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Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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2
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Wang JP, Hung CH, Liou YH, Liu CC, Yeh KH, Wang KY, Lai ZS, Chatterjee B, Hsu TC, Lee TL, Shyu YC, Hsiao PW, Chen LY, Chuang TJ, Yu CHA, Liao NS, Shen CKJ. Long-term hematopoietic transfer of the anti-cancer and lifespan-extending capabilities of a genetically engineered blood system by transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells. eLife 2024; 12:RP88275. [PMID: 38752723 PMCID: PMC11098557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A causal relationship exists among the aging process, organ decay and disfunction, and the occurrence of various diseases including cancer. A genetically engineered mouse model, termed Klf1K74R/K74R or Klf1(K74R), carrying mutation on the well-conserved sumoylation site of the hematopoietic transcription factor KLF1/EKLF has been generated that possesses extended lifespan and healthy characteristics, including cancer resistance. We show that the healthy longevity characteristics of the Klf1(K74R) mice, as exemplified by their higher anti-cancer capability, are likely gender-, age-, and genetic background-independent. Significantly, the anti-cancer capability, in particular that against melanoma as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, and lifespan-extending property of Klf1(K74R) mice, could be transferred to wild-type mice via transplantation of their bone marrow mononuclear cells at a young age of the latter. Furthermore, NK(K74R) cells carry higher in vitro cancer cell-killing ability than wild-type NK cells. Targeted/global gene expression profiling analysis has identified changes in the expression of specific proteins, including the immune checkpoint factors PDCD and CD274, and cellular pathways in the leukocytes of the Klf1(K74R) that are in the directions of anti-cancer and/or anti-aging. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a transferable hematopoietic/blood system for long-term anti-cancer and, potentially, for anti-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ping Wang
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Hung
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ching-Chen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kun-Hai Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Keh-Yang Wang
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Biswanath Chatterjee
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Hsu
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tung-Liang Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKeelungTaiwan
- Pro-Clintech Co. LtdKeelungTaiwan
| | - Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuanTaiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung BranchKeelungTaiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - C-K James Shen
- The Ph.D. Program in Medicine Neuroscience, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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3
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Penrith ML, van Emmenes J, Hakizimana JN, Heath L, Kabuuka T, Misinzo G, Odoom T, Wade A, Zerbo HL, Luka PD. African Swine Fever Diagnosis in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Pathogens 2024; 13:296. [PMID: 38668251 PMCID: PMC11054189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of African swine fever (ASF) in recent decades has led to the need for technological advances in sampling and diagnostic techniques. The impetus for these has been the need to enable sampling by lay persons and to obtain at least a preliminary diagnosis in the field for early control measures to be put in place before final laboratory confirmation. In rural Africa, rapid diagnosis is hampered by challenges that include lack of infrastructure as well as human and financial resources. Lack of animal health personnel, access to affordable means to transport field samples to a laboratory, and lack of laboratories with the capacity to make the diagnosis result in severe under-reporting of ASF, especially in endemic areas. This review summarizes the challenges identified in gap analyses relevant to low- and middle-income countries, with a focus on Africa, and explore the opportunities provided by recent research to improve field diagnosis and quality of diagnostic samples used. Sampling techniques include invasive sampling techniques requiring trained personnel and non-invasive sampling requiring minimal training, sampling of decomposed carcass material, and preservation of samples in situations where cold chain maintenance cannot be guaranteed. Availability and efficacy of point-of-care (POC) tests for ASF has improved considerably in recent years and their application, as well as advantages and limitations, are discussed. The adequacy of existing laboratory diagnostic capacity is evaluated and opportunities for networking amongst reference and other laboratories offering diagnostic services are discussed. Maintaining laboratory diagnostic efficiency in the absence of samples during periods of quiescence is another issue that requires attention, and the role of improved laboratory networking is emphasized. Early diagnosis of ASF is key to managing the disease spread. Therefore, the establishment of the Africa Chapter of the Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA) increases opportunities for collaboration and networking among the veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Emmenes
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Tonny Kabuuka
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra P.O. Box M161, Ghana;
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua P.O. Box 503, Cameroon;
| | - Habibata L. Zerbo
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries Resources, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
| | - Pam D. Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 1, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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5
