The indirect effects of food insecurity on obesogenic environments

Obesity and COVID-19 Pandemics: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management

Obesity is a principle causative factor of various metabolic dysfunctions, chronic inflammation, and multi-organ impairment. The global epidemic of obesity has constituted the greatest threat to global health. Emerging evidence has associated obesity with an increased risk of severe infection and poor outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During current COVID-19 pandemic, the interaction between COVID-19 and obesity has exaggerated the disease burden of obesity more than ever before. Thus, there is an urgent need for consideration of universal measures to reduce the risk of complications and severe illness from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in obesity population. In this review, we first summarized the clinical evidence on the effect of obesity on susceptibility, severity, and prognosis of COVID-19. Then we discussed and the underlying mechanisms, including respiratory pathophysiology of obesity, dysregulated inflammation, upregulated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, hyperglycemia, and adipokines. Finally, we proposed recommendations on how to reduce the spread and pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection by prevention and treatment of obesity.