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Zoran DL, Bassinger SC, Budke CM, Fridley JL. Mass Decontamination of Companion Dogs in Disaster: Planning for Personnel, Water, and Time Requirements. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e40. [PMID: 38415396 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of companion animals in the daily lives of people, and the increasing incidence and severity of natural disasters impacting people and their animals, is very well documented. However, despite the advancement of companion animal response capabilities, decontamination remains an inconsistently implemented component of disaster response. The challenge for local authorities is their need for planning factors and protocols specific to companion animal decontamination which are generally lacking. Data is provided on the average time requirements, water use and containment resources necessary, and the personnel required to decontaminate (decon) a large number of companion dogs. METHODS Sixty-three lightly contaminated, medium weight, short to medium coat, highly tractable dogs (Labradors and Hounds) from a State facility colony were used to determine the water requirements, soap effectiveness, and time required to complete decon (washing/bathing). Data were collected over a 6-mo period using 2 personnel that were randomly assigned to wash the dogs. Difference in weight, bathing time, and water use between groups was evaluated using a 2-tailed 2-sample t-test for independent data. RESULTS The time and water requirements were significantly different between medium coated dogs and short coated dogs. On average, for a short coated dog, the amount of time to complete decon was 7 min, and the amount of water was 8-10 gal. For medium coated dogs, the time increased to 10-12 min to complete the process and 12-15 gal water. DISCUSSION The results of this study provide important insights emergency management planners, animal response team members, and community personnel tasked with implementation of mass decontamination of companion dogs following a natural or man-made disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn C Bassinger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fridley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Brooks SK, Greenberg N. The Well-Being of Companion Animal Caregivers and Their Companion Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3294. [PMID: 37894018 PMCID: PMC10604194 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal caregivers and their companion animals in order to inform responses to future crises. Prior research is inconsistent, with the benefits of animal companionship believed to be overstated. In this scoping review, we searched four electronic databases and hand-searched reference lists of included studies. Over 4000 citations were found, and 122 were included in the review. Reflecting on the pre-COVID literature, quantitative evidence of the association between psychological well-being and animal companionship during the pandemic was mixed, with numerous positive, negative, and null findings reported. Studies highlighted the benefits of animal companionship during the pandemic, with animals reported to provide their caregivers with a routine, a sense of greater purpose, a positive distraction from COVID-19, companionship, and emotional support. However, participants also reported concerns about meeting animals' needs, fears of animals catching or spreading the virus, and financial worries. Concerns about what would happen to animals if caregivers were hospitalized led some to delay COVID-19 testing or treatment. Animals also experienced benefits (such as increased companionship and calmer mood) and negative impacts (such as increased clinginess and separation anxiety). Companion animals should be a key consideration in emergency preparedness plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Brooks
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Melo ADC, Santos ICD, Trevisani AC, Rúbio KAJ, Cano AL, Caldart ET, Mendonça JA, Agostinis RO, Piau Junior R, Gazim ZC, Barbosa LN, Gonçalves DD. Relations Between Guardians and Domestic Animals During the Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic in Brazil. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e466. [PMID: 37622310 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate how relationships between guardians and domestic animals were established and their possible effects during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Brazil. METHODS Data were collected by completing an online questionnaire. Throughout the national territory, 2002 people completed the questionnaire, while respecting social distancing from January 20, 2021, to March 20, 2021. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were 'to own pets' or 'those who had them during the period of quarantine' in Brazil. The data obtained were treated qualitatively through discourse analysis and content analysis, while the quantitative data were tabulated by the questionnaire application platform itself. RESULTS The results showed that 97% of the participants were affected by the coronavirus pandemic in Brazil and that of these, 95.5% stated that their pet was important to overcome and bear bad feelings during the period of social isolation. It was possible to observe through the participants' reports through the online questionnaire that the relationships with their pets were deepened during the pandemic period, and that these had an important role in overcoming bad emotions caused by social distancing. CONCLUSION It was concluded that due to these relationships, behaviors such as anxiety and sadness were reduced and the pets themselves also showed an increase in affective behaviors in relation to their guardians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton da Cruz Melo
