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Espinosa O, Mora L, Sanabria C, Ramos A, Rincón D, Bejarano V, Rodríguez J, Barrera N, Álvarez-Moreno C, Cortés J, Saavedra C, Robayo A, Franco OH. Predictive models for health outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2, including the effect of vaccination: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38229123 PMCID: PMC10790449 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between modelers and policymakers is becoming more common due to the increase in computing speed seen in recent decades. The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was no exception. Thus, this study aims to identify and assess epidemiological mathematical models of SARS-CoV-2 applied to real-world data, including immunization for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). METHODOLOGY PubMed, JSTOR, medRxiv, LILACS, EconLit, and other databases were searched for studies employing epidemiological mathematical models of SARS-CoV-2 applied to real-world data. We summarized the information qualitatively, and each article included was assessed for bias risk using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PROBAST checklist tool. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022344542. FINDINGS In total, 5646 articles were retrieved, of which 411 were included. Most of the information was published in 2021. The countries with the highest number of studies were the United States, Canada, China, and the United Kingdom; no studies were found in low-income countries. The SEIR model (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered) was the most frequently used approach, followed by agent-based modeling. Moreover, the most commonly used software were R, Matlab, and Python, with the most recurring health outcomes being death and recovery. According to the JBI assessment, 61.4% of articles were considered to have a low risk of bias. INTERPRETATION The utilization of mathematical models increased following the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Stakeholders have begun to incorporate these analytical tools more extensively into public policy, enabling the construction of various scenarios for public health. This contribution adds value to informed decision-making. Therefore, understanding their advancements, strengths, and limitations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Espinosa
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Laura Mora
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian Sanabria
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Duván Rincón
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valeria Bejarano
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Jhonathan Rodríguez
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Nicolás Barrera
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jorge Cortés
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos Saavedra
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Adriana Robayo
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University & Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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Cheng Z, Lai Y, Jin K, Zhang M, Wang J. Modeling the XBB strain of SARS-CoV-2: Competition between variants and impact of reinfection. J Theor Biol 2023; 574:111611. [PMID: 37640233 PMCID: PMC10592017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
XBB, an Omicron subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 that began to circulate in late 2022, has been dominant in the US since early 2023. To quantify the impact of XBB on the progression of COVID-19, we propose a new mathematical model which describes the interplay between XBB and other SARS-CoV-2 variants at the population level and which incorporates the effects of reinfection. We apply the model to COVID-19 data in the US that include surveillance data on the cases and variant proportions from the New York City, the State of New York, and the State of Washington. Our fitting and simulation results show that the transmission rate of XBB is significantly higher than that of other variants and the reinfection from XBB may play an important role in shaping the pandemic/epidemic pattern in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Cheng
- School of Mathematics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yinglei Lai
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kui Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Mengping Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
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Tzamali E, Sakkalis V, Tzedakis G, Spanakis EG, Tzanakis N. Mathematical Modeling Evaluates How Vaccinations Affected the Course of COVID-19 Disease Progression. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040722. [PMID: 37112635 PMCID: PMC10142609 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation policies implemented, the characteristics of vaccines, and the evolution of the virus continue to play a significant role in the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Numerous research articles have proposed using mathematical models to predict the outcomes of different scenarios, with the aim of improving awareness and informing policy-making. In this work, we propose an expansion to the classical SEIR epidemiological model that is designed to fit the complex epidemiological data of COVID-19. The model includes compartments for vaccinated, asymptomatic, hospitalized, and deceased individuals, splitting the population into two branches based on the severity of progression. In order to investigate the impact of the vaccination program on the spread of COVID-19 in Greece, this study takes into account the realistic vaccination program implemented in Greece, which includes various vaccination rates, different dosages, and the administration of booster shots. It also examines for the first time policy scenarios at crucial time-intervention points for Greece. In particular, we explore how alterations in the vaccination rate, immunity loss, and relaxation of measures regarding the vaccinated individuals affect the dynamics of COVID-19 spread. The modeling parameters revealed an alarming increase in the death rate during the dominance of the delta variant and before the initiation of the booster shot program in Greece. The existing probability of vaccinated people becoming infected and transmitting the virus sets them as catalytic players in COVID-19 progression. Overall, the modeling observations showcase how the criticism of different intervention measures, the vaccination program, and the virus evolution has been present throughout the various stages of the pandemic. As long as immunity declines, new variants emerge, and vaccine protection in reducing transmission remains incompetent; monitoring the complex vaccine and virus evolution is critical to respond proactively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tzamali
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vangelis Sakkalis
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Tzedakis
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil G Spanakis
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikos Tzanakis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Li R, Liu H, Fairley CK, Zou Z, Xie L, Li X, Shen M, Li Y, Zhang L. Cost-effectiveness analysis of BNT162b2 COVID-19 booster vaccination in the United States. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:87-94. [PMID: 35338008 PMCID: PMC8938315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a booster strategy in the United States. Methods We developed a decision-analytic Markov model of COVID-19 to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a booster strategy of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (administered 6 months after the second dose) among older adults from a healthcare system perspective. Results Compared with 2 doses of BNT162b2 without a booster, the booster strategy in a 100,000 cohort of older adults would incur an additional cost of $3.4 million in vaccination cost but save $6.7 million in direct medical cost and gain 3.7 quality-adjusted life-years in 180 days. This corresponds to a benefit-cost ratio of 1.95 and a net monetary benefit of $3.4 million. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicates that a booster strategy has a high chance (67%) of being cost-effective. Notably, the cost-effectiveness of the booster strategy is highly sensitive to the population incidence of COVID-19, with a cost-effectiveness threshold of 8.1/100,000 person-day. If vaccine efficacies reduce by 10%, 30%, and 50%, this threshold will increase to 9.7/100,000, 13.9/100,000, and 21.9/100,000 person-day, respectively. Conclusion Offering the BNT162b2 booster to older adults aged ≥65 years in the United States is likely to be cost-effective. Less efficacious vaccines and boosters may still be cost-effective in settings of high SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hanting Liu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhuoru Zou
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Li Xie
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Mingwang Shen
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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