foster long-term improvements in HEPA and HRQOL in OWs. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register, which is an approved Primary Register in the WHO network, at the 14/10/2022 (DRKS00030514).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blaschke
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Associate Professorship of Didactics in Sport and Health, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, Munich, 80992, Germany.
| | - Johannes Carl
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Chair of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Klaus Pelster
- Siemens AG, Environmental Protection, Health Management and Safety - Health Management (P&O EHS DE HM), Lyoner Str. 27, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Filip Mess
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Associate Professorship of Didactics in Sport and Health, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, Munich, Germany
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Maiti A, Ye A, Schmidt M, Pedersen S. A Privacy-Preserving Desk Sensor for Monitoring Healthy Movement Breaks in Smart Office Environments with the Internet of Things. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2229. [PMID: 36850831 PMCID: PMC9959863 DOI: 10.3390/s23042229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Smart workplace Internet of Things (IoT) solutions rely on several sensors deployed efficiently in the workplace environment to collect accurate data to meet system goals. A vital issue for these sensor-based IoT solutions is privacy. Ideally, the occupants must be monitored discreetly, and the strategies for maintaining privacy are dependent on the nature of the data required. This paper proposes a new sensor design approach for IoT solutions in the workplace that protects occupants' privacy. We focus on a novel sensor that autonomously detects and captures human movements in the office to monitor a person's sedentary behavior. The sensor guides an eHealth solution that uses continuous feedback about desk behaviors to prompt healthy movement breaks for seated workers. The proposed sensor and its privacy-preserving characteristics can enhance the eHealth solution system's performance. Compared to self-reporting, intrusive, and other data collection techniques, this sensor can collect the information reliably and timely. We also present the data analysis specific to this new sensor that measures two physical distance parameters in real-time and uses their difference to determine human actions. This architecture aims to collect precise data at the sensor design level rather than to protect privacy during the data analysis phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Maiti
- School of ICT, CoSE, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Anjia Ye
- Active Work Laboratory, CALE, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- School of Health Sciences, CoHM, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Scott Pedersen
- Active Work Laboratory, CALE, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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Loh PY, Choi J, Lin Y. Impact of task variation and microbreaks on muscle fatigue at seated and standing postures. Work 2023; 76:1039-1045. [PMID: 37182852 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged and sustained work posture among computer users is one of the main factors that contributes to musculoskeletal discomfort. Rest-break interventions such as task variation and microbreaks may help prevent muscle fatigue and work-related musculoskeletal disorder. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of task variation and microbreaks at seated and standing workstations on forearm muscle activity, namely extensor digitorum communis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris; mouse operation force (vertical compression force); mouse operation parameters; and perceived body discomfort during mouse operation. METHODS Twelve healthy right-handed young adults were recruited (male: n = 7, 21.6±1.4 years; female: n = 5, 21.4±1.7 years). Participants performed three blocks of computer tasks (computer mouse operation and typing) in both seated and standing postures with each block lasting for 30 min. Surface electromyography (EMG) of the forearm muscles and operation force were monitored during computer mouse operation. Body discomfort rating was recorded at the end of each block. RESULTS With simulated task variation and microbreaks, work posture and work time showed no significant difference with EMG amplitude and mouse operation force. CONCLUSION Task variation and microbreaks could be of benefit to computer users by reducing muscle fatigue during long hours of computer work at both seated and standing workstations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yeap Loh
- Department of Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeewon Choi
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Lin
- Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Griffiths TD, Crone D, Stembridge M, Lord RN. Co-Production at Work: The Process of Breaking Up Sitting Time to Improve Cardiovascular Health. A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:361. [PMID: 35010622 PMCID: PMC8744924 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting negatively affects several cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Current workplace physical activity interventions to reduce sitting result in inconsistent uptake and adherence rates. Co-production attempts to improve the translation of evidence to practice through engaging the participants within the intervention design, improving the context sensitivity and acceptability of the intervention. A needs analysis questionnaire was initially conducted (n = 157) to scope workplace behaviours and attitudes. A development group (n = 11) was consulted in focus groups around the needs analysis findings and asked to comment on the feasibility of a proposed intervention. A pilot intervention was then carried out (n = 5). The needs analysis indicated that only 1.8% (n = 4) engaged in occupational physical activity, and 68.7% (n = 103) sat for ≥6 h during their working day. Through the focus groups, an intervention breaking up sitting time hourly with five-minute walking breaks was co-produced. Cultural and pragmatic issues concerning the implementation of frequent physical activity breaks from sitting and the subsequent impact on work productivity were highlighted. The pilot intervention increased the number of breaks from sedentary behaviour from 2 to 11. The co-production methodology resulted in a research- and stakeholder-guided compromise. Large-scale intervention implementation is required before firm effectiveness conclusions can be made.