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Isabela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Adriane Cordeiro Trevisani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Kariny Aparecida Jardim Rúbio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Ana Luisa Cano
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia, Londrina, Brasil
| | | | - Renata Olivotto Agostinis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Ranulfo Piau Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Zilda Cristiani Gazim
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Nunes Barbosa
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil
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Mansour HA, Jawhary KE, Chaaban I, Hemadeh A, Tarek C, Yehia M, Hassan N, Hosri J, Mansour AM. Animal injury characteristics following the 2020 ammonium nitrate explosion in the Port of Beirut. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:477-480. [PMID: 37120824 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the characteristics and veterinary management of animal casualties after an ammonium nitrate explosion in the Port of Beirut. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of medical records from multiple veterinary organizations. RESULTS Veterinary care was administered to 298 cats and 103 dogs, with 101 animals (25%) undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Glass injuries prevailed, with suturing performed in 98 animals (24.4%). Surgery was used to treat 31 animals (7.7%) with extremity fractures and 52 animals with tendon injuries (13.3%). Bodily burns were encountered in 19 animals (4.7%). Six animals (1.5%) lost their hearing entirely, while another 6 (1.5%) lost an eye. CONCLUSION The joint coordinated work of veterinary groups and nongovernmental animal organizations reduced the number of injured animal fatalities. Of animals documented as having undergone treatment, 355 (88.5%) survived their initial injury assessment, and 46 (11.5%) died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Mansour
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Chadi Tarek
- Healthy Pet Hospital, Lebanese University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Ahmad M Mansour
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Morris A, Wu H, Morales C. Barriers to Care in Veterinary Services: Lessons Learned From Low-Income Pet Guardians' Experiences at Private Clinics and Hospitals During COVID-19. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:764753. [PMID: 34746292 PMCID: PMC8564046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.764753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of low-income pet guardians in accessing veterinary care during COVID-19. Participants were recruited through a purposive sampling method: 12 individuals who applied to and met the low-income threshold to access support for veterinary fees from the Vancouver Humane Society (VHS) were invited for semi-structured in-depth telephone interviews. Participants indicated that they experienced pandemic-related barriers related to and compounded by their low-income status. Their experiences fit into three categories: the barriers to accessing veterinary care pre-and peri-COVID-19, the emotional impact of compounding barriers related to accessing veterinary care during COVID-19, and the human-animal bond and resilience in the context of COVID-19. Drawing on the One Health, One Welfare approach, we argue that veterinary and animal services should evaluate and improve their support services, particularly programs developed for low-income pet guardians. Based on the participants' recommendations, we propose that veterinary and animal services prepare for future disaster situations by increasing their financial capacity to support people needing assistance, undergoing training to better work with people experiencing financial and emotional stress, and providing easily accessible resources to better distribute knowledge about animal needs and available financial assistance programming. The suggestions are intended to benefit animals, their guardians, and both veterinary and animal service sector workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Morris
- Vancouver Humane Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haorui Wu
- School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Differences in Disaster Preparedness Among Dog and Other Pet Owners in Oporto, Portugal. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1490-1495. [PMID: 34275503 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practices related to disaster preparedness among pet owners in North Portugal. The present research provides an evaluation of differences among pet owners regarding preparedness in the event of disasters. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 155 pet owners between September and November 2018. Subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with items addressing sociodemographic characteristics and questions related to owners' emergency preparedness and practices. RESULTS In this study, 53.5% of the respondents thought about the possibility of a disaster. Only 21.3% of respondents reported having knowledge on the existence of a disaster kit for pets in case of an emergency. The majority (94.8%) of respondents said they were not aware of the preparedness county-level organization plans. Knowledge and preparedness were found to be significantly higher among dog owners compared with owners of other pet species. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Portuguese pet owners have inadequate knowledge on how to prepare for inclusion of their pets in a disaster.
