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Bao Y, Ye J, Hu L, Guan L, Gao C, Tan L. Epidemiological analysis of a 10-year retrospective study of pediatric trauma in intensive care. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21058. [PMID: 39256597 PMCID: PMC11387635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric trauma plays a crucial role in pediatric mortality, with traffic injuries and falls frequently cited as leading causes of significant injuries among children. A comprehensive investigation, including geographical factors, is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent injuries and alleviate the burden of pediatric trauma. This study involved a retrospective analysis of clinical data from pediatric patients admitted to our hospital's intensive care unit (ICU) due to trauma over a 10-year period. Comprehensive analyses were conducted to elucidate trends, demographics, injury patterns, and risk factors associated with these admissions. This retrospective study included 951 pediatric patients (mean age: 4.79 ± 3.24 years; mean weight: 18.45 ± 9.02 kg; median time to ICU admission post-injury: 10.86 ± 14.95 h). Among these patients, 422 (44.4%) underwent emergency surgery, and 466 (49%) required mechanical ventilation support, with a mean duration of 70.19 ± 146.62 h. The mean duration of ICU stay was 6.24 ± 8.01 days, and the overall mean hospitalization duration was 16.08 ± 15.56 days. The predominant cause of unintentional injury was traffic accidents (47.9%), followed by falls (42.5%) and burns/scalds (5.3%). Most incidents involved children aged 0-6 years (70.7%), with males comprising 60.0% of patients. Injury incidents predominantly occurred between 12 and 6 PM (44.5%) and on non-workdays (37.6%). The most common locations where injuries occurred were roadsides (49%) and rural areas (64.35%). Single-site injuries (58.78%) were more prevalent than multiple-site injuries (41.22%), and head injuries were the most common among single-site injuries (81.57%). At ICU admission, the mean injury severity score was 18.49 ± 8.86. Following active intervention, 871 patients (91.59%) showed improvement, while 80 (8.41%) succumbed to their injuries. Traffic injuries remain the primary cause of pediatric trauma leading to ICU admission, underscoring the importance of using appropriate child restraint systems and protective gear as fundamental preventive measures. The increased incidence of injuries among children aged < 6 years and those residing in rural areas highlights the need for targeted preventive strategies, necessitating tailored interventions and public policy formulations that address these high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Bao
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Guan
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caina Gao
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Tan
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Kolbow M, Quick JD, Powell LE, Wang Q, Nguyen MDT, Barta RJ. A 10-Year Retrospective Review of Playground-Associated Craniofacial Injuries in the Pediatric Patient Population. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:680-688. [PMID: 38142360 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231219871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database to identify pediatric emergency department (ED) patients with playground-associated craniofacial injuries between January 2012 and December 2021. A total of 25 414 patients were identified. The majority of injuries occurred in preschool and elementary school-age children (90.3%) and patients were more commonly boys (59.3%). Injuries most often involved the head/scalp (52.4%), face (30.4%), and mouth (11.9%). Infant (32.7%) and teen (40.0%) injuries most commonly involved swings, whereas preschool (23.1%) and elementary school (28.1%) injuries were mostly associated with slides and climbers, respectively. Most patients were treated in the ED and discharged to home (96.5%), a small portion required hospitalization (1.6%), and one death was reported. Although the majority of the injuries were relatively minor and resulted in same-day discharges, these injuries can result in serious physical harm, emotional stress, and unexpected financial burdens. Proper education and supervision regarding safe play is important to prevent these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Kolbow
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Lauren E Powell
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Minh-Doan T Nguyen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ruth J Barta
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Gillette Children's Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Tian J, Cheng P, Wang X, Xiang H, Gao Q, Zhu H. Exploring home fall events among infants and toddlers using social media information: an infodemiology study in China. Inj Prev 2024:ip-2023-045014. [PMID: 38768979 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practical interventions of fall prevention are challenging for infants and toddlers. This study aimed to explore specific details of falls that occurred at home for kids 0-3 years old using key information from social media platforms, which provided abundant data sources for fall events. METHODS We used internet-based search techniques to collect fall events information from 2013 to 2023. The search was restricted and implemented between 1 and 12 April 2023. Online platforms included Baidu, Weibo, WeChat, TikTok, Toutiao and Little Red Book. