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Gong Y, Chu J, Kwong R, Nunes LM, Zhao D, Tang W, Li C, Wei Z, Ju Y, Li H, Ma LQ, Yu X, Zhong H. Contamination and Carcinogenic Risks of Lead in Lip Cosmetics in China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:27. [PMID: 38281165 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
There are growing concerns about elevated lead (Pb) levels in lip cosmetics, yet in China, the largest lip cosmetic market, recent Pb contamination in lip cosmetics and associated Pb exposure remain unclear. Here, we measured Pb levels of 29 popular lip cosmetics in China and conducted the bioaccessibility-corrected carcinogenic risk assessments and sensitivity analysis regarding Pb exposure for consumers using Monte Carlo simulation. The Pb concentrations of collected samples ranged from undetectable (< 0.05 µg/kg) to 0.21 mg/kg, all of which were well below the Pb concentration limit set for cosmetics in China (10 mg/kg). The 50th percentile incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Pb in Chinese cosmetics (1.20E-07) was below the acceptable level (1E-06), indicating that the application of lip cosmetics and subsequent Pb exposure does not pose carcinogenic risks to consumers in most cases. The results of this study provide new insights into understanding the Pb risk in lip cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junru Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Raymond Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Luis M Nunes
- University of Algarve, Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability Center, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjiu Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Ju
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiezhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
- Environmental and Life Science Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
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Đogo-Mračević S, Laketić T, Stanković M, Lolić A. Toxic element determination in selected cosmetic products: health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1059. [PMID: 37592113 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in selected lipsticks and face foundations of different price categories and the health risk assessment associated with these toxic elements via dermal and oral exposure. The samples (10 lipstick and 10 face foundations) were purchased from local markets in Belgrade, Serbia. The samples were prepared by acid digestion and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame atomization for Cd, Pb, and Ni and electrothermal atomization for As). Arsenic was found in 50% of lipstick samples and in only two face foundation samples with the highest concentration of 0.28 mg/kg in the lipstick sample. Lead concentration was in the range of 1.15 to 5.12 mg/kg in ten samples. Nickel was found in five samples out of 20, with the highest concentration of 4.20 mg/kg. Cadmium was found in only one face foundation sample in the cheaper price range (1.11 mg/kg). The obtained results indicate that concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Ni were within the permissible limits according to Serbian legislation. Health risk associated with these elements was assessed as non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Obtained hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard indexes (HIs) were below 1, indicating the absence of significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to these toxic elements (TEs). The carcinogenic risk results show that investigated cosmetic products can be considered low-risky due to the possibility of causing malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Đogo-Mračević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Laketić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Stanković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Lolić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Yang X, Cheng B, Gao Y, Zhang H, Liu L. Heavy metal contamination assessment and probabilistic health risks in soil and maize near coal mines. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1004579. [PMID: 36311573 PMCID: PMC9606824 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Coal mining activities have continuously introduced heavy metals into the soil-crop system, causing increasing damage to crops. This study integrated the analysis of the heavy metal contamination status and human health risk in soil and maize near coal mines to help formulate control strategies for soil quality, maize production, and safe consumption. Method This study was carried out on maize agricultural land near a coal mining plant. Heavy metal contamination was assessed by the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and bioaccumulation factor (BCF). The Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the probabilistic health risk of heavy metals exposure in soil and maize. The relationship between the concentration of heavy metal in the soil and that in maize was further visualized by correlation analysis and random forest analysis. Results The results revealed that the mean concentrations of soil Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sn, Zn, Pb, and Hg were all above the local background level. Ni was the most severely polluted heavy metal in maize and had a concentration higher than the risk control standard for corn in China (NY 861-2004). The Igeo values of all heavy metals were low, and EF values showed enrichment in V, Cr, Ti, Ni, and As. The assessment of probabilistic health risk exposed by heavy metals in soil and maize indicated that 1.16 and 1.46% of residents exceeded the carcinogenic risk level due to heavy metal exposure from soil and maize, respectively. Children were the most sensitive to maize and soil heavy metal exposure in the contaminated area. Ingestion of heavy metals was associated with the highest health risk to residents, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. As and Cr in soil and Cr and Ni in maize had the greatest impact on human health risk. Furthermore, maize heavy metals were affected the most by soil Cr, Cd, and V. Conclusion These results may provide useful information for human carcinogenic risk associated with soil and maize heavy metal exposure due to coal mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Yang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Academic Affairs Office, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Xiujuan Yang
| | - Bijun Cheng
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Liangpo Liu
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