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Yin J, Niu J, Huo J, Sun J, Huang J, Sun C. Construction and Evaluation of a Novel MAP Immunoassay for 9 Nutrition-and-Health-Related Protein Markers Based on Multiplex Liquid Protein Chip Technique. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061522. [PMID: 36986252 PMCID: PMC10059960 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We attempted to construct and evaluate a novel detection method to realize simultaneous detection based on a multiplex liquid protein chip technique for nine nutrition-and-health-related protein markers to meet the requirement of an accurate, simultaneous and comprehensive analysis of the proteomics of nutrition and health. The lower limits of detection, biological limits of detection and regression equations of serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), c-reactive protein (CRP), retinol-binding protein4 (RBP4), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), prealbumin (PA), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and D-Dimmer (D-D) were determined after a series of optimal experiments. Then, the results of the methodological evaluation for this novel method indicated that the accuracies were between 70.12% and 127.07%, the within-run precisions were between 0.85% and 7.31%, the between-run precisions were between 3.53% and 19.07%, the correlation coefficients between this method and other methods were above 0.504 (p < 0.05), and the direct bilirubin (DBIL) of low concentration and the indirect bilirubin (IBIL) of high concentration could not interfere with the detected results of nine indicators. The novel multiplex detection method, which can increase accuracy and improve the ability of comprehensive analysis, can basically meet the requirement of detection and the diagnosis of the proteomics of nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiangping Niu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junsheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chaoqun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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6
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Zhu J, Jian W, Huang Y, Gao Q, Gao F, Chen H, Zhang G, Liao M, Qi W. Development and Application of a Duplex Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection and Differentiation of EP402R-Deleted and Wild-Type African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905706. [PMID: 35733636 PMCID: PMC9207387 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal porcine disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), and resulting in huge economic losses across the globe. ASF has been raging in China for 3 years, and recently EP402R-deleted ASFV strains emerged, showing sub-acute or chronic symptoms in pigs and providing novel difficulties to monitor and control the disease as EP402R-deleted strains possess no hemadsorption (HAD) ability. In addition, the gene deletion virus with low viral load is prone to results retest or false negative due to the high cycle threshold (Ct) value under the current real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method. Thus, a new method is needed to detect and distinguish wild strains and gene-deleted viruses. In this study, a duplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay based on the ASFV B646L and EP402R genes was established and showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99). The limit of detection for duplex ddPCR was 52 copies per reaction and 8.6 copies per reaction for B646L and EP402R, respectively. No cross-reaction with other porcine viruses [classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)] was identified by this assay. In addition, 44 ASFV-suspicious clinical samples as well as EP402R-deleted ASFV were tested in parallel by duplex real-time PCR and ddPCR, indicative of a higher sensitivity which belonged to the duplex ddPCR assay. In summary, this is the first time that duplex ddPCR assay has been successfully developed to provide an efficient method to detect and differentiate ASFV wild-type and gene-deleted strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhai Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huahan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Wang Y, Wang B, Xu D, Zhang M, Zhang X, Wang D. Development of a ladder-shape melting temperature isothermal amplification (LMTIA) assay for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV). J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e51. [PMID: 35698807 PMCID: PMC9346532 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the unavailability of an effective vaccine or antiviral drug against the African swine fever virus (ASFV), rapid diagnosis methods are needed to prevent highly contagious African swine fever. Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the ladder-shape melting temperature isothermal amplification (LMTIA) assay for the detection of ASFV. Methods LMTIA primers were designed with the p72 gene of ASFV as the target, and plasmid pUC57 was used to clone the gene. The LMTIA reaction system was optimized with the plasmid as the positive control, and the performance of the LMTIA assay was compared with that of the commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit in terms of sensitivity and detection rate using 200 serum samples. Results Our results showed that the LMTIA assay could detect the 104 dilution of DNA extracted from the positive reference serum sample, which was the same as that of the commercial real-time PCR kit. The coincidence rate between the two assays was 100%. Conclusions The LMTIA assay had high sensitivity, good detection, and simple operation. Thus, it is suitable for facilitating preliminary and cost-effective surveillance for the prevention and control of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Borui Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Deguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
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8
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Ji C, Jiang J, Wei Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Mai Z, Cai M, Qin C, Cai Y, Yi H, Liang G, Lu G, Gong L, Zhang G, Wang H. A Method for the Analysis of African Swine Fever by Viral Metagenomic Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:766533. [PMID: 34888376 PMCID: PMC8649765 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.766533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, there was an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in China, which spread to other provinces in the following 3 years and severely damaged China's pig industry. ASF is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Given that the genome of the African swine fever virus is very complex and whole genome information is currently inadequate, it is important to efficiently obtain virus genome sequences for genomic and epidemiological studies. The prevalent ASFV strains have low genetic variability; therefore, whole genome sequencing analysis provides a basis for the study of ASFV. We provide a method for the efficient sequencing of whole genomes, which requires only a small number of tissues. The database construction method was selected according to the genomic types of ASFV, and the whole ASFV genome was obtained through data filtering, host sequence removal, virus