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Schafer C, Kornhaber R, McLean L, Ingham V, Cleary M. Health Professionals in the Disaster Recovery Space. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:401-404. [PMID: 32717164 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1789789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corriann Schafer
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Westmead Psychotherapy Program for Complex Traumatic Disorders, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, Australia.,The Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Valerie Ingham
- Australian Graduate School of Policing & Security, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kogan LR, Erdman P, Currin-McCulloch J, Bussolari C, Packman W. The Impact of COVID on Cat Guardians: Veterinary Issues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030603. [PMID: 33668841 PMCID: PMC7996145 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 has impacted veterinary medicine and cat guardians in numerous ways. The purpose of this study was to better understand cat guardians’ fears and concerns pertaining to veterinary care and the ability to obtain pet care products and food during the initial months of the COVID pandemic. We distributed an anonymous online survey to cat guardians that included questions pertaining to guardians’ relationship with their cat and their veterinary related concerns and experiences as a result of the pandemic. The results, from 956 participants revealed that the increased amount of time guardians spent with their cat had a positive impact on their bond. Participants’ primary veterinary related concerns centered around the availability of their veterinarian for both emergency and non-emergency care. Other concerns they shared included fears about the ability to afford emergency veterinary care and obtain cat food and supplies. Awareness of these concerns can help veterinarians better meet the needs of cat guardians by directly communicating their continued availability and presence in the face of a pandemic as well as other challenging times. Abstract The onset of COVID has impacted the field of veterinary medicine and the lives of cat guardians in numerous ways, yet the subject remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to better understand cat guardians’ fears and concerns pertaining to veterinary care and obtainment of pet care products and food during the initial lock down phase of the COVID pandemic to better address these concerns now and in the future. To this end, an anonymous online survey was distributed to cat guardians during the first two months of the pandemic. The survey included questions pertaining to guardians’ relationship with their cat and their veterinary related concerns and experiences as a result of the pandemic. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 956 participants. The results revealed that the increased amount of time guardians spent with their cat had a positive impact on their bond. Participants’ veterinary related concerns, particularly for participants between 18–29 years of age, centered around availability of their veterinarian for both emergency and non-emergency care. Other concerns included fears about the ability to afford emergency veterinary care and obtain cat food and supplies. Awareness of these concerns can help veterinarians better support cat guardians by directly communicating their continued availability and presence in the face of a pandemic as well as other challenging times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R. Kogan
- Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(970)-218-5580
| | - Phyllis Erdman
- College of Education, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
| | | | - Cori Bussolari
- Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
| | - Wendy Packman
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
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Widmar N, Bir C, Lai J, Wolf C. Public Perceptions of Veterinarians from Social and Online Media Listening. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020075. [PMID: 32517251 PMCID: PMC7356892 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The public perception of the veterinary medicine profession is of increasing concern given the mounting challenges facing the industry, ranging from student debt loads to mental health implications arising from compassion fatigue, euthanasia, and other challenging aspects of the profession. This analysis employs social media listening and analysis to discern top themes arising from social and online media posts referencing veterinarians. Social media sentiment analysis is also employed to aid in quantifying the search results, in terms of whether they are positivity/negativity associated. From September 2017-November 2019, over 1.4 million posts and 1.7 million mentions were analyzed; the top domain in the search results was Twitter (74%). The mean net sentiment associated with the search conducted over the time period studied was 52%. The top terms revealed in the searches conducted revolved mainly around care of or concern for pet animals. The recognition of challenges facing the veterinary medicine profession were notably absent, except for the mention of suicide risks. While undeniably influenced by the search terms selected, which were directed towards client–clinic related verbiage, a relative lack of knowledge regarding veterinarians’ roles in human health, food safety/security, and society generally outside of companion animal care was recognized. Future research aimed at determining the value of veterinarians’ contributions to society and, in particular, in the scope of One Health, may aid in forming future communication and education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Widmar
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Courtney Bir
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - John Lai
- Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Christopher Wolf
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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Xu SL, Liu AP, Wu QZ, Marks T, He ZZ, Qian Z, McMillin SE, Sun J, Appleton AA, Bloom MS, Lin S, Yu HY, Zhou Y, Liu RQ, Feng D, Hu LW, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Sun X, Dong GH. Pet ownership in utero and in childhood decreases the effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on hypertension in children: A large population based cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136859. [PMID: 32014767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether exposure to pets influences the association between hypertension and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The current study aims to examine the interaction of pet ownership on ETS exposure and the development of hypertension in children. METHODS From 2012 to 2013, a total of 9354 children, 5 to 17 years of age, were recruited from 62 schools in seven northeastern cities. BP in children was measured and hypertension was defined as an average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) or systolic blood pressure (SBP) at or above the 95th percentile for that child's age, sex, and height. Pet ownership in three different time periods (in utero, past 2 years, and currently) and ETS exposure data were collected from parents via a questionnaire. Two-level regressions were used for the data analyses. RESULTS The data show consistent, significant interactions between exposure to pets and effects from ETS. Children who were not exposed to pets experienced stronger effects from ETS on hypertension when compared to those exposed to pets, and the protective effect of pet ownership became stronger with a greater number of pets in the home. Exposure to in utero ETS was associated with hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.54] only for those children without pet exposure in utero but not for those with pets (aOR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.49-1.15) (pinteraction < 0.05). Moreover, household dog ownership was related to significantly lower effects of current ETS on hypertension (aOR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.61-1.05) compared with children without dogs (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11-1.44) (pinteraction = 0.001). Interaction associations between ETS and pet ownership were more robust for girls than for boys and for younger than older children. CONCLUSION This study indicates an inverse relationship between pet ownership and ETS, potentially pointing to pet ownership as protecting against the development of hypertension in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Li Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ai-Ping Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shiyan Prevention and Health Care Center of Baoan, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tia Marks
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Zhi-Zhou He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Stephen Edward McMillin
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shao Lin
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Hong-Yao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang 110011, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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