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Jurado-Martos F, Cardoso-Toset F, Tarradas C, Galán-Relaño Á, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Ruedas-Torres I, Vera-Salmoral E, Larenas-Muñoz F, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J, Lorenzo BH, Luque I. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the serological test for paratuberculosis in cattle according to tuberculosis status. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3313. [PMID: 37718548 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are the most widely used diagnostic tools in bovine paratuberculosis (bPTB) control. However, their diagnostic accuracy may be compromised by bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection, as both diseases share diagnostic targets. METHODS The bPTB and bTB infection status of 228 animals was determined using microbiological tissue culture as a reference test. The diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values) of the bPTB-ELISA on blood serum samples, taking into account the bPTB animal-level prevalence of the area and the bTB status of the animals, was evaluated. RESULTS A sensitivity of 40.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.5%-53.9%) and a specificity of 94.7% (95% CI: 91.4%-98.0%) were obtained for bPTB-ELISA in all animals. A bPTB-ELISA-positive animal would have a post-test probability of 70% or more of being infected in areas with a bPTB prevalence of 23% or more. A negative bPTB-ELISA result, in areas with a bPTB prevalence of 41% or less, would rule out the disease with more than 70% certainty. In bTB-positive animals, sensitivity increased (94.4% [95% CI: 81.4%-100%] vs. 25.1% [95% CI: 11.8%-38.4%]) and specificity decreased (82.6% [95% CI: 71.8%-93.4%] vs. 99.4% [95% CI: 98.0%-99.9%]). The bPTB-ELISA is a good tool to rule out bPTB co-infection in bTB-positive animals, while in bTB-negative animals, it allows confirmation of disease with more than 70% probability if disease prevalence is 6% or more. LIMITATIONS The observed differences could be enhanced by the effect of frequent application of the intradermal tuberculin test, which was unknown in the animals studied. CONCLUSIONS These results provide useful guidance for the application and interpretation of ELISA as a tool for bPTB disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jurado-Martos
- CICAP-Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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2
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Ortega J, Roy A, Díaz-Castillo A, de Juan L, Romero B, Sáez-Llorente JL, Domínguez L, Regal P, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Álvarez J, Bezos J. Effect of the topical administration of corticosteroids and tuberculin pre-sensitisation on the diagnosis of tuberculosis in goats. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:58. [PMID: 35086534 PMCID: PMC8793155 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caprine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonosis caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Caprine TB control and eradication programmes have traditionally been based on intradermal tuberculin tests and slaughterhouse surveillance. However, this strategy has limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Different factors may affect the performance of the TB diagnostic tests used in goats and, subsequently, the detection of TB-infected animals. In the present study, the effect of two of the factors that may affect the performance of the techniques used to diagnose TB in goats, the topical administration of corticosteroids and a recent pre-sensitisation with tuberculin, was analysed. Methods The animals (n = 151) were distributed into three groups: (1) a group topically treated with corticosteroids 48 h after intradermal tuberculin tests (n = 53); (2) a group pre-sensitised with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPDs) 3 days before the intradermal tuberculin test used for TB diagnosis (n = 48); and (3) a control group (n = 50). All the animals were tested using single and comparative intradermal tuberculin (SIT and CIT, respectively) tests, an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) and a P22 ELISA. Results The number of SIT test reactors was significantly lower in the group treated with corticosteroids when compared to the pre-sensitised (p < 0.001) and control (p = 0.036) groups. In contrast, pre-sensitisation with bovine and avian PPDs did not cause a significant reduction in the number of SIT and CIT test reactors compared with the control group. In fact, a higher number of reactors was observed after the prior tuberculin injection in the pre-sensitised group (p > 0.05). No significant effect was observed on IGRA and P22 ELISA due to corticosteroids administration. Nevertheless, a previous PPD injection affected the IGRA performance in some groups. Conclusions The application of topical corticosteroid 24 h before reading the SIT and CIT tests can reduce the increase in skin fold thickness and subsequently significantly decrease the number of positive reactors. Corticosteroids used can be detected in hair samples. A previous pre-sensitisation with bovine and avian PPDs does not lead to a significant reduction in the number of intradermal tests reactors. These results are valuable in order to improve diagnosis of caprine TB and detect fraudulent activities in the context of eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ortega
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Roy
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díaz-Castillo
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L de Juan
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Romero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L Domínguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Regal
- Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos (LHICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - J A Infantes-Lorenzo
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Bezos
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Didkowska A, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Klich D, Prolejko K, Orłowska B, Anusz K. The Risk of False-Positive Serological Results for Paratuberculosis in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081054. [PMID: 34451518 PMCID: PMC8399313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and paratuberculosis (paraTB) continue to cause significant economic losses in cattle breeding; in addition, their etiological agents have zoonotic potential. Although the diagnostics of both diseases are still being improved, problems still remain, such as the potential for cross-reactivity to the antigens used in tests. The aim of the present study was to confirm whether animals known to harbor Mycobacterium bovis antibodies are at increased risk of yielding positive results in paraTB serotesting and, additionally, to verify the accuracy of three commonly used methods for confirming M. bovis infection: ELISA, the tuberculin skin test (TST), and the presence of gross lesions. Material was collected from 98 dairy cattle suspected of BTB due to TST-positive results. During postmortem examination, gross lesions were assessed visually. Blood, lymph nodes, and TB-suspected organs were collected. Serum was obtained from the collected blood and tested serologically for TB and paraTB. The tissues underwent standard microbiological testing for M. tuberculosis complex. Among the 98 TST-positive individuals, tuberculous gross lesions were detected in 57 (58.1%), MTBC were isolated in 83 (84.7%), and the ELISA test was positive for 21 (21.4%). None of the lesions characteristic for paraTB were detected. The chance of obtaining a positive TB result by ELISA was seven times higher using the ELISA-paraTB method; hence, there is a significant risk of obtaining false-positive serological results for paraTB in M. bovis-infected cattle. However, the hypothesis that infection of M. bovis or prior TST performance may have boosted the host immune response and therefore increased the sensitivity of the paraTB-ELISA cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Prolejko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
