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Sasaki Y, Ikeda T, Momose Y, Yonemitsu K, Uema M, Asai T. Geographical Variation of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Japanese Chicken. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2024; 12:59-66. [PMID: 39351048 PMCID: PMC11439084 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-24-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken is a potent source of Salmonella infection in humans. Occasionally, patients with severe Salmonella enteritis require antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobials are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in broiler and breeder farms. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in 337 vacuum-packed chicken breast products manufactured in Japan between June and December 2021. Salmonella was isolated from 287 samples (85.2%). Among the products from Eastern Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in September (65.6%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in November or December. Among the products from Western Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in August (61.9%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in June, November, and December. The most frequent serovar was Salmonella Schwarzengrund (223 isolates), followed by S. Infantis (53 isolates), S. Manhattan (9 isolates), and S. Enteritidis (1 isolate). High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for streptomycin (64.5%), kanamycin (50.2%), tetracycline (65.2%), nalidixic acid (11.5%), and trimethoprim (35.9%). Resistance rates against these five antimicrobials in S. Schwarzengrund isolates were markedly higher in the isolates from Western Japan than in those from Eastern Japan. All 287 Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin which belongs to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime which belongs to third-generation cephalosporins. Salmonella prevalence in chicken products in Japan was found to be extremely high; therefore, chicken meat should be thoroughly heated before consumption. In Japan, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as the first- and second-choice antimicrobials for patients with severe Salmonella enteritis, respectively. The results of this study show that administering fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins is an effective option for patients with Salmonella enteritis caused by consuming chicken meat, and efficient strategies for Salmonella management on broiler farms and chicken-processing plants need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
- Division of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita19 Nishi 12, Kita-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshika Momose
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Murayama Branch, National Institute of Infectious Diseases. 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Tirado-Balaguer MD, Arnedo-Pena A, Sabater-Vidal S, Moreno-Muñoz R. [Evolution of serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp in the Castellón Health District (Spain)]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2024; 37:362-364. [PMID: 38773802 PMCID: PMC11231491 DOI: 10.37201/req/153.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Tirado-Balaguer
- Mª Dolores Tirado Balaguer, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Av Benicásim s/n 12004 Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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Yan W, Xu D, Chen L, Wu X. Antimicrobial resistance and genome characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis from Huzhou, China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304621. [PMID: 38833480 PMCID: PMC11149840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a main pathogen responsible for sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and therefore is an important public health problem. This study investigated the drug resistance and genomic characteristics of S. enteritidis isolated from clinical and food sources in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, from February 1, 2021, to December 30, 2023. In total, 43 S. enteritidis strains isolated during the study period were subjected to virulence gene, drug resistance gene, genetic correlation, antibiotic resistance, and multilocus sequence typing analyses. All 43 isolates were identified as ST11, and contained 108 virulence-related genes. Drug sensitivity analysis of the 43 isolates showed resistance rates of 100% to nalidixic acid and 90.70% to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam. Multidrug resistance is a serious issue, with 81.40% of strains resistant to three or more antibacterial drugs. Genome sequencing indicated that S. enteritidis possessed 23 drug resistance genes, of which 14 were common to all 43 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on core genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms divided the 43 S. enteritidis strains into three clusters, with the 10 samples from an outbreak forming an independent branch located in cluster 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
| | - Deshun Xu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, China
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Nambiar RB, Elbediwi M, Ed-Dra A, Wu B, Yue M. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i- recovered from hospitalized patients in China. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127631. [PMID: 38330818 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a continuing challenge for modern healthcare. However, the knowledge, regarding the epidemiology of salmonellosis caused by the monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- in hospitalized patients, is limited in China. To bridge this gap, we carried out a retrospective study to determine the antimicrobial resistance, trends, and risk factors of S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 329) recovered from patients in Zhejiang province between 2011 and 2019. The results showed that 90.57% (298/329) of the isolates were MDR; among them, 48.94% (161/329) and 12.46% (41/329) were phenotypically resistant to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, respectively, which are the drugs of choice used to treat salmonellosis in clinics. Additionally, we observed a higher incidence of infections among the young population (<5 years old). Notably, the higher prevalence of ST34 (sequence type 34) isolates, especially after 2014, with MDR (57.05%, 170/298) phenotype, and incidence of ST34 isolates co-harbouring mcr-1 (mobile colistin resistance gene) and blaCTX-M-14 (β-lactamase gene) suggest an association between STs and drug resistance. Together, the increasing prevalence of MDR ST34 calls for enhanced monitoring strategies to mitigate the spread and dissemination of MDR clones of S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i-. Our study provides improved knowledge about non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) infections, which could help in the effective recommendation of antimicrobials in hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma B Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Laboratory of Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology, M'ghila