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to analyse the fall events and major factors, including the fall event time, child age, environmental factors and behavioural characteristics of children and caregivers. RESULTS We identified 1005 fall injury cases among infants and toddlers. Fall mechanisms included falls from household furniture (71.2%), falls from height (21.4%) and falls on the same level (7.4%). Environmental risk factors mainly consisted of not using or installing bed rails incorrectly, a gap between beds, unstable furniture, slippery ground and windows without guardrails. Behavioural factors included caregivers leaving a child alone, lapsed attention, turning around to retrieve something, misusing baby products, inadequately holding the child and falling asleep with children. Child behavioural factors included walking or running while holding an object in hand or mouth and underdeveloped walking skills. CONCLUSION Interventions for preventing falls should be designed specifically for Chinese families, especially considering family function in the context of Chinese culture. Social media reports could provide rich information for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixia Cheng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Henry Xiang
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Guo LL, Guo LY, Li J, Gu YW, Wang JY, Cui Y, Qian Q, Chen T, Jiang R, Zheng S. Characteristics and Admission Preferences of Pediatric Emergency Patients and Their Waiting Time Prediction Using Electronic Medical Record Data: Retrospective Comparative Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49605. [PMID: 37910168 PMCID: PMC10652198 DOI: 10.2196/49605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing number of patients visiting pediatric emergency departments could have a detrimental impact on the care provided to children who are triaged as needing urgent attention. Therefore, it has become essential to continuously monitor and analyze the admissions and waiting times of pediatric emergency patients. Despite the significant challenge posed by the shortage of pediatric medical resources in China's health care system, there have been few large-scale studies conducted to analyze visits to the pediatric emergency room. OBJECTIVE This study seeks to examine the characteristics and admission patterns of patients in the pediatric emergency department using electronic medical record (EMR) data. Additionally, it aims to develop and assess machine learning models for predicting waiting times for pediatric emergency department visits. METHODS This retrospective analysis involved patients who were admitted to the emergency department of Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Clinical data from these admissions were extracted from the electronic medical records, encompassing various variables of interest such as patient demographics, clinical diagnoses, and time stamps of clinical visits. These indicators were collected and compared. Furthermore, we developed and evaluated several computational models for predicting waiting times. RESULTS In total, 183,024 eligible admissions from 127,368 pediatric patients were included. During the 12-month study period, pediatric emergency department visits were most frequent among children aged less than 5 years, accounting for 71.26% (130,423/183,024) of the total visits. Additionally, there was a higher proportion of male patients (104,147/183,024, 56.90%) compared with female patients (78,877/183,024, 43.10%). Fever (50,715/183,024, 27.71%), respiratory infection (43,269/183,024, 23.64%), celialgia (9560/183,024, 5.22%), and emesis (6898/183,024, 3.77%) were the leading causes of pediatric emergency room visits. The average daily number of admissions was 501.44, and 18.76% (34,339/183,204) of pediatric emergency department visits resulted in discharge without a prescription or further tests. The median waiting time from registration to seeing a doctor was 27.53 minutes. Prolonged waiting times were observed from April to July, coinciding with an increased number of arrivals, primarily for respiratory diseases. In terms of waiting time prediction, machine learning models, specifically random forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost, outperformed regression methods. On average, these models reduced the root-mean-square error by approximately 17.73% (8.951/50.481) and increased the R2 by approximately 29.33% (0.154/0.525). The SHAP method analysis highlighted that the features "wait.green" and "department" had the most significant influence on waiting times. CONCLUSIONS This study offers a contemporary exploration of pediatric emergency room visits, revealing significant variations in admission rates across different periods and uncovering certain admission patterns. The machine learning models, particularly ensemble methods, delivered more dependable waiting time predictions. Patient volume awaiting consultation or treatment and the triage status emerged as crucial factors contributing to prolonged waiting times. Therefore, strategies such as patient diversion to alleviate congestion in emergency departments and optimizing triage systems to reduce average waiting times remain effective approaches to enhance the quality of pediatric health care services in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin Guo