classification, data assembly, virus sequence identification, statistical analysis, gene prediction, and functional analysis. Our proposed method will facilitate ASFV genome sequencing and novel virus discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChiHai Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Kingkey Smart Agriculture Times Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingZhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - YingFang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Kingkey Smart Agriculture Times Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiYuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - YongJie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Kingkey Smart Agriculture Times Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhanZhuo Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - MengKai Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - ChenXiao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - HeYou Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - GuiHong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Kingkey Smart Agriculture Times Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Kingkey Smart Agriculture Times Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Sutcliffe AC, Irish SR, Rogier E, Finney M, Zohdy S, Dotson EM. Adaptation of ELISA detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite proteins in mosquitoes to a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Malar J 2021; 20:377. [PMID: 34556130 PMCID: PMC8461957 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium spp. sporozoite rates in mosquitoes are used to better understand malaria transmission intensity, the relative importance of vector species and the impact of interventions. These rates are typically estimated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax VK210 (P. vivax210) or P. vivax VK247 (P. vivax247), employing assays that were developed over three decades ago. The ELISA method requires a separate assay plate for each analyte tested and can be time consuming as well as requiring sample volumes not always available. The bead-based multiplex platform allows simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes and may improve the lower limit of detection for sporozoites. METHODS Recombinant positive controls for P. falciparum, P. vivax210 and P. vivax247 and previously developed circumsporozoite (cs) ELISA antibodies were used to optimize conditions for the circumsporozoite multiplex bead assay (csMBA) and to determine the detection range of the csMBA. After optimizing assay conditions, known amounts of sporozoites were used to determine the lower limit of detection for the csELISA and csMBA and alternate cut-off measures were applied to demonstrate how cut-off criteria can impact lower limits of detection. Sporozoite rates from 1275 mosquitoes collected in Madagascar and 255 mosquitoes collected in Guinea were estimated and compared using the established csELISA and newly optimized csMBA. All mosquitoes were tested (initial test), and those that were positive were retested (retest). When sufficient sample volume remained, an aliquot of homogenate was boiled and retested (boiled retest), to denature any heat-unstable cross-reactive proteins. RESULTS Following optimization of the csMBA, the lower limit of detection was 25 sporozoites per mosquito equivalent for P. falciparum, P. vivax210 and P. vivax247 whereas the lower limits of detection for csELISA were found to be 1400 sporozoites for P. falciparum, 425 for P. vivax210 and 1650 for P. vivax247. Combined sporozoite rates after re-testing of samples that initially tested positive for Madagascar mosquitoes by csELISA and csMBA were 1.4 and 10.3%, respectively, and for Guinea mosquitoes 2% by both assays. Boiling of samples followed by csMBA resulted in a decrease in the Madagascar sporozoite rate to 2.8-4.4% while the Guinea csMBA sporozoite rate remained at 2.0%. Using an alternative csMBA cut-off value of median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 100 yielded a sporozoite rate after confirmational testing of 3.7% for Madagascar samples and 2.0% for Guinea samples. Whether using csMBA or csELISA, the following steps may help minimize false positives: specimens are appropriately stored and bisected anterior to the thorax-abdomen junction, aliquots of homogenate are boiled and retested following initial testing, and an appropriate cut-off value is determined. CONCLUSIONS The csMBA is a cost-comparable and time saving alternative to the csELISA and may help eliminate false negatives due to a lower limit of detection, thus increasing sensitivity over the csELISA. The csMBA expands the potential analyses that can be done with a small volume of sample by allowing multiplex testing where analytes in addition to P. falciparum, P. vivax210 and P. vivax247 can be added following optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Sutcliffe
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Seth R Irish
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
- President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Micaela Finney
- College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Entomology Department, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ellen M Dotson
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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A Semi-automated System of Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Assay for Rapid and Easy Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Antibody. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0099021. [PMID: 34260273 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00990-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. For the disease surveillance and control, we developed a rapid and easy luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (MB-LIPS) to detect ASF virus (ASFV) antibody. The MB-LIPS is based on magnetic beads modified with protein A/G and the recombinant fusion protein of ASFV p30 and luciferase, where p30 functioned as the recognition element and the luciferase as the signal component. Incubation and washing could be finished automatically on a machine with magnetic rods. Under the optimal conditions, the MB-LIPS showed 96.3% agreement to a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detecting ASFV antibody in swine sera. Analyzing serial dilutions of a swine serum sample showed that the MP-LIPS assay was 4 times more sensitive than the ELISA kit. The whole run of the MB-LIPS could be completed within 30 min. With its high sensitivity and simple operation, the MB-LIPS platform has great potentials to be used for the detection of ASFV antibody and ASF control in small labs and farms.