Campus, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP: 591, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bassal R, Davidovich-Cohen M, Yakunin E, Rokney A, Ken-Dror S, Strauss M, Wolf T, Sagi O, Amit S, Moran-Gilad J, Treygerman O, Karyo R, Keinan-Boker L, Cohen D. Trends in the Epidemiology of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis in Israel between 2010 and 2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095626. [PMID: 37174146 PMCID: PMC10178198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. In this study, we aimed to analyze trends in the epidemiology of NTS in the last decade in Israel. Laboratory-confirmed cases of NTS at eight sentinel laboratories were reported to the Israel Sentinel Laboratory-Based Surveillance Network, integrated with the serotype identification performed at the Salmonella National Reference Laboratory of the Ministry of Health. The decrease in NTS incidence since 1999 continued between 2010 and 2014 (16.1 per 100,000 in 2014) and was interrupted by a rise between 2015 and 2017 (39.1 per 100,000 in 2017) associated with outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis. The incidence of NTS dropped again thereafter (21.4 per 100,000 in 2021). The 0-4 age group was the most affected by NTS (55.5% of the cases) throughout the surveillance period. The age-adjusted incidence rates were consistently high in the summer months (June-September) and low in the winter months (December-February). The overall decrease in the incidence of NTS in Israel since 1999 was temporarily interrupted in the last decade by country-wide outbreaks involving emerging or re-emerging Salmonella serotypes. Control measures should be enhanced for all risk points of food chain transmission of Salmonella spp. to further reduce the NTS morbidity in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Bassal
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Cohen
- Salmonella National Reference Center, Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem (PHL-J) Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalmem 34410, Israel
| | - Eugenia Yakunin
- Salmonella National Reference Center, Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem (PHL-J) Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalmem 34410, Israel
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Salmonella National Reference Center, Public Health Laboratories-Jerusalem (PHL-J) Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalmem 34410, Israel
| | - Shifra Ken-Dror
- Microbiology Laboratory, Haifa and Western Gallilee, Clalit Health Services, Nesher 36888, Israel
| | - Merav Strauss
- Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 18341, Israel
| | - Tamar Wolf
- Central Laboratory, Maccabi Health Services, Rehovot 76703, Israel
| | - Orli Sagi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sharon Amit
- Microbiology Laboratories, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Orit Treygerman
- Central Laboratory, Meuhedet Health Services, Lod 71293, Israel
| | - Racheli Karyo
- Central Laboratory, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv 61581, Israel
| | - Lital Keinan-Boker
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa 34988, Israel
| | - Dani Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Ownagh A, Etemadi N, Khademi P, Tajik H. Identification of Salmonella carriers by amplification of FimA, Stn and InvA genes and bacterial culture methods in fecal samples of buffalo. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:21-28. [PMID: 36816862 PMCID: PMC9906613 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2022.544308.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in human and animals. Rapid diagnosis and sub sequence accurate treatment of Salmonella carriers help reduce the salmonellosis in human and livestock animals. In this study, 420 fecal samples were taken during year 2019 from buffalo in the Urmia, Khoy and Piranshahr regions in west Azerbaijan province, Iran. Samplings were carried out in different seasons. Presence of Salmonella invasion genes (FimA, Stn and InvA) were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. The bacterial culture and biochemical tests were performed on feces samples for isolation of bacterium Salmonella; however, all samples were negative in culture method. PCR findings showed that, 50 (11.90%) fecal samples were positive to the genes. The analysis of results showed that frequency of salmonellosis outbreak in different parts of west Azerbaijan province followed a similar pattern and the incidence of salmonellosis according to forecast in the warm seasons (spring and summer) was more than in cold seasons (autumn and winter). The prevalence of Salmonella in buffalo's feces based on warm and cold seasons were 32 (64.00%) and 18 (36.00%), respectively. The results showed significant difference between cold and warm season in the prevalence of salmonellosis. Therefore, the application of molecular technics is essential for the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis. The results also showed that specificity of PCR method was better than culture method for detection of Salmonella in feces sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulghaffar Ownagh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; ,Correspondence Abdulghaffar Ownagh. DVM, DVSc, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran . E-mail:
| | - Navid Etemadi
- DVM Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Peyman Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Hossein Tajik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Geographical distribution and space-time clustering of human illnesses with major Salmonella serotypes in Florida, USA, 2017-2018. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e175. [PMID: 36315003 PMCID: PMC9980922 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is the leading reported foodborne illness in Florida. Although the diversity of Salmonella serotypes circulating in Florida has been identified, the geographical characteristics of the major serotypes are poorly described. Here we examined the geospatial patterns of 803 whole-genome sequenced Salmonella isolates within seven major serotypes (Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Sandiego, Braenderup, Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:-) with the metadata obtained from Florida Department of Health during 2017-2018. Geographically, the distribution of incidence rates varied distinctively between serotypes. Illnesses with Enteritidis and Newport serotypes were widespread in Florida. The incidence rate for Javiana was relatively higher in the north compared to the south. Typhimurium was concentrated in the northwest, while I 4,[5],12:i:-, the monophasic variant of Typhimurium was limited to the south. We also evaluated space-time clustering of isolates at the zip code level using scan statistic models. Space-time clusters were detected for each major serotype during 2017-2018. The multinomial scan statistic found the risk of illness with Javiana was higher in the north and southwest in the fall of 2017 compared to other major serotypes. This serotype-specific clustering analysis will assist in further unpacking the associations between distinct reservoirs and illnesses with major serotypes in Florida.