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ying Guo
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wen Gu
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang Wang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Qian
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Zheng
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Gong H, Wang Y, Li Y, Ye P, Xie L, Lu G, Liu J, Song J, Zhai X, Xu H, Duan L. Development of a core dataset for child injury surveillance: a modified Delphi study in China. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:970867. [PMID: 37187581 PMCID: PMC10175816 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.970867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the occurrence and severity of child injuries is the cornerstone of preventing child injuries. Currently, there is no standardized child injury surveillance dataset in China. Methods Multistage consultation by a panel of Chinese experts in child injury to determine items to include in the core dataset (CDS) was performed. The experts participated in two rounds of the modified Delphi method comprising a consultation questionnaire investigation (Round 1) and a face-to-face panel discussion (Round 2). Final consensus was established based on the opinions of the experts regarding the modified CDS information collection items. Enthusiasm and authority exhibited by the experts were evaluated by the response rate and using the expert authority coefficient, respectively. Results The expert panel included 16 experts in Round 1 and 15 experts in Round 2. The experts during both rounds had a high degree of authority, with an average authority coefficient of 0.86. The enthusiasm of the experts was 94.12%, and the proportion of suggestions reached 81.25% in Round 1 of the modified Delphi method. The draft CDS evaluated in Round 1 included 24 items, and expert panelists could submit recommendations to add items. Based on findings in Round 1, four additional items, including nationality, residence, type of family residence, and primary caregiver were added to the draft of the CDS for Round 2. After Round 2, consensus was reached on 32 items arranged into four domains-general demographic information, injury characteristics, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and injury outcome-to include in the final CDS. Conclusion The development of a child injury surveillance CDS could contribute to standardized data collection, collation, and analysis. The CDS developed here could be used to identify actionable characteristics of child injury to assist health policymakers in designing evidence-based injury prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Gong
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition New Hong Qiao Campus for Children's Hospital of Fudan University, ShanghaiChina
| | - Pengpeng Ye
- National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Clinical Research Institute School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Song
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Emergency Department Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Hong Xu Leilei Duan
| | - Leilei Duan
- National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Hong Xu Leilei Duan
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Cintean R, Eickhoff A, Zieger J, Gebhard F, Schütze K. Epidemiology, patterns, and mechanisms of pediatric trauma: a review of 12,508 patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023; 49:451-459. [PMID: 36001123 PMCID: PMC9925538 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-022-02088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric traumas are common and remain a unique challenge for trauma surgeons. Demographic data provide a crucial source of information to better understand mechanisms and patterns of injury. The aim of this study was to provide this information to improve treatment strategies of potentially preventable morbidity and mortality in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective review of every pediatric trauma treated in the emergency department (ED) between 2015 and 2019 was performed. Inclusion criteria were the age between 0 and 14 years and admission to the ED after trauma. Demographic data, time of presentation, mechanism of injury and pattern of injury, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. Different injury patterns were assessed in relation to age group, sex, mechanism of injury and treatment. RESULTS A total of 12,508 patients were included in this study. All patients were stratified into five age groups: babies under the age of 1 (8.8%), toddlers between 1 and 3 (16.8%), preschool children between 4 and 6 (19.3%), young school children between 7 and 10 (27.1%), and young adolescents between 11 and 14 (27.9%). The predominant sex in all age groups was male. 47.7% of patients were admitted between 4 and 10 pm; 14.8% of the patients arrived between 10 pm and 8 am. Peak months of admissions were May to July. Overall, 2703 fractures, 2924 lacerations and superficial tissue injury, 5151 bruises, 320 joint dislocations, 1284 distortions, 76 burns, and 50 other injuries were treated. Most common mechanisms for fractures were leisure activities, falls, and sports-related activities. Forearm fractures were the most common fractures (39.5%) followed by humerus fractures (14%) and fractures of the hand (12.5%). A total of 700 patients with fractures (25.9%) needed surgery. 8.8% of all patients were hospitalized for at least one day. 4 patients died in the hospital (0.03%). CONCLUSION Despite of higher risk, severe injuries in children are rare. Minor injuries and single fractures are common. Treatment should be managed in specialized centers to ensure an interdisciplinary care and fast recovery. Peak times in the late afternoon and evening and summer months should be taken into consideration of personnel planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Cintean
