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Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Shu Y, Ren L, Kang M, Kong D, Shi X, Lv Q, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhang R, Lu P, Lu Y, Liu T, Chen N, Xiong H, Du C, Yuan J, Wang L, Liu R, Chen W, Li X, Lin Q, Li G, Zhang X, Yuan J, Wang T, Guo Y, Lu J, Zou X, Feng T. Expert consensus on One Health for establishing an enhanced and integrated surveillance system for key infectious diseases. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100106. [PMID: 38827562 PMCID: PMC11141439 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases (KIDs). After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, China established a comprehensive reporting system for infectious diseases (IDs) and public health emergencies. The relatively lagging warning thresholds, limited warning information, and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs. Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority, with increasing demand for early warning thresholds, information, and techniques, thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and other identification and analysis technologies. A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs (41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs). The aim of this surveillance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans, animals, and vectors, along with associated environmental pathogens. By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment, the surveillance system can serve to detect, predict, and provide early warnings for the occurrence, development, variation, and spread of known or novel KIDs. Moreover, we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system, along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system. This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors, dimensions, factors, and pathogens that is supported by data integration and connectivity. This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring, prediction, and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance. This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Dongfeng Kong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qiuying Lv
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhigao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Puxuan Lu
- Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Nixuan Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huawei Xiong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chen Du
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Rongqi Liu
- Shenzhen Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Luohu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qihui Lin
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xindong Zhang
- Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yongchao Guo
- Shenzhen Uni-medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tiejian Feng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Pusterla N, Leutenegger CM, Barnum S, Wademan C, Hodzic E. Challenges in navigating molecular diagnostics for common equine respiratory viruses. Vet J 2021; 276:105746. [PMID: 34487804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine respiratory viruses remain a leading cause of equine morbidity and mortality, with the resurgence of certain infections, an increasing population of elderly, more susceptible horses, the growth of international equine commerce, and an expansion in geographic distribution of pathogens. The focus of rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases has also shifted recently, with the appearance and increasing importance of nucleic acid amplification-based techniques, primarily polymerase chain reaction (PCR), at the expense of traditional methods such as clinical microbiology. While PCR is fast, reliable, cost-effective, and more sensitive than conventional detection methods, careful interpretation of diagnostic test results is required, taking into account the clinical status of the patient, sample type, assay used and biological relevance of the detected viruses. The interpretation of common equine respiratory viruses such as influenza virus (EIV), alpha herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-4), arteritis virus (EAV) and rhinoviruses (ERAV, ERBV) is straight forward as causality can generally be established. However, the testing of less-characterized viruses, such as the gamma herpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5), may be confusing, considering their well-established host relationship and frequent detection in both diseased and healthy horses. For selected viruses, absolute quantitation (EHV-1 and EHV-4) and genotyping (EIV and EHV-1) has allowed additional information to be gained regarding viral state and virulence, respectively. This information is relevant when managing outbreaks so that adequate biosecurity measures can be instituted and medical interventions can be considered. The goal of this review is to help the equine practitioner navigate through the rapidly expanding field of molecular diagnostics for respiratory viruses and facilitate the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cara Wademan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emir Hodzic
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rossi TM, Milwid RM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Descriptive network analysis of a Standardbred horse training facility contact network: Implications for disease transmission. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:853-859. [PMID: 32741991 PMCID: PMC7350062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infectious respiratory disease is a common cause of morbidity among racehorses. Quantification of contact patterns in training facilities could help inform disease prevention strategies. The study objectives were to: i) describe the contact network among horses, locations, and humans at a Standardbred horse training facility in Ontario; ii) describe the characteristics of highly influential individuals; and iii) investigate how management changes alter the network metrics and discuss the potential implications for disease transmission. Proximity loggers detected contacts among horses, staff, and locations (n = 144). Network metrics and node centrality measures were described for a 2-mode and horse-only contact network. The 2-mode network density was 0.16. and the median node degree was 20 [interquartile range (IQR) = 12 to 27]. Yearlings and floating staff were most influential in the network suggesting biosecurity programs should emphasize reducing contacts in these groups. Removing highly influential staff or co-housing of age groups resulted in changes to network diameter and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Rachael M Milwid
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Alison Moore
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Terri L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
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Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:369-373. [PMID: 31710114 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious respiratory disease is common in young horses and can impact athletic performance and long-term health. Significant variation in the duration of clinical disease has been observed, even in the absence of secondary complications. The determination of factors associated with disease chronicity may facilitate clinical decision-making and the development of improved biosecurity protocols. OBJECTIVE To investigate contact network characteristics, and demographic variables associated with time to clinical recovery from Equine Rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Yearling Standardbred racehorses (n = 58) housed in a multi-barn training facility in Southern Ontario were included. Horses were monitored daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory disease over a 41-day period in Autumn 2017. Contact patterns between horses, including older racehorses, were determined through use of proximity loggers attached to halters during the initial 7-day of the study. Associations between duration of disease, demographic factors (birth month, gait, sex and yearling sale), serologic titres and network metrics (degree, betweenness and Eigenvector centrality) were investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Yearling attack rate for infectious respiratory disease was 87.9% (n = 51). Median time to recovery was 6 days (IQR = 1-32) and 17 horses were censored due to early withdrawal or failure to recover during the study period. In those yearlings born February-May, birth month was significant in the Cox proportional hazard model (Hazard Ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.49-1, P = 0.05). MAIN LIMITATION Probability of censoring was not independent of outcome which necessitated use of sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest late born foals are less likely to recover quickly from infectious respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Moore
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - T L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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