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Bryl E, Hanć T, Szcześniewska P, Dutkiewicz A, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Słopień A. The relation between prenatal stress, overweight and obesity in children diagnosed according to BMI and percentage fat tissue. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2759-2773. [PMID: 35691007 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the environmental factors contributing to abnormal weight changes in children may be maternal exposure to adverse environmental factors during pregnancy, which in previous studies led to inconclusive results showing both overweight or obesity and underweight in children. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of prenatal stress on the BMI status and cut-off points for the percentage of fat content. METHODS The cohort study included 254 girls and 276 boys. Information on prenatal stress was collected retrospectively with a questionnaire on objective adverse events completed by a parent/guardian of a 6-12-year-old child. We examined the body weight of children and performed an electrical bioimpedance analysis of their body composition. We assessed the BMI status according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criterion and on the basis of body fat according to McCarthy criterion. RESULTS The results of our study show that the prenatal stress was related to increased risk of overweight (OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.25-3.65) diagnosed on the basis of body fat cut-off points, but not when the BMI was a diagnostic criterion (OR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.58-1.83). CONCLUSION The method of diagnosis based on the fat content appears to be an indicator of the occurrence of abnormalities in body composition due to prenatal stress more sensitive than that based on the BMI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bryl
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 60-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Hanć
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 60-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paula Szcześniewska
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 60-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słopień
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
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Singh N, Li X, Beshearse E, Blanton JL, DeMent J, Havelaar AH. Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Florida, USA, 2017-2018. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656827. [PMID: 33968960 PMCID: PMC8100233 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of Florida reports a high burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica with approximately two times higher than the national incidence. We retrospectively analyzed the population structure and molecular epidemiology of 1,709 clinical isolates from 2017 and 2018. We found 115 different serotypes. Rarefaction suggested that the serotype richness did not differ between children under 2 years of age and older children and adults and, there are ~22 well-characterized dominant serotypes. There were distinct differences in dominant serotypes between Florida and the USA as a whole, even though S. Enteritidis and S. Newport were the dominant serotypes in Florida and nationally. S. Javiana, S. Sandiego, and S. IV 50:z4, z23:- occurred more frequently in Florida than nationally. Legacy Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was of limited use for differentiating clinical Salmonella isolates beyond the serotype level. We utilized core genome MLST (cgMLST) hierarchical clusters (HC) to identify potential outbreaks and compared them to outbreaks detected by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) surveillance for five dominant serotypes (Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Typhimurium, and Bareilly). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenetic-analysis of cgMLST HC at allelic distance 5 or less (HC5) corroborated PFGE detected outbreaks and generated well-segregated SNP distance-based clades for all studied serotypes. We propose “combination approach” comprising “HC5 clustering,” as efficient tool to trigger Salmonella outbreak investigations, and “SNP-based analysis,” for higher resolution phylogeny to confirm an outbreak. We also applied this approach to identify case clusters, more distant in time and place than traditional outbreaks but may have been infected from a common source, comparing 176 Florida clinical isolates and 1,341 non-clinical isolates across USA, of most prevalent serotype Enteritidis collected during 2017–2018. Several clusters of closely related isolates (0–4 SNP apart) within HC5 clusters were detected and some included isolates from poultry from different states in the US, spanning time periods over 1 year. Two SNP-clusters within the same HC5 cluster included isolates with the same multidrug-resistant profile from both humans and poultry, supporting the epidemiological link. These clusters likely reflect the vertical transmission of Salmonella clones from higher levels in the breeding pyramid to production flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Singh
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Beshearse
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jason L Blanton
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jamie DeMent
- Independent Researcher, Orlando, FL, United States.,Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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