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Muniswamy P, Gorhe V, Parashivakumar L, Chandrasekaran B. Short-term effects of a social media-based intervention on the physical and mental health of remotely working young software professionals: A randomised controlled trial. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 14:537-554. [PMID: 34750975 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the short term effects of a social media-based intervention on the physical and mental health of the software professionals working remotely during the pandemic. Sixty software professionals with poor physical and mental health were randomised to Facebook-based intervention (FIIT) and a control (CONT) group for 2 months. Forty-six remote workers (26.25 ± 3.49 years) completed the study (FIIT = 22; CONT = 26). All the respondents had the median sitting time (7.07 ± 2.30 h/day) during office hours on workdays. We found a significant difference in the sitting time during office hours in workday within the subjects (F1,46 = 4.66; p < .004; ηp 2 = .048) and between the subjects (F1,46 = 3.81; p < .004; ηp 2 = .040). Post hoc analysis revealed participants in the FIIT group reduced their sitting time by 58 min during office hours during a typical workday compared with the control group. Nevertheless, we found a significant difference in the scores of stress, anxiety and depression within and between the groups. Short-term social media-based physical and mental health intervention may improve physical and mental health scores in the desk-based office workers working remotely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Muniswamy
- Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Varadayini Gorhe
- Sports & Performance Psychology, MindFirst Performance, Pune, India
| | | | - Baskaran Chandrasekaran
- Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Zieff G, Bates LC, Kerr ZY, Moore JB, Hanson ED, Battaglini C, Stoner L. Targeting sedentary behavior as a feasible health strategy during COVID-19. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:826-831. [PMID: 33118596 PMCID: PMC7665775 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behavior is associated with poor physical and mental health. Targeting sedentary behavior is a simple strategy that may help counter physical and mental health concerns associated with COVID-19-related social restrictions. Of course, traditional strategies such as achieving optimal exercise and physical activity levels are also important and should be recommended. However, even under normal circumstances, the difficulty in promoting lasting exercise habits at multiple levels (e.g. individual, environment, policy) are well documented, and chances of maintaining or improving these factors is now even lower. Thus, relative to other lifestyle behaviors - sedentary behavior may be more amenable to change. Moreover, reducing sedentary behavior may be less susceptible to influence from factors associated with health disparities such as age, race, and socio-economic status compared to exercise or physical activity. Sedentary behavior is a feasible health strategy that should be targeted during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren C Bates
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin B Moore
- Implementation Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudio Battaglini
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA
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PAGAN LASSALLE P, MEYER ML, CONNERS R, ZIEFF G, ROJAS J, FAGHY MA, ARENA R, VERMEESCH A, JOSEPH RP, STONER L. Targeting Sedentary Behavior in Minority Populations as a Feasible Health Strategy During and Beyond COVID-19: On Behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 6:e000174. [PMID: 34746382 PMCID: PMC8570184 DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased sedentary behavior has been an unintended consequence of social and physical distancing restrictions needed to limit transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Sedentary behavior is defined as any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs), while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture. These restrictions negatively impact peoples' cardiometabolic and mental health and disproportionately affect certain sectors of the population, including racial/ethnic minorities. In part, the higher risk for complications of COVID-19 could be the result of increased prevalence of comorbid diseases. Further, regular participation and adherence to current physical activity guidelines, defined as at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity physical activity or muscle strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week, is challenging for many and may be especially difficult to achieve during the COVID-19 pandemic. A practical strategy to promote health and well-being during COVID-19 is reducing sedentary behavior. Reducing sedentary behaviors (e.g., breaking up periods of prolonged sitting with light-intensity physical activity) may be more easily achieved than physical activity for all individuals, including individuals of racial/ethnic decent, as it does not require purchasing equipment nor require compromising the physical restrictions necessary to slow the spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this commentary is to argue that sedentary behavior is a feasible, independent target to modify during COVID-19, particularly in minority populations, and to address this behavior we need to consider individual, environmental and policy-level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia PAGAN LASSALLE
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle L. MEYER
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan CONNERS
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in
Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Gabriel ZIEFF
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacklyn ROJAS
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark A. FAGHY
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby,
UK
| | - Ross ARENA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health
Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amber VERMEESCH
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Portland, School of Nursing, Portland, OR,
USA
| | - Rodney P. JOSEPH
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson
College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix AZ,
USA
| | - Lee STONER
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT)
Network, Chicago, IL, USA
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