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Bridges N, van Winden S. The Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Positive Milk Antibody ELISA Results in Dairy Cattle under Varying Time Periods after Skin Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051224. [PMID: 33922705 PMCID: PMC8145865 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are used to screen cows for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, informing Johne's disease (JD) management practices in dairy herds. The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), Mycobacterium bovis, and MAP share multiple antigens. Moreover, Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium is used in the single intradermal cervical comparative tests (SICCT) that are routinely used in early detection of cows infected with bTB. Although these are different types of immune responses, potentially the SICCT may interfere with the levels of MAP antibodies. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the SICCT-MAP milk ELISA testing interval and apparent prevalence of JD risk statuses. Data from 51 herds were used, totalling 46,738 cow observations. The Poisson models showed that MAP milk ELISA testing at 14 day intervals post-SICCT statistically significantly increased the odds of detecting JD-positive cows compared to JD testing 85+ days post-SICCT. The odds ratio (OR) started at 2.5 in the first 14 day interval post-SICCT, increasing each two-week period to an OR of 4.0 at 57-70 days, to subsequently drop. Additionally, a herd history of bTB increased the odds of detecting JD-positive cows (OR = 1.2); this was relatively limited compared to the magnitude of the post-SICCT effect.
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Courcier E, Ascenzi E, Gordon A, Doyle L, Buchanan J, Ford T, Dunlop M, Harwood R, McAllister K, McGuckian P, Kirke R, Ayastuy F, McCaughey D, McKeown J, Quinn L, Smith C, Young F, Corbett D, Barry C, Menzies F. The regression of the bovine tuberculin reaction: Results from the Reactor Quality Assurance study in Northern Ireland. Vet J 2021; 272:105664. [PMID: 33941331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculin skin tests remain widely used in the control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Little is known about the rate of regression of tuberculin reactions after the comparative intradermal cervical test (CICT) in cattle. This study aimed to collect data to describe tuberculin regression in reactors following the CICT at 72 ± 4 h post injection. Reactors were also tested using the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) assay to establish if any pattern existed between these results and the CICT reaction regression. The data were derived from 108 herds, 112 herd-level CICTs and 1008 animals. A multivariable linear mixed model was built to explore the regression of the bovine tuberculin reaction over time and the influence of potential predictors. The results confirmed a proportional decline in the bovine tuberculin reaction occurred over time. The predictors in the final model demonstrated that regression of the tuberculin reaction differed between reactors according to their IFN-γ test results and whether visible lesions were present at slaughter. Follow-up measurement of tuberculin reactions and the serial use of the IFN-γ assay in large breakdowns has the potential to provide both a mechanism for quality assurance of the current CICT bTB surveillance and the identification of atypical breakdowns or reactors requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Courcier
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast, BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Enzo Ascenzi
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan Gordon
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Statistical Services Branch, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Liam Doyle
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast, BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John Buchanan
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mervyn Dunlop
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roly Harwood
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kate McAllister
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paddy McGuckian
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Raymond Kirke
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Felipe Ayastuy
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dermot McCaughey
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Janet McKeown
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Linda Quinn
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Charlotte Smith
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Ballykelly House, 111 Ballykelly Road, Ballykelly, Limavady, BT49 9HP, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fiona Young
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David Corbett
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Claire Barry
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fraser Menzies
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast, BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
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Picasso-Risso C, Grau A, Bakker D, Nacar J, Mínguez O, Perez A, Alvarez J. Association between results of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis and Johne's disease in cattle. Vet Rec 2019; 185:693. [PMID: 31554708 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) diagnosis is impaired by numerous factors including cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, which causes Johne's disease (JD). In addition, the effect of repeated bTB-intradermal testing on the performance of JD diagnostic tests is not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of repeated bTB-intradermal tests under field conditions in Spain on the JD serological status of cattle. METHODS bTB-positive herds (n=264) from Castilla-y-Leon region were selected and matched with officially tuberculosis-free control herds. The association between JD and bTB status at the herd level was assessed using conditional logistic regression and, in herds with both JD-positive and bTB-positive animals, a Bayesian hierarchical mixed-effect model was used for individual-level analysis. RESULTS A significantly higher risk of being JD positive (OR: 1.48; 95 per cent CI: 1.01 to 2.15) was found for bTB-positive herds compared with controls. Individual results indicated that cattle tested more than three times per year, within the last 90 days and more than 12 months were more likely to be JD positive. A skin test-related boost in antibody response could be the cause of an apparent increase of the sensitivity of the JD-absorbed ELISA. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the interaction between bTB repeated testing and JD individual and herd-level results and this improved knowledge will facilitate the design of more effective control programmes in herds coinfected with two of the most important endemic diseases affecting cattle in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA .,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Grau
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Junta de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Nacar
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Junta de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Olga Mínguez
- Sanidad Animal, Junta de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Veterinaria, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
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Tirado-Sánchez A, Bonifaz A. Cutaneous Tuberculosis: a Review of the Current Literature. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-018-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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