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11
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Aira C, Penning M, Eiden M, Balkema-Buschmann A, Blome S, Strutzberg-Minder K, López L, Rueda P, Sastre P. A multiplex assay for the detection of antibodies to relevant swine pathogens in serum. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2173-2181. [PMID: 34212525 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Livestock industry supports the livelihood of around 1.3 billion people in the world, with swine industry contributing with 30% of total livestock production worldwide. To maintain and guarantee this production, a pivotal point according to the OIE is addressing potential biohazards. To control them, permanent sero-surveillance is crucial to achieve more focused veterinary public health intervention and prevention strategies, to break the chains of transmission, and to enable fast responses against outbreaks. Within this context, multiplex assays are powerful tools with the potential to simplify surveillance programs, since they reduce time, labour, and variability within analysis. In the present work, we developed a multiplex bead-based assay for the detection of specific antibodies to six relevant pathogens affecting swine: ASFV, CSFV, PRRSV, SIV, TB and HEV. The most immunogenic target antigen of each pathogen was selected as the target protein to coat different microsphere regions in order to develop this multiplex assay. A total of 1544 serum samples from experimental infections as well as field samples were included in the analysis. The 6-plex assay exhibited credible diagnostic parameters with sensitivities ranging from 87.0% to 97.5% and specificities ranging from 87.9% to 100.0%, demonstrating it to be a potential high throughput tool for surveillance of infectious diseases in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aira
- Research Department, Eurofins-Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Penning
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Institute Diagnostic Virology (IVD), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Paloma Rueda
- Research Department, Eurofins-Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Thiriet PE, Medagoda D, Porro G, Guiducci C. Rapid Multianalyte Microfluidic Homogeneous Immunoassay on Electrokinetically Driven Beads. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 33371213 PMCID: PMC7766682 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The simplicity of homogeneous immunoassays makes them suitable for diagnostics of acute conditions. Indeed, the absence of washing steps reduces the binding reaction duration and favors a rapid and compact device, a critical asset for patients experiencing life-threatening diseases. In order to maximize analytical performance, standard systems employed in clinical laboratories rely largely on the use of high surface-to-volume ratio suspended moieties, such as microbeads, which provide at the same time a fast and efficient collection of analytes from the sample and controlled aggregation of collected material for improved readout. Here, we introduce an integrated microfluidic system that can perform analyte detection on antibody-decorated beads and their accumulation in confined regions within 15 min. We employed the system to the concomitant analysis of clinical concentrations of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Cystatin C in serum, two acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers. To this end, high-aspect-ratio, three-dimensional electrodes were integrated within a microfluidic channel to impart a controlled trajectory to antibody-decorated microbeads through the application of dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces. Beads were efficiently retained against the fluid flow of reagents, granting an efficient on-chip analyte-to-bead binding. Electrokinetic forces specific to the beads' size were generated in the same channel, leading differently decorated beads to different readout regions of the chip. Therefore, this microfluidic multianalyte immunoassay was demonstrated as a powerful tool for the rapid detection of acute life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Thiriet
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.M.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
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13
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Hoste ACR, Ruiz T, Fernández-Pacheco P, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Djadjovski I, Moreno S, Brun A, Edwards TA, Barr JN, Rueda P, Sastre P. Development of a multiplex assay for antibody detection in serum against pathogens affecting ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1229-1239. [PMID: 32767820 PMCID: PMC8246919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous infectious diseases impacting livestock impose an important economic burden and in some cases also represent a threat to humans and are classified as zoonoses. Some zoonotic diseases are transmitted by vectors and, due to complex environmental and socio‐economic factors, the distribution of many of these pathogens is changing, with increasing numbers being found in previously unaffected countries. Here, we developed a multiplex assay, based on a suspension microarray, able to detect specific antibodies to five important pathogens of livestock (three of them zoonotic) that are currently emerging in new geographical locations: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bluetongue virus (BTV) and the bacteria complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using the Luminex platform, polystyrene microspheres were coated with recombinant proteins from each of the five pathogens. The mix of microspheres was used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against the five corresponding diseases affecting ruminants. The following panel of sera was included in the study: 50 sera from sheep experimentally infected with RVFV, 74 sera from calves and lambs vaccinated with SBV, 26 sera from cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis, 30 field sera from different species of ruminants infected with CCHFV and 88 calf sera infected with BTV. Finally, to determine its diagnostic specificity 220 field sera from Spanish farms free of the five diseases were assessed. All the sera were classified using commercial ELISAs specific for each disease, used in this study as the reference technique. The results showed the multiplex assay exhibited good performance characteristics with values of sensitivity ranging from 93% to 100% and of specificity ranging from 96% to 99% depending on the pathogen. This new tool allows the simultaneous detection of antibodies against five important pathogens, reducing the volume of sample needed and the time of analysis where these pathogens are usually tested individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C R Hoste
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara Ruiz
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril & Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sastre
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
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