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Eickhoff
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zieger
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Konrad Schütze
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Salim MA, Gabrieli P, Millanzi WC. Enhancing pre-school teachers' competence in managing pediatric injuries in Pemba Island, Zanzibar. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:691. [PMID: 36461011 PMCID: PMC9716773 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe and healthy learning environment in pre-schools has received increased attention in promoting the well-being of pre-school children. However, pediatric injuries have remained one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality around the globe. Empowering pre-school teachers with first aid competencies have been identified as being of potential strategy against pediatric health burdens of problem. This study tested the effect of established pediatric first aid training on pre-school teachers' knowledge, attitude, and intention to practice first aid management to pre-school children in Zanzibar. METHODS: Uncontrolled quasi-experimental design with a quantitative research approach was conducted in Teachers' Resource Centers among 120 preschool teachers at Pemba Island, Zanzibar. First aid training was facilitated based on the prescribed guidelines and standards of materials adapted from the American Academy of Pediatrics and implemented. The intervention was preceded by a baseline assessment using structured questionnaires adopted from previous studies that served as the main data collection tool. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 32 years ± 6.2 with 84.2% of the sample being females. Given the training, post-test findings demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.01) in participants' first aid management scores with mean differences of M = 15.08 ± 5.34 (Knowledge), M = 26.99 ± 6.587 (Attitude), and (M = 4.76 ± 0.648 (Intentional practice). CONCLUSION The established pediatric first aid training can enhance the spectrum of managing pediatric injuries among preschool teachers in Zanzibar. Ongoing public health services opportunities should be structured within teachers' continuous learning against pediatric injuries in Zanzibar-Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salim
- grid.442459.a0000 0001 1998 2954Department of Nursing Management and Education, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Prosper Gabrieli
- grid.442459.a0000 0001 1998 2954Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, College of Education, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Walter C. Millanzi
- grid.442459.a0000 0001 1998 2954Department of Nursing Management and Education, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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Jović D, Skela-Savič B, Petrović-Tepić S, Knežević D, Tepić A, Burgić-Radmanović M, Dobrovoljski D, Egeljić-Mihailović N. Unintentional injuries of children and adolescents treated in emergency medical services: A cross-sectional study. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-40755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Unintentional injuries among children and adolescents have become a common issue in public healthcare. The study objective was to analyse the characteristics and identify predictors associated with unintentional injuries in children and adolescents treated in emergency medical services (EMS) in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: A cross-section study with retrospective analysis of WebMedic e-database from 14 EMS, in the period between January 2018 and December 2020 was conducted. Research included patients with unintentional injuries, aged ≤ 19 years, of both sexes. For comparison between groups, Chi-squared and multivariate logistic regression were used in risk factor analysis. Results: A total of 1,856 cases were identified, most injuries resulted from falls (46.7 %) and traffic injuries (26.9 %). Boys were significantly more affected by injuries than girls (p < 0.001). Falls were the major cause for reporting to EMS among age groups of children (0-9 years) and adolescents (10-14 years), whereas injuries in traffic were dominant in adolescents aged 15 to 19. The most common injuries were head injuries (35.7 %). Risk factors of unintentional injuries were age (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.046), weekday (p = 0.016), winter (p = 0.014), body region (head, abdomen, lower and upper limbs (p < 0.001), thorax (p = 0.009)). Conclusions: There were significant differences in characteristics of unintentional injuries according to age and sex. Chances for occurrence of unintentional injuries among children increased with their age, especially for boys. These differences might indicate areas where preventive measures should